PARTMENT OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERING NNAMDI AZIKIWE UNIVERSITY, AWKA PETROLEUM _ PRODUCTION = BY ENGR. DR. CHIGOZIE FRANCOLINS UZOH , Accumulator Flow restictor wmty ce oy Reservoirgravity. ome Pipi) ‘cumppiping accumulates [> Diferentisi prossure valve a ars pressure pj Produced [Commits Ogi ey"ABLE of CONTENT HAPTER ONE- CLASSIFICATION OF RESERVOIR AND RESERVOIR ‘LUIDS <1 Introduction 2 Oil reservoirs and crude oil 2 2 2 a 2 3 LOE HAPTER TWO- PROPERTIES OF RESERVOIR FLUIDS 1 Introduction 15 2 Properties of natural gas 15 Properties of crude oil 35 HAPTER THREE- OIL WELL COMPLETION 1 Introduction 50 2 Types of well completion 51 .2.1 Open-hole completion 51 2.2 Conventional perforated completion 52 3 Sand exclusion completion 57 2.4 Permanent well completion 59 2.5 Multiple well completion 59 .2.6 Intelligent/smart well completion 60 HAPTER FOUR- WELL HEAD AND CHRISTMAS TREE 1 Introduction 63 .2 The well head 64 3 The Christmas tree 65 [APTER FIVE- PRESSURE LOSSES AND ARTIFICIAL LIFT -1 Pressure losses in the tubing -1 Conversion of pressure drop equation to field unit 72 Artificial lift 145.3 Types of artificial lifts 3.1 Sucker rod pump 3.2 Hydraulic pumps ve cavity pump (PCP) citic submersible pump (ESP) 6 Gas lift CHAPTER SIX- OIL WELL TUBING, PERFOMANCE AND DESIGN 6.1 Introduction 6.2 API/ISO tubing requirements 6.2.1 Tubing length and size tolerance 6.2.2 Tubing connectors/ tubing joints 6.2.3 Manufacturing process/methods of tubing 6.2.4 API grade and API tubing 6.2.5 API minimum performance properties of tubing 6.2.6 Tubing design factor and design considerations 84 85 91 100 101 101 101 102 102 110CHAPTER ONE SSIFICATION OF RESERVOIR AND RVPOR FLUIDS Introduct depending on the initial ure and temperature of hydrocarbon. The ed in crvoits are classified as oil and ga sure and tempei the r ling pr surface production and the composition of the reservoi ditions under which these phases’ exist can be conveniently expres ferent types of diagram called a phase or pressure-temperature diagram. A phase: ram or pressure-temperature diagram is used to classify a reservoir, classify fe natural occurring hydrocarbon systems and describe the phase behavior of the petroleum re: rvoir, previ ervoir fluid, Figure 1.1 shows a typical pressure-temperature diagram of a multi- mponent hydrocarbon system with a specific composition \ ©: i 5 Te Paso Regan F Zz j @ 1900 L ft é wok i y 4 H | | A f 7 ! ak v7 1400 2 Y i 1209 Tok] |] 60 80 100120018000 20—=—O.SO Temperature, deg F Figure 1-1. Phase diagram of a multi-component hydrocarbon system, the features of the tand the concept of classification of reservoi In order to unde need to be defined, ature diagra pressure —fempe + Cricondentherm (T,): this is the maximum temperature above which liquid cannot be formed regardless of the pressure. The corresponding pressure is termed the Crigondentherm pressure (Pa), in order words, ifthe ture of the reservoir is above the Cricondentherm; the reservoir is ed as gas reservoir. + Cricondenbar (P,): it is the maximum pressure above which no gas ean be formed regardless of the temperature. The corresponding temperature 1s called the Cricondenbar temperature (Te + Critical point: this is the state of temperature and pressure at which all the intensive properties are equal (point C). At critical point, the corresponding temperature and pressure are called critical temperature (T.) and critical ly. temper pressure (P.} respec! « Phase/two-phase envelope: it is the region enclosed by the bubble-point curve and the dew-point curve (line ACB), wherein the gas and the liquid coexist in equilibrium * Quality lines: these are the dash lines within the phase diagram that converges at point C. the line separating the liquid region from the two- ¢ Bubble point curve: it phase diagram. + Dew point curve: it is the line separating the vapor phase region from the two-phase region s are classified on the basis of the location of the point representing the initial reservoir pressure and temperature with respect to the pressure-temperature phase diagram of the reservoir fluid. Thus, reservoir s are classified as oil reservoir if the reservoir temperature is less than the critical temperature of the fluid; while a reservoir is classified as gas reservoir if the temperature of the reservoir is above the critical temperature of the reservoir fluid.Oil reservoir and crude oil ied as oil reservoir depending on the critical ervoir is clas ‘eservoir temperature is below # Mm the forgoing disc initial pressure or when the r perature of the reservoir fluid. Oil reservoirs are categorized as: here, if the initial reservoir pressure is greater sre of the reservoir fluid the reservoir is called an 1. Under saturated reservo than the bubble point pi undersaturated reservoir. _ Saturated reservoir: if the reservoir pressure is equal to the bubble point lure of the reservoir fluid, the reservoir is called a saturated reservoi _ Gas-cap reservoir: if the reservoir pressure is below or less than the bubble point pressure of the reservoir fluid, the reservoir is labeled a gas-cap reservoir, .1 Classification of crude oil de oil is classified according to the properties exhibited by the erude oil which Judes the physical properties ofthe erude oil, composition, gas-oil ratio and the Fecure-temperature/phase diagram of the crude oil. Crude oil is broadly Fdinary black oil. This is when the produced crude oil usually yields gas-oll fio between 200-700scf/stb and oil gravities of 15 to 40 API. The oil at the face (stock tank) is usually brown. A typical pressure-temperature phase am for ordinary blaek oil is shown in figure 1.2. The quality lines are equally fed, The liquid shrinkage approximates a straight line at high pressure.‘Temperature Figure 1-2. Phase diagram of ordinary black oil 100% | Residual Oil F< Liquid Volume 0% Pressure —> Fig 1-3. Liquid shrinkage curve for ordinary black oilLow shrinkage oil, Here, the crude oil is characterized by oil formation volume factor less than T.2bbI/stb, gas-oil ratio less than 200sef/stb, oil gravity less than 35 \PL and the color is usually black. A typical phase diagram for low shrinkage oil is shown in figure 1.4. The diagram is characterized by quality lines that are closely spaced at the dew point curve. The liquid shrinkage is curve. ‘Temperature ——> Fig 1-4. Phase diagram of low shrinkage 100% Residual Oil Liquid Volume 0% Pressure —> Fig 1-5. Liquid shrinkdge curve for low shrinkage ollVolatile crude oil. This type of crude oil exhibits a high liquid shrinkage below the bubble point. The characteristics properties of the crude oil includes: oil ation volume factor less than 2bblstb, gas-oil ratio between 2000-3200sctistb, avities between 45-55 API, lower liquid recovery at the separator conditions reenish to orange color at the surface condition. The phase diagram is shown igure 1-6. The quality lines are close together near the bubble point and widely spaced at lower pressure. > Temperature Fig 1-6. Phase diagram of volatile oil 100% a 2 @ E 2 $ 2 a a |{ Residual Oil f oe Pressure —> Fig 1-7. Oil shrinkage curve of volatile oiliear critical crude oil. Here, if the reservoir temperature is close to the critical femperature of the hydrocarbon Muid, the hydrocarbon mixture is called a near itical crude oil, Near critical crude oil is characterized by a high GOR in excess f 3000sef/stb and oil formation volume factor of 2.0bbI/stb or higher. The sompositio acterized by 12.5 to 20mol % heptanes-plus, 35% or more of thane through hexane and rei methane. Temperature Fig 1-8. Phase diagram of near critical crude oil Liquid Volume % S$ Pressure —> Fig 1-9. Oil shrinkage curve for near c 10fas Reservoir It was mentioned earlier that a reservoir is classified as gas reservoir if the "temperature of the reservoir is greater than the critical temperature of the reservoir fluid. Gas reservoirs are classi of the phase diagram and prevailing eservoir conditions; natural gases are categorized into: retrograde gas condensate, near critical gas condensate, wet gas and dry gas. Retrograde gas condensate reservoir, Here, the reservoir temperature lies between the critical temperature and Cricondentherm of the reservoir fluid. This {ype of natural gas exhibits a unique behavior during depletion in that the fluid is in Ivapor phase above the upper dew point pressure and condenses to liquid as pressure reduces and finally the condensed liquid vaporizes as the pressure declines to lower dew point, The isothermal behavior of retrograde gas condensate: is shown in the phase diagram in figure 1-1. Above the upper dew point pressure (point 1), the reservoir fluid is in vapor phase but as the pressure reduces the gas ‘condenses to liquid. The retrograde condensation process continues until the liquid droplet reaches its maximum at point 3.Further reduction in pressure causes the condensed liquid to vaporize. The vaporization process continues until the servoir pressure reaches the low dew point pressure. Retrograde gas condensate is characterized by gas oil-ratio between 8000 to 70000sef/stb, condensate gravity bove SOAPI and the stock liquid is usually water white, The gas produces ondensate or liquid at the surface. (Cricondanbar Creal point. ¢ > Presa Tamporature ———> Fig 1-10.Phase diagram of a retrograde gas condensate100 Maximum Liquid Dropout Liquid Volume % Pressure ——> Fig 1-11. Liquid drop out process al gas condensate reservoir. Here, if the reservoir temperature is near the hydrocarbon fluid, the reservoir hydrocarbon is classified as near critical gas condensate. The phase diagram is shown in figure 1- 12. As the reservoir pressure declines isothermally below the dew point curve Jiquid begins to build up. At the point where the liquid stops to build and begins to shrink, the reservoir goes from retrograde to vaporization process. Near cri critical temperature of 12Temperature Fig 1-12. Phase diagram of a near cri 100 ‘2 5 a9 — s = =i ° Pressure ——> Fig 1-13. Liquid drop out process et gas reservoir. Here, the reservoir temperature is above the Cricondentherm smperature of the hydrocarbon fluid. The phase diagram is shown is figure 1-14. ince the reservoir temperature is above the Cricondentherm temperature of the ervoir fluid, the reservoir will always remain in vapor phase as the pressure Bdeclines isothermally. However liquid will cond uced to a8 a result of red gases are charaeterized by the fallow 0osetPstb, stock tank gravity oil gray water wh % save out from the gas as the gas is ion in pressure and temperature, Wet gas-oil ratio between 60000 to 100, ¥y above 60 APL and the ligy produced to the surf condensate is Prossure Doplation at Rosorvoir Temperature a l Pressure > Temperature ——> Fig 1-14. Phase diagram of wet g9s the reservoir temperature is far above the hydrocarbon fluid. The hydrocarbon fluid . The gas oil ratio is Dry gas reservoir. Here, Cricondentherm temperature of the s both in the reservoir and the surface facilities gram is shown in figure 1-15. exists as gai areater than 100,000sef/stb. The phase dia 4a tn ) oe i : — Cae ‘ Gas ' - neessteninceeils at Fig 1-15, Phase dingram of dry gas Table 1-1, Physical properties of compounds ee Se compound Formota | Watpat | stay | CF) cen) | cvater= 1) | aie) we Poms | @so7ss ee ta fase [ze = a ea ee a EC co fase | 87 Tas? | ORS Dosa) | OUST = [aS tua ANS THA | ARO. Tava | A101 ae zai | 07. Tso | COTS dose | 08180NOUS ASSESMENT Use a pressure-temperature diagram to explain the following oil reservoirs: under-saturated, saturated and gas-cap reservoir. Locate the points in the phase diagram where each oil reservoir will occur. . The following is a list of the compositional analysis of different hydrocarbon systems. The composition are expressed in terms of mol% mposition _| System #1 System #2 System #3 System #4 70 25.07 21 80.1 7.67 5.0 45 16.332 334 6.1 0.04 Eis 3.48 0.05 1.0 04 1.78 22) 30.8 0.01 1.73 30 40.5 0.036 10 14.88 21.36 0.022 Jassify these hydrocarbon systems. 3. The phase diagram of a hydrocarbon system is shown in figure (1-16), classify the gas reservoir using the letters denoted on the phase diagram. T Fig. 1-16. Phase diagram of a hydrocarbon system 16bar Tiab., (2000). Gas reservoir engineering, SPE Textbook series wemeka Ezekwe., (2011). Petroleum reservoir engineering practice. Pearson education Inc, nding, M.B., (1981). Volumetric and phase behavior of oil hydrocarbon system, 9" printing society of Petroleum engineers of AIME, Dallas TX farek Ahmed., (2010). Reservoir engi publishing an imprint of Elsevier ‘ing handbook, fourth edition. Gulf az, D.L., and Fizoozabadi A., (1978). Predicting phase of condensate/erude oil system WwCHAPTER TWO PROPERTIES OF RESERVOIR FLUIDS 1. Introduction eservoir fluids properties are used to predict the volumetric and dynamic chavior of oil and gas reservoirs as a function pressure and temperature. These Muids properties are determined either by laboratory experiment performed on the ‘actual reservoir fluid sample or through empirical derived correlations. The of this chapter is to define the fluid properties and present some of the ions for calculating the reservoir fluid properties. 2.2. Properties of natural gas ‘A gas is defined as a homogenous fluid of low viscosity and density that has no volume but expands to completely fill the vessel in which it’s placed. The hydrocarbons present in gases are methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane and small amount of hexane and heavier hydrocarbon. Gases also contain other non hydrocarbon or impurities such as carbon dioxide, sulfide and nitrogen. The behavior of an ideal gas is based on the concept of kinetic theory of gas which {fa large number of particles called molecules and states that gases are composed o: nificant compared to the actual volume that the volume of the molecules are ins’ occupied by the gas. The molecules have no attractive force between them, hence ic. The ideal gas equation is given by the following their collision are perfectly elasti expression: PV =nRT Bal Where: n=2 Bo} P = Absolute pressure, Pisa V = Volume in ft? Os Number of mole of gas, Ib-mole7 = Absolute temperature, R R = Gas conversional constant (10.73psia fe/Ib-mol R) m,M= molecular of gas and molecular weight in Ib, 1b/In-mol respectively However, at high pressure and temperature which is typical of petroleum reservoir, the gas behavior tends to deviate from the aforementioned theory. Gases found in petroleum reservoirs are natural gas (real gas) and are a mixture of hydrocarbon components; therefore the overall physical and chemical properties can be determined from the individual components in the mixture. Equation 2.1 is modified to account for gas compressibility which describes the behavior of real gas PV = ZnRT ao Where: Z = Gas compressibility factor, dimensionless The properties of gases are expressed in terms of apparent molecular weight, standard volume, density, specific volume, gas formation volume factor and specific gravity. These properties are defined as follows: Apparent molecular weight This is the summation of product of the molecular weight of the individual component in the gas and the mole fraction of the component in the mixture, It is mathematically expressed as: 24Density The density of a réal is calculated by ‘component in equation (2.2) by the a to give the following equation: replacing the molecular weight of the pure ipparent molecular weight of the gas mixture PMa 25 Where: Pg = Gas density, Ib/f? ‘Mg = Apparent molecular weight Z = Gas compressibility factor Specific volume volume is defined as the volume occupied by a unit mass of gas, Specific s defined mathematical by using the real gas equation: ye ,-. = 26 ee Where: v= specific volume, ft°/Ib Specific Gravity Specific gravity is: defined as the ratio of the gas to that of the air at standard pressure and temperature (14.73Psi and 520 R). The gas gravity is expressed 27 232.9 ic gravity of gas Zeeair = Compressibility factor of air and gas at standard condition respectively (Zs.c and Zs. air = 1) Mg, Mair = Molecular weight of gas and air respectively (Macy = 28.96) 9, Pair= density of gas and air respectively, Ib/ft® P,, = Standard pressure, (14.73psi) Tz = Standard temperature, (60°F) Gas Compressibility factor It was mentioned earlier that gas tends to deviate from the kinetic theory at high pressure and temperature. The deviation of the ideal gas increases as the pressure and temperature inerease and varies widely with the composition of the gas. In order to express this variation, a correction factor known as the gas compressibility factor, gas deviation or z-factor is introduced in equation (2.2) to account for the departure of gases from ideality. Gas compressibility is defined as the ratio of the actual volume of n-moles of gas to the ideal volume of the same n-moles of gas at the same temperature and pressure. It is mathematically expressed as: 2.10 Vactual _ Vv Videat ORT, Gas compressibility factor for natural gas of various compositions is expressed as a function of dimensionless pseudo-reduced pressure and pseudo-reduced emperature, These.dimensionless terms are defined as:Fhe prourloeritical prossute and temperature are defined by the following ywationy 243 214 Hay» pocutosredueed pressure and temperature respectively, dimensionless. cusdo-reduced critical pressure and temperature respectively, psi and P,.. Ya ~ critical pressure and temperature respectively, Psi and Rankin, Standing and Katz (1942) used the concept of pseudo-critical properties to present generalized gas compressibility factor as shown in figure (2-1), The chart ct natural gas (free of sulphide) in terms of ture and it is used to calculate jvesents compressibility factor of sw pscudo-eritical pressure and pseudo-critical temp the compressibility factor of natural gas with minor amount of non-hydrocarbon, Note that a hydrocarbon is termed as a sour gas if it contains one grain of ThS per 100 cubie meters,HAIEUAS TRAN Pseudoreduced pressure, Py Fig. 2-1. Gas compressibility factor chart for 0 < P, < 16 220196) fines 184100) 30 “28 29 28 27 © 25 22 23 24 23 19 20 21 Pscudoreducsd prossure, Py 18 7 Fig. 2-2. Gas compressibility factor chart forl4 659476 From the compressibility factor 0.775 3. hart of figure 2-1, at Tpy = 144 and Phy = 5:3,From equation (2.5), gas density is given as Specitie gas gravity is caleutated trom equation 2.9) 2627301 0.907 Gas specific volume is given by equation (2.6) 0.05978 Ib Example 2-2 gas mixture has specific avity of 0.75. The initial reservoir pressure are 3500psia and 190°F respectively, Calculate \pparent-molecular weight of the gas mixture Gas comp! ssibility factor Solution Since the specific gravity of the gas was given, the apparent molecular weight is calculated by the following equation: Mg = 28.96¥g Mg = 0.75 * 28.96 = 21.2 Since, the composition of the gas mixture were given but the specific gravity was given, the pseudo-critical pressure and temperature are calculated from equation (2.15) and (2.16): 7In the previous © contains small mixture is below a= Corrected pseudo-critical {Tye = Pseudo-critical pressure and tem = mole fraction of HS in the gas mixture. = Pseudo-critical temperature adjustment factor Sum of the mole fraction of HyS and CO, in the gas mixt ‘arr, Kobayashi, and Burrow (1954) proposed a procedure to ritical pressure and temperature. The authors proposed the following r= Tye — 80Vco, + 130Yu,5 — 250 Yn, Pi. = Pye + 440¥c0, + 600Yu1,5 — 170Nz Where: Ther Tpc = Adjusted and unadjusted critical temperatures respectively, °R Pi., Pye = Adjusted and unadjusted critical pressures respectively, Psia. yHsS, yCOs, yNo= mole fractions of hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen in the gas mixture Note that the above correction procedures can be used when the composition of the natural gas mixture is not available. Example 2-3 A sour natural gas has a specific gravity of 0.75. The compositional analysis of the gas shows that it contains 6% of CO2 and 12% ILS. Calculate the density and specific volume of the gas at 4000Psia and 200°F . SolutionTye — 80Y¢6, + 130 4,5 — 250Yx, r, = 40447185 — 80 « 0.06 + 0.12 ~ 130 = 250 = 0 = 415.27185°R 4000 = 415.27185 =9.63 (200 + 460) = gonaivie7s — -? sing Pyy = 9-63 and Tyr = 1.63, 2 1.12 PM, 4000+21.272 = Poa pAOObee TZ ee Sibi fee 2 ZRT ~~ 1.12+10.73+600 ws jpecific volume is calculated from the equation: = + = 0.0847f0/b 11.8compressibility of natural gas jeothermal gas compressibility fs the change in volume per unit vol page it pressure, Tn the ease of Fiquid, the isothermal compressibility is small fyxi wan be assumed {0 be constant. For gas, the isothermal compressibility varies be mathem: press in the following form: 1 pressure and 1s iQ 224 1 that: 2.25 ntiate equation with respect P and z, gives: = —nZRT 126 221 2.28 Substituting equation (2.28) into equation (2.27): EZ-3 2.29 Zep P Substituting equation (2.29) into equation (2.24): ) 230 E Dai a1LiPye = 60°F (520% Pre ™ 14.7, Tre = 60°F (S20°R), substituting the values in 2.38 Gas formation volume fetor, set Volume of gas at pressure p and temperature, 1, V at standard condition, set Specvitied pressure and temperature, in Psia, and Rankin | of the gas formation volume fuctor is called the gas expansion ip xpre 2.39 as reservoir is producing at a rate of 20,000f*/day from a gas reservoir at a 500psia and temperature of 150°F, The specific gravity of 0.75. s flow rate at surface condition in sef/day. Solution lculate the pseudo-eritical pressure and temperature using the following on + 15.0¥9 — 37.5Y9 2. = 677 + 15 + 0.75 — 37.5 * 0.75? = 667.156psia = 168 + 325yq — 12.5¥g 33| poises= 100 centipoises 1*10° microposies 6.72*10" Ib mass/ft-see 2.09*10-31b-see/n? 1 dyne-sec/em? xs viscosity is @ function temperature, » Pressure and the gas compositions. It Jetermined from the laboratory mea ‘surement of the fluid Viscosity and also ematical and graphical correlation. Many correlations are available in re for estimation of gas viscosity. However, correlations reported by et al and Lee et all are Presented in this book. Carr et al (1954) developed nical presentations for estimating the Viscosity of natural gas as a function of pressure and gas gravity. Their graphical correlation is presented in © (2-4) and (2-5) Noe Weight eooee 2S hos, i s Fig 2-4, Carr et al atmospheric gas viscosity correlation et al atmospheric gas vist ig 2-4. 35,tn, 06 USO - Fig 2-5. Carr et al viscosity ratio correlation xample 2-5 natural gas mixture has specific gravity of 0.75. The initial reservoir pressure id temperature are 3500psia and 300°F respectively. Calculate the gas viscosity. jolution ‘alculate the gas apparent molecular weight using equation (2-4): fa = 28.967, = 28.96 * 0.75 = 21.72 se the gas molecular (21.72) with the temperature (300°F), and calculate the iscosity at 1 atmospheric from figure (2-4), which gives wy = 0. 0138cp 36a Ma cel alculate the pseudo-reduced properties with following equations: 677 + 15.0y, ~ 37.5y2 677 + 18 * (0.75) — 37.5 + (0.752) = 667.16psia , = 168 + 325y, — 12.5y2 = 168 + 325 * (0.75) — 12.5 » (0.75?) = 404.72°R P _(3500haee ~ Pe earatame _ 7 _ 00+ 460) = Tye uO the pseudo-reduced pressure 5.25 and pseudo-reduced temperature 1.89 to ermine the viscosity ratio from figure (2-5): 1.45 Jote that the viscosity ratio is the ratio of the gas viscosity to the viscosity at 1 mosphere” as viscosit ly = 0.0138 * 1.4. = 0.01932cp ee ct al (1966) presented an empirical relationship for calculating the gas y of natural gases. The authors expressed the gas viscosity in terms of servoir temperature, gas density and molecular weight of the gas. The expression et al correlation is 2.40 370.02Ma)T*S ose K = —309+19MaeT = 986 +*2+0.01M, 22.4 — 0.2K = Gas density at reservoir and temperature, Ib/ft 7 = Reserv oir temperature, °R Apparent molecular weight of the gas mixture . of the above described correlations can be used to estimate the gas viscosity the Lee et al correlation the student needs to calculate the gas and apparent molecular weight from the gas An fn using npressibility factor, gas der position or correlation. Finally the determined properties are substituted in on (2.35) to calculate the gas density. 23. Properties of Crude Oil of hydrocarbon and small nitrogen, oxygen, and helium. The physical and chemical ities of crude oils depend on the concentration of various types of and minor constituents. The properties of crude oils are determined either by laboratory experiments performed on samples of actual reservoir fluids or by established empirical correlations. The objective of this section is to define these properties and present some of the correlations us ed to determine them. ble in the literature to calculate the crude oil Many empirical correlations are av Only the correlations proposed by standing (1981) will be used Crude oil is a complex mixture consisting mainly amounts of sulfur, prope hydrocarbons properties. throughout this book. Crude oil gravity of oil at standard conditions ned as the ratio of the density ress mathematically with the andard conditions. It is exp! Crude oil gravity is defi to the density of water at st following equation: 38sity of crude oil, Ibi? Density of water, 62.41b/f2 oil specific grav dimensionless 'cum industry, the crude oil gravity is usually expressed in API gravity calc. The API gravity scale is expressed in mathematical form as: -i13i5 2.45 gravity is used to know the quality of crude oil, the higher the API value oil the better the quality of the crude oil. API gravity of crude oils usually om 47° API for lighter crude oil to 10° for heavier crude oil or asphaltic Example 2-6 Ic: the API gravity of a crude oil system with a measured density of 48Ib/fe standard condition. Rate the crude oil. Solution: ne crude oil gravity from equation (2.44): 18 Bares 24 Calculate the API gravity using equation (2.45): AP] = ese — 131.5 o 141.5 ee P] = = 43 a 0.769 39solubility R, is defined as the number y renehes its maximum. A y ical e for an undersaturated crude oil is sho ai from the initial reservoir pressure p; 5 evol Ves: from the oil and as a result the gas um value Ry. But below the bubble poi ad and the value of Rs. decreases. Gas Solubility at ps 2 a g 3 ee = B = 3 @ 3 o ubtopant Pressure Pressure ——> Fig 2-6. Gas solubility pressure diagram.et (Ga 1.4) 10° 2 0,0125APT = 0.001 m pressure, psia _ Temperature, *R Gas solubility, seff/stb gaample 2-7 {4 wo stage surface separation experiment was si “ts from the PVT data shows the bubble point ~eravity and oil gravity are 3500psis, 200°F , 0.7 and s solubility using Standing correlation. : Solution ‘Determine the API gravity using equation (2.45): 141.5 De ee 131.5 fo py = ae 131 545.2 = yg 71315 = 45.3 alculate x using equation (2.47): = 0.0125API — 0.00091 (T — 460) = 0.0125 * 45.3 — 0,00091(660 — 460) = 0.384 *€ equation (2.46) to calculate the gas solubility:L200 5% (Go + 1.4) 10] junble point pressure jhe bubble point pressure p, of crude oil i which a bubble of-gas is first liberated tom ene ote eae which all the available gases will dissolve in the crude Scea property measured experimentally by conducting a constant-expansion test. fy ‘i ibsence of laboratory experiment, it can be determined through published correlations, sunding (1981) developed an empirical correlation for determining the bubble point pressure. Standing correlation is expressed in mathematical form as: R 0.83 ( “/n) “a0 ~14] 2.48 a = 0.00091(T — 460) — 0.0125API 2.49 py = 18.2 Example 2-8 Determine the bubble point pressure using the parameters given in example 2-8 Solution from example 2-8, given that: ¥y = 0.7,T = (200 + 460) = 660°R, API = 45.3°, Rs = 1156.90sef/stb a= 0,00091(T — 460) — 0.0125API 4 = 0,00091(660 — 460) — 0.0125 * 45.3 = —0.384 ole 0.83 ae Ps = 18.21( °5/y,))) (lO 42( 0.03 2182 [(2"55°%e) Cee oil formation volume factor oil formation volume factor B, is defined as the ratio of the : el " solution) at prevailing reservoir temperature and pressure to th sandard conditions, Oil formation volume factor is @ function “olution gas gravity, oil gravity and prevailing reservoir temperature ihe value of oil formation volume factor is always greater than or he oil formation volume factor is mathematically expressed as: Bo = “Wadse igure 2-7 shows a typical oil formation volume factor curve, as the pressure decreases from its initial pressure to bubble point pressure, the oil formation: yolume factor increases due to gas expansion. The oil formation volume factor — reaches its maximum value as the pressure decreases to bubble point pressure. Oil formation volume factor begins to decrease as the pressure decreases below the bubble due to solution gas liberation. When the pressure reduces to atmospheric and temperature (standard conditions), the value of oil formation volume pressure factor is equal one. 43Where:caleulate soll! tion__ al formation Volume factor ormation volume or t wo phase i ihe total volume of hy Pee Volume factor By is di cessure.and temperate mixture including the : fa eee Tanction resenveie pe ape mI valine ie MC ee tte oe cee tank oil. A plot of igure 2.8, as the reservoir pressure Ire, the oil formation volume factor - Soe ation ¢ formation volume factor rep n volume factor at bubble point and eee - 2 resents asured at system conditions per eee pause ne evolve gas or ofoil. BBL/STB Pressure > Fig 2-8. Two-phase formation volume factor versus formation volume factor ase formation volume factor can be mathematically defined as: — 2.58 Wadse : he bubble point pressure the bubble point pressure, the free or evolve gas at condition per stock tank barrel is given as: Me) or 2.59 Ta = (Rsv — Rs) Ba equation (2.58): 475, = Bo + ae equation (2.61 pressure) a pit for undersatul (2.61) equation Bo example 2-10 ‘The PVT data for yy = 3000psia 7 = 300°F yg = 0- 00sef/stb g, = 1.53bbI/stb p= 2500psia Calculate the total for Solution ; quatior Calculate the pseud P,, = 677 + 15.0%; Pye = 677 + 15 Tye = 168 + 325 Ihe = 168 + 325B, = 1.23 + (500 - Crude oil viscosityGas formation . Explain why the . A crude oil s experiment, the rewee jduction OF ring the bottor 10 ropa! ace for commierc satfae u are 10° this book we will consid ofthem in detail. Conventional per! . Sand exclusion . Permanent type . Multiple type . Intelligent wel+ Full exposure of ré * No cementing or |A & Sethejrnttel PORRIE “veel INU DTING NIPPLEL SNOUT PREVENTO REVE! SoveTOR CABLEtubing the liner’s i locity of the jet impact pressure cxpendable, sem Xp gun during perforatit wells and is I‘A CROSS SECTION THe GHAPEO CHARGE cous’ surtece Berotes to form Sort of the Roce streamFRONT At 7 SI Ne ke " Force stream - UNTIL ALL THE CHARGE HAS BEEN DETONATED --- AND THE FORCE STREAM LOOKS SOMETHING LIKE THIS Fig 3-6. Mechanism of the how the jet bullets explodes in jet perforation I] can be perforated in three different ways: Overbalanced using a casing gun Under balance using a tubing conveyed gun Under balanced using a thru-tubing gun the well is over balanced- wellbore in contrast when the pressure in the balanced casing gun is used when servoir pressure it is called an re is greater than reservoir pressure. 1 re is less than the formation or re 58spatanced well in this sue the well. n pi tm i 1) 3-6. (a) Perforating overbalanced with a gun and (b) perforation under balanced c Fig 3-7. Description of perforation sath tubing conveyed or thru tubing gun Ge eunend a thy : is important to note that the conventional casing perforation completion is a completion scheme than open-hole completion since it offers a much higher ¢ of control of reservoir fluids flow rate; consequently reducing the intrusion unwanted fluids and sand into the tubing. This mechanism results to a higher ivity than open-hole completion. nd exclusion completion This completion method is designed to allow for the flow of natural gas or crude oil into the well but at the same time prevents sand from entering the well. They are mainly deployed in area that has large amount of loose sands (unconsolidated formation) that has potential of producing sand during production. Sand production ifunchecked can cause erosion of the equipment, and wellbore and flow stringing plu to the extent that well operations become uneconomical. Sand production oduction in that at a very low flow rate, little is sensitive to the flow rate of fluid p vi ee orno sand will be produced, while at a high flow rate, large quantities of sand wil There are two basic methods of be carried along with the reservoir fluids. 593) open-hole san opposite the completion inter rv gavel is actually large-grai‘25 Multiple well completic iple zone comple -d simultaneousl}me principal factor op equipment necessary t D umber of the tubing strings to maintain pletion and work-over op oo advantage of multiple well simultaneously produced from of this completion can be v can be quite high. oy real time monitoring and measures the down hol nonitor down hole oilproduction rate in east rement data, f conditions. completion can be deployed in vertical, horizontal anc intelligent well completion system includes the followin; information sensing system, down- hole production ci and feedback control system. data acquisition, eijsiruction? AnsWe fer copied from * responsible for th advise your supervisor | Carl Galtin, 1960. Petrolew Prentice Hall Inc. ‘nathan Bellarby, 200: petroleum scienct Ted G. Byrom, 2014. ¢val and production ca: he tubing to isolate t echanic x production and a d of casings, tubinwell head is defined as the surface 1 casing and tubing heads, Thee yring (see fig 3-2). Depending on casing pri gods can be installed during well construction. Th Kupports the casing hanger. The casing hanger is thi production casing hanger. As in the case of the produ sing is Janded in tension so that the casing hanger casing. In a similar manner, the intermediate casing(s) are respective casing hangers. All of these casing head arrangement Choke Tubing Head Casing Valve Ne oe g “| ea 9 Pressure Gauge iA Uppermost Gasing Head Master Valve a TD Production Casing Intermediate Casing i Loviermost Casing Head a S Fig 4-2. A sketch of a wellhead 66owing Well is produced th ging. At the surface, the tul ,d is used for hanging tubing : y), the uubing head supports the tut fig 4-3. A sketch of a casing head Fig 4-4. sketch of a wOIne nee 4.2 The Christmas tree ‘A Christmas tree is a system of valves, chokes, spools and gauges which resembl 2 Christmas tree. It is the equipment at the top of the producing well head us control fluid flow. The Christmas tree is installed above the tubing head « adaptor (i.¢., piece of equipment) is used to join the two. It is important to note that Christmas tree is separate from well heads The Christmas tree may have one flow outlet (a tee) or two flow outlets (a cross). The master valves which can be two (lower and upper master valves) is installed below the tee or cross. To replace th ing must be removed. A Christmas tree consists of a ma master valve, the wb aves and a needle valve. These valves are used for closing valve, wing valve i when Heel ie top of the tee structure or in top of the dicates the pressure in the tubing. The wing used for pressure measurements and gas or liquid flow 67gow tate, This ction will brietly ¢ how the work to regulate the y Fig 4-5. A sketch of a Christmas tree * Lower master valves it the amount of flow into the The lower master is a gate valve used to limit Christmas tree from the well head. It is manually actuated in most cases and is kept — in a restricted, partially open position during production. * Upper master valve | | lower master valve fails or if 7 It is often remotely actuated cent all flow to The upper master valve is failsafe measure in case the maintenance on charismas tree must be performed. Valve and is automatically shut when the safety signal is sent to prev the Christmas tree.. Left wing valve ¢ left wing valve also known as the kill. connection point for injection. Fluid jred with a choke to control flow rate and pressure. « Swab valve+ gauge valve swab is a manually operated valve which provides direct vertical access terventions. The gauge valve is a visual indicator of what valve 0 xample, when the left wing valve is open and the swab valve is closed, the ads Opsig (no pressure), and when the right wing valve (production valw pen and the swab is open, the pressure will read the value determined by theyriNOUS ASSESMENT- : gruction® Answer all questions b ser copied from the material will not FRENCES merican Petroleum Institute, 1987. Bulletin on performane tubing and drill pipe, 20" edition. Washington, DC: Institute. API Bulletin SC2. yun Guo, 2007. Petroleum production engineering a computer assis approach. Elsevier Science & Technology Books Jan Renpu, 2011. Advanced well completion engineering, third edition, ¢ Professional Publishing. 70CHAPTER FIVE PRESSS| URE LOSSES AND ARTIFIC) m pRESSURE LOSS i] production, th 8 vale og fluid flow from the po : mpanied W ith pressure los if Peon AURIDE Ba ae eee o Be rely wee ee along the flow conduits such i ee afety valves, re i + or tansportaion ae oe flow line and other Se re “txem and to lift the fh he fluid requires energy to overcome fr eee os flow conduit Se eee ee yarious Ho s are essential for tubing perfec BS OLS sverall well ©) ptimization. 1 5 ‘ormance, artificial li overt E The flow of fluid in the production ee eee wn In 5.1) e ASSES ‘STOCK TANK duction system of fluids in the pro Fig 5-1. The flow ulated From fig 5.1, the pressure at any point in the production system can be calc using Nodal Analysis concept: abt Arial + Poy + APrest a Atnode 6, Pw = P, nPuy ~ Pr — AP. — ap, un Vest 5.2) mi sure drops due to suming J jon (3-1) and (5.2) become: atic restricti r ictions, (safety Valves, chokes) are negligible, p, + AP + Pp ais: = Por — Og hw 5.4 yhere: _ separator pressure, Psia = Well head pressure, Psia p,, = Bottom hole flowing pressure, Psia P,, APp, = Pressure losses in the production tubing and flow line respectively, = Pressure losses in the surface chokes, safety valves, and other ire in the flow-line or tubing can be calculated by combining the ergy equation and thermodynamic principle to give the following equation’ fotal pressure gradient, (AP)r = (AP)gtevation + (AP)rriction + CAP)acceteration 9:9 Vhere: p 5.6 (OP )cievation = PL sind = el AP) eviction = 2gea 5.10 eeu AP) acceleration = 9g, i drop: tal pressure gradient can also be expressed in terms of total pressure drop: fovit oe 5.11 AP), = pLsin@ + aaa 72is the pres e eine ie total nessa for a single-phase flow which can be used geo normally neglected at any point during fluid flow. The acceleration a for compressible fluid 1 ages cone OS Naa ae sa as) i Raat a |v, only the friction pressure ee sue significant. For horizontal jjonal factor f’ in equation (5.11) is i . a He ‘ids mumber is even ) function of the Reynolds number. The ood j 5.12 Fluid density, Ibm/f? d= Flow diameter, inches or ft pak luid viscosity, ep or Ibm/ft-sec For laminar flow: Ne < 2100: fo 5.13 The existence of turbulent flow regime (Npe > 2100), during fluid flow requires tha the frictional factor is determined empirically through experiment. The frictional factor for turbulent flow regime is determined using Moody chart see fig (5.2) or using empirical correlation. Many correlations by various investigators” are available in the literature to determine the friction factor during turbulent flow. Colebrook and White (1981) presented the most accurate correlation that approximates the Moody chart and is given by the following equation: 74 — 2log (+25) ; 5.14 Bfete ceeds g avroe eng 1S 8 Ts x10" >4 xv Sere ye ety 2 3g CEL «10°. 10° +. Reynolds Umber, Naa Al Fig 5-2. Moody chart 1.1. Conversion of Pressure Drop Equation to Field Unit Yhen performing pressure drop calculation, it is pertinent that the units of the rameters that make up the pressure drop equation are consistent. Since field units normally used in pressure drop calculations, it is important to convert all the uations that form the pressure drop equation in field unit. nit conversion: 6158 day 86400secs (24*60*60) 741 1b1'/ Fe _ sec 1psia-14.7Psia = 32:17! "Ieee ° 2: A well is produeis ample o™ 1S Producing at a rate o} pressure if the tubing size is dinch, ength = 6000ft = 0.0018 ft il density= 51.21bm/ft> hbing inclination,® = 90° jrst convert the parameters in field unit: jonvert: t3 1600*5.615 te : (+1) y (/ ee) ee Lemos ee rossdee ean 86400 sine -4 Ibm. bw(cp) > (Yip = =) = asd eee Te - sec 4 = = 0.333ft f 1600bbI/d. Determine the bottom-hole es. The following data are given: 5.17 5.18= 1.1934f¢/, 51.2+1.193400.333 = ~Ta6e107" = = 6065 6108 s T than 2100, flow i » How is turbulent 0.0054 reynolds number 6.065104 a - ul a rela ctor from figure, f = 0.0315. relative roughness 0.0054, estimate the sure drop in the tubing, AP) > = (OP), GAP) etevation + (AP)prictton 5.22 = pLsin@ + fewest 28 eu 5.23 = 51.2 = 6000 * sin 90 + 22215*51.2+1.19347+6000 2+32.17-0.333 5.24 = 307200 + 643.25 = 307843.251b/ft? 5.25 = 307843.25 * = 2137.80Psia 5.26 Pup + (AP) 521 ,, = (800 + 14.7) + 2137.80 = 2927.1Psia 5.28 2. ARTIFICIAL LIFT ificial lift is the mechanism of lowering or increasing the producing bottom- le flowing pressure of the formation at the pump intake to obtain a higher flow tc from the well or generate flow from the well in which no flow is occurring. reasing the pressure at the pump intake can be achieved with a positive fisplacement pumps which includes sucker rod pumps and hydraulic pump and {namic displacement pumps such as electric submersible centrifugal pumps ESP), jet pumps and a progressive cavity pumps (PCP). A lower bottom-hole lowing pressure and high flow rate can also be achieved with a gas lift in nc Jedensity of the fluid in the tubing is lowered and expanding gas helps to lift - lids. Most wells require artificial lit in some point in the life of the field an 76wells benefit from artifi lift to take liquids off the formation so gas her flow rate. A graph of inflow performance relationship (reservoir bility) is normally plotted with the vertical lift performance (tubing jec) by the production engineer to know if artificial lift will be deployed ficular well. This process can be mathematical express with the following ervoir inflow performance ri iven by Vogel (1968) equation: ionship (IPR) for saturated reservoir is (@o)nax [1 — 0.2 (2) ~ 0.8 (t)'] 529 ervoir, the inflow performance relationship (IPR) is ped using productivity index equation and is expressed as: (P — Pp) 5.30 Je well vertical lift performance (VLP) is given by equation (5.1): P, + OP, + OP, + AP, + AP,, + AP, rest Dil flow rate at Py, stb/day = Maximum oil flow at stabilized flow rate and bottom-hole flowing stb/day nt average reservoir pressure, Psig jottom-hole flowing pressure, Psig erage reservoir pressure, Psia productivity index stb/day/psia hs of equation (5.29) and (5.31) will give the following possible figures:we Bottom-hole flowing pressure, Pe hud flow es ae Fluid flow rate q Fig 5-3. Wi g ell performance curves for none flowing and flowing well pe non-inersection) Op Whe exepie piseure((6-3)iandientes that cil will not flow xample 5-2 well is producing from a saturated reservoir with an average pressure of 0Psig. Stabilized test data indicated that the stabilized rate and bottom-hole wing pressure are 450stb/day and 2100Psig respective. Prepare an IPR data with ing the Vogel equation (5.29), determine the maximum flow rate at stabilized W rate and pressure: = (o)nax [1 - 0.2( 78[1-oaA)-oaGeey 533 ar) 1-0.2+ (2422) —o,g4(23201 $34 Br 2 961.5 [2 —0.2 (ee ae @& ] x ne table below presents the summary of the calculations: Pan (a 3000 to Be 2500 267.08 2000 491.43 1500 673.05, 1000 811.93 500 908.08 0 961.5 above data is the IPR; the VLP data is calculated with the flow rates of IPR sing the steps outlined in example (5.1) to get their respective bottom-hole lowing pressures. Finally, the IPR data and VLP data are plotted in the same h to know if artificial lift will be deployed or to determine the operating Je is shown in figure (5-4). conditions of the well. The IPR curve of exampI PR Curve of Example 5.4 E | @ 1000 t E 500 | 0 t A400 600 800 Oil flow rate, Q (STB/D) Fig 5-4. Inflow performance curve of example $.2 Types of Artificial Lift section will review the different types of artificial lifts and detail descriptions ih type. The major forms of artificial lift are: ee Sucker rod (beam) pumping Reciprocating and jet hydraulic pumping systems Plunger pump Progressive cavity pumps (PCP) 1 submersible pump Electrica Gas lift . Sucker Rod Pump is the oldest and most widely used type of artificial lift for most wells and is to the family of reciprocating pump. It consists of several components some parts of the components operate at the surface and the other parts 1 pumping unit which consists of He und or down the well. The surface ss ivotal post derives the underground pump.orem allows the beam to rock back E up and down in the pro sonents i gi aver, V-belt drives, 1 and forth, ss. The entire and a gearbox with E fods atta hed to the underground pump er rods (pica fit inside the tubing : moving the down-hole crank mechanism. Link rods or are connected to the surface unit. and are stroked up and down by the s and pumps are stroked, a volume of “rod tubing annulus and discharged at the suc pumping unit. Each time the rods face i gi" iluid is lifted through the sucker Pumping unit Clamp and carrier bar ZS Polished rod = Z Stutting box 7 Flow line fal [— Casing |_— Tubing |_- Sucker rods |_— Tubing anchor Li, Pump. [— Gas anchor Fig 5-5. Schematic diagram of Sucker (beam) rod pump * Easy for personnel to operate to pump oil, water and oil/gas * Mechanically simple + Will operate with a wide range of well producing characteristic * Surface unit may be changed to other wells with minimum cost ¢ Itis applicable to slim-hole and multi own to a very low pressure sed as a power source iple completions It can pump a well d Gas or electricity can be u 81jrigh temperature and viscous fluid can be lined jpmay cause solids formation such * arface equipment is bulky in land pown hole equipment de as pi in. and scale deposits and off lore Operations Sign selection in small diameter cas Hyd ¢ pumping ‘a type of artificial 1ift us pr smit power down hole, ized power fluid th it flows in wellbore Hydraulic trans; p ished using a reciprocating piston pump. ission of power is The down-hole pump acts as a sure in the produced fluid: inds of hydraulic pumps, namel lacement pump. at converts the energy into pr There are ly jet pump and reciproe: ting positive ‘Accumulator gravity Reservoirgravity dump piping dump piping Accumulator vessel. Differential ssure valve Reservoir vessel Multiplex, Pulsation dampens plunger pump Electric motor duced jCommingled [}Cleaned —(-) Produced as uid cae er uid 9 iat US shee Fig 5-6. Schematic diagram of a hydraulic pump. 82jee PUMPS ., pumps, high pressure power fluj cre the pressured energy j yelocity, low pressure p ww wh ye m ofa Jet PUMP. Pump, twbing |_— Casing _—- Nozzle 1 Production Inlet chamber Throat Dittuser Combined fiuid rtm Well — productionReciprocating positive displacement pump itive displacement pump consists ofa hydr or pump plunger, Power fluid (oit or von Sie vein’: The pump or plunger draws fluid thon the vellbore astanding valve. Exhausted power fluid and production can be a te tubing string or c Figure (5-8) shows San De rely pump aulic engine directly coupled to er) is directed down the tubing ned up 4 reciprocating hydraulically Up stroke Engine a — ee Pump Piston Fig 5-8. Schematic diagram of a reciprocating hydraulic pump lulic pump has the following advantages: It has the capability to circulate the pump in and out of the well Positive displacement pumps are capable of pumping depths to 17000 fi and deeper, 84rosion inhibitors can be cor? injected jn 0 the . sero ; POWEr fluid for corrosion fre power Muid can be heateq OF it can have a: the oil (0 the surface, © TMCSeas sed to Sure din qwing are some the disadvantages of hydraulic pum, Ip: ids from the power fluid timit the efficiency of hydra uli lic pump requires more maj fea ese POP: ntenance than other artificial lift methods. inger pump tis used in a high-gas/liquid- ratio (GLR) on (plunger), a length of steel which is can be used to lift the liquid used to remove liquids from a gas wells high GOR oil wells. In a well without a gas velocity must be high to remove liquid but with a plunger, gas peity can be very low. Thus, the plunger system is economical because it needs fimal equipment and uses the wells gas pressure as the energy source. of the well. Plunger lift is commonly produced relatively low volume, 85Tube stoe or =a Fig 5-9. Schematic diagram of a plunger lift pump Progressive cavity pump (PCP) isaspecial type of artificial lift method that is used in challenging situations as heavy oil, high sand production well, gassy wells, directional wells or iaontal wells etc. it consists of a down-hole progressive pump and surface ave system. The down-hole progressive pump is a positive displacement pump consists of two parts-helical steel rotor and stator. The stator is run on the ftom of the production tubing, while the rotor is connected to the bottom of the tker rod string. Rotation of the rod string by mean of a surface drive system Ses the rotor to spin within the fixed stator, creating the pumping necessary to luce fluids to the surface 86Prime Mover he Drive Coupling/Centratizor Rod String Production Tubing Rotor Stator the most popular, efficient and reliable artificial lift method for lifting ite to high volume fluids ranging from 150B/D to 150, 000B/D from the re, The major components of electric submersible pump (ESP) includes a ge centrifugal pump, three-phase induction motor, seal chamber section, Wer cable and surface controls. The components are normally tubing hung from Wellhead with the pump on top and the motor attached below. The rest of the m includes a surface control package and a three phase power cable running n-hole to the motor. 87— Seal section = Producing zone Fig 5-11. Schematic diagram of ESP ure increase provided by centrifugal pump (ESP) is usually expressed as id of the produced fluid which the pump can support. In the des’ ibmersible pump for a well, the following calculation procedure is First calculate the pump suction pressure using the equation: = 0.433y/(Dy — Dy) 5.35 ‘alculate the discharge pressure at the pump using the equation Peursace + (Ap) r 06 e the total pressure drops from the pump location to the surface is given by: SSH 88a sceleration component i be neglected for slightly compressible aeviate the pressure increase to be provided by the (ESP) Bs pa—Ps 5.38 press the pressure increase in terms of fuid head: dine 9 erry ae culate the number of pump stage using the equation: L 5.40 fluid for 100 stage pump is calculated from the pump performance curve. of chart for a particular pump is shown below. The pump performance ipplied by the pump manufacturer company and was calibrated using , Correction chart is normally provided by the manufacturer for heavy Minimam Casing Size $1724 00 +t We [Pare] zo00 2280 a> woe oo Fig5-12. Performance curve of an ESPDepth oF the well and pump respectively, ft -hole Mowing pressure determined from (IPR), Psig in the reservoir is to be produced at a rate of 600STB/D with an ible pump (ESP) at a time when the average reservoir pressure has )0Psig. The well will be equipped with a 2-7/8-in (2.875in) of tubing diameter of 7-in. The roughness of the pipe is 0.005ft. Oil density, il formation volume factor are 52.1 Ibm/ft? , 1ep and 1.2 bbl/stb. at the pump is set at 9500ft above the production interval and the ssure is 200Psig; determine the required specification for an electric pump for this application. The inflow performance curve (IPR) for p. culate the bottom-hole flowing pressure from (IPR) in figure (5-4). From, the graph, at 720 bbl/day (600*1.2), pyr = 1350 Psig culate the pump suction pressure: 52.4 62.4 0.8349 Dy — 0.433 * (Dy — Dy) 5.42 [350 + 14.7) — 0.433 * 0.8349 « (10000 — 9500) = 1183.94 Psia 5.43 Palculate the total pressure drop at pump location: 90= 72055615 eh 560) = aeaog =0.0468 fi/sec ft — ) itane — 0-72" 10" Ibm/ft-sec 23 =0.23961 Reynolds number1.9*10! ctor from figure, f = 0.05 drop in the tubing, (AP); = (AP) revation + (AP) Friction Sov? 2gcd pLsin@ + . 0.05+52.1+1.03757+9500 $2.1 * 9500 * sin90 + FOALS = 494950 + 1727.98 =496677.98Ib/f Oe ‘ = 496677.98 * —— = 3449.15Psia alculate the discharge pressure at the pump: wface + (Ap) r 200 + 14.7) + 3449.15 = 3663.85Psia 91 5.50 and relative roughness 0.021, estimate the Sisul Sey) 5.53 5.56 5:57Calculate the Pressure inerease to be provided by ESP. Pa — Ps 5.58 = 3663.85 — 1183.94 = 2479.9 1psia sia 559 express the pressure in terms of uid head: 5.60 ie the flow rate (720bbI/day), determin ie from the fi = eta hes 2700827 tUstage and nn ¢ figure (5-12) the fluid head Se power=30 HP Calculate the number stage required from the pump: ip requirement for the well is a 260stages and 78 HP, electric submersible following are the advantages of electric submersible pump (ESP): + It is adaptable to highly deviated well like sl; the ESP must be set in straight section » Itis generally considered a high volume pump It provides increase volumes and water cuts brought on by pressure intenance and secondary recovery Tt safe and compatible for acceptable operations in an offshore and Wironmentally conscious area [permits placing wells on production while drilling and working operations ongoing be use-in harsh environment lant and horizontal well, however 92gare some Of disadvantages of (ESP); ites only mini ik ere ae’ of solids production, however special a © and bearings exists to minimize wear and acostly pulling operation when down-hole equipment fails ipplicable to rates below 150B/D latively large casing size for moderate to high production rate cial lifis methods are classifi fi. The increase the well flow - bottom hole flowing pressure ied as pump assisted artificial lift or Tate rates or make the well to flow by at the pump intake. jod of artificial ift that uses an external high pressure gas for ting formation gas to lift the well fluids. Gas injected into the tubing density of the fluids in the tubing, hence lowers the flowing bottom- (BHP) at the bottom of the tubing. There are two basic types of gas jous and intermittent flow. ontinuous gas lift ethod of gas lift is employed in majority of gas lift wells and is very similar ural flow. Here, high pressure gas is injected continuously into the production at a maximum depth that depends upon the injection pressure and well ie injection gas mixes with the produced well fluid and decreases the and subsequently the flowing gradient of the mixture from the point of gas m to the surface. The decreased flowing pressure gradient reduces the ing bottom-hole pressure below the static bottom-hole pressure thereby 93‘wator Gasol ‘separator Fig 5-13. Schematic diagram of gas lift 94Reservoir-fuid gradient | Total gas = soliton gas ——" Id dissolved g aie the formation as Fig 5-14. Mechanism of continuous gas injection fermittent gas lift mittent gas lift is the periodic displacement of liquid from the tubing by the tion of high pressure gas. Here, when the gas lifts valve is opened: high sure injection gas enters the tubing and rapidly expands. This action forces fiquid slug out from the tubing. Intermittent gas lift method is typically used I] that produces low volumes of liquid (approximately <150 to 200B/D). mn be used to replace continuous gas lift on wells that have depleted to low s or used when gas wells have depleted to low rates and are hindered by hid loading. oS.a Mniected one Unloading valves (closed) Operating vaive Kopen) Check valve (open) and packer —— Perforations Gas lift is the best artificial method for handlin; Most wells produce some sand even when san yoduced sand causes few mechanical 1g sand and solid material. id control is installed. The problem in the gas lift system; vhereas only a little quantity of sand affects other pumping method except ogressive cavity pump (PCP). luids in deviated or crooked well can be lifted easily jas lift permits the use of down-hole equipment. astallation of gas lift is compatible with subsurface safety valves and other urface equipment with gas lift. lifts permit the concurrent use of wire line equipment and such down- hole equipment is easily and economically serviced. This feature allows Outine repairs through the tubing. Ie disadvantages of continuous are listed as follows: 96cient and cay a Pital intensiy, © and requires high "S are relatively expensive and often throughout the lite 100 expensive, it m: Of the project. If the field ay be neces enance of compressors can b je | compressor Mechanic are required for ake 800d design. If not av; efficient design that does n expensive. Skilled reliable operation. ailable, op iol produce the well gas lift may not be co ; Mpletely feasible wi API gravity that is less th ith heavy crude or an 1S°API, of intermittent gas lift are: jittent gas lift typically has ptinuous gas lift method the ability to handle low volumes of pduction bottom-hole Now tng pressures (BHPs) 4 significant lower producing BHP than pI ig fluid with rela ely low dvanages of intermittent gas lift include: lermitient gas lift is limited to low volume wells. For instance, an 8000ft il with 2-in nominal diameter can hardly be produced at rates of more 200B/D with an average producing pressure blow 250 psig power efficiency of intermittent gas lift is low. Hence, more barrel of produced fluid than continuous/constant gas lift. ittent gas lift requires frequent adjustment of the injection gas rate and Period to increase production and keep the lift gas requirement ly low. é ions in rate and BHP can be detrimental to wells with sand control The produced sand may plug the tubing or standing valve. 7- of Injected Gas I for gas lifting, it is important to estimate the pressure of the the point of injection. From the mechanical energy balance, in Kinetic energy and friction pressure drop in the casing and into oil field units, we have: 5.61 5.63) to determine the injected pressure, a trial and error method in initial pressure is guessed, which is used to determine the gat actor and the resulting values are substituted in equation (5.63) t 98.