ESIA - ON Washed Coffee Industry Establishment

PARTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
REPORT AND WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN

ON
KAWET COFFEE PULPING PLC
PROMOTER: Ato: KEBEDE KABISO (+ 251911093953)

PROJECT NAME: KAWET COFFEE PULPING (PLC)
PEOJECT LOCATION: SNNPRs, SIDAM ZONE, BONA ZURA WOREDA
SPECIFIC LOCATION: ANISO KIKA KEBLE
PREPARED BY: REKIKE DEVELOPMENT CONSULTANCE PLC
CONSULTANT PERSON: Abrham Astatike
Mobile Phone: 0911384833
SEPTEMBER/2019
0
Environmental Impact Assessment and Waste Management Plan on Wet Coffee Processing Industry
ACRONYMS
ARCCH Authority for Research and Conservation for Cultural Heritage
BOD Biological Oxygen Demand
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
CRGE Climate Resilient Green Economy
CSA Central Static Agency
oC Degree Cellicious
EHS Environmental Health and Safety
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EMCA Environmental Management Coordination Act
EMP Environmental Management Plan
ERPs Emergence Response plans
EPA Environmental Protection Authority
EPE Environmental Policy of Ethiopia
EP Environmental Protection
EPACC Ethiopia’s program of Adaptation to Climate Change
EPC Environmental protection council
EGEP Ethiopia’s governmental protection
FDRE Federal Democratic Republic Ethiopia
GTP Growth and Transformation Plan
KA(s) Kebele Administration(s)
ha Hectare
IEA Initial Environmental Audit
KM Kilo Meter
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ZEMA Zonal Environmental management Authority
m.a.s.l Meters above sea level
mm Millimeter
ENAPA Ethiopia’s National Adaptation program of Action
OHS Occupational Health and Safety
PASDEP Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End poverty
PLC Private Limited Company
PH Power of Hydrogen
PE Personal Protective
REA Regional Environmental Agency
RMS Regular Motor Spirit (Regular)
SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment
SEM Sustainable Environmental Management
SS Suspended Solids
SEU Sectorial Environmental Unit
USA United State of America
WCC Waste Collection Centre
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACRONYMS .......................................................................................................................... 1
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................... 7
CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................... 11
1. BACKROUND .................................................................................................................. 11
1.1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 11
1.2 THE PURPOSE OF THE EIA ............................................................................................................................ 12
1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY .................................................................................................................................... 13
1.4 OVERALL OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT.................................................................................................. 13
1.5 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY .................................................................................................... 14
1.6 TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR) ...................................................................................................................... 14
1.7 CONSULTALTING FIRM ................................................................................................................................... 15
CHAPTER TWO ................................................................................................................... 16
2.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY................................................................ 16
2.1 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................................................ 16
2.2 LEGAL AND POLICY ASPECTS ANALYSIS ................................................................................................. 18
2.3 PREDICATION OF IMPACT.............................................................................................................................. 19
2.3.1 IDENTIFICATION OF POSITIVE IMPACTS ........................................................................................... 19
2.3.2 NEGATIVE IMPACTS ASSOCIATED TO THIS WASHED STATION ............................................... 19
2.4 POTENTIAL MITIGATION MEASURES ......................................................................................................... 19
2.5 OUTPUT OF THE STUDY ................................................................................................................................. 20
CHAPTER THREE ............................................................................................................... 21
3. PROJECT DESCRIPTION, DESIGN AND OPERATION ........................................................ 21
3.1 OWNERSHIP AND LOCATION OF THE PROJECT .................................................................................... 21
3.2 NATURE OF THE PROJECT ............................................................................................................................ 21
3.3 JUSTIFICATION OF THE ESTABLISHED WASHED STATION .............................................................. 22
3.4 COMPANY/ APPLICANT AND THE PROJECT ........................................................................................... 22
3.5 BRIEF HISTORY OF PROMOTERS ................................................................................................................ 23
3.6 PROJECT SCOPE ............................................................................................................................................... 23
3.7 PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS ........................................................................................................................... 24
3.8 PROJECT OPERATION ..................................................................................................................................... 24
3.9 BY PRODUCTS AND DISPOSAL METHODS ............................................................................................... 25
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3.10 WASHED STATION INPUT AND ACTIVITIES ........................................................................................... 25

3.11 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SEQUENCING .......................................................................................... 26
3.12 NATURE OF WET COFFEE PROCESSING INDUSTRY WASTES ........................................................ 26
3.13 AIR EMISSIONS ............................................................................................................................................... 27
3.14 WASTE MANAGEMENT ................................................................................................................................. 27
3.15 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT .................................................................................................................... 27
3.16 EFFLUENT TREATMENT ............................................................................................................................... 27
CHAPTER FOUR ................................................................................................................. 28
4. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONTEXT BASELINE CONDITION OF THE PROJECT ....... 28
4.1 DEMOGRAPHIC & ECONOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STUDY AREA .............................. 28
4.2 GEOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY .................................................................................................................... 29
4.3 WILDLIFE RESOURCES ................................................................................................................................... 29
4.4 FOREST AND SHADE TREES ........................................................................................................................ 29
4.5 THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT.................................................................................................... 29
CHAPTER FIVE ................................................................................................................... 30
5. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ..................................................... 30
5.1 GENERAL OVERVIEW ...................................................................................................................................... 30
5.2 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY FRAMEWOR ............................. 30
5.3 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF ETHIOPIA................................................................................................... 31
5.4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT................................................................................................. 32
5.5 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL ................................................................................................. 32
5.6 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ...................................................................................................................... 33
5.7 ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANS ESTABLISHMENT PROCLAMATION....................................................... 33
5.7.1 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AUTHORITY .................................................................................. 34
5.7.2 REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCIES (REA) .............................................................................. 34
5.7.3 ZONAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ORGANS .......................................................................... 35
5.7.4 DISTRICT ...................................................................................................................................................... 35
5.7.5 KEBELE (PEASANT ASSOCIATION) ...................................................................................................... 35
5.8 THE ENVIRONMENT (IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND AUDIT) REGULATIONS ..................................... 35
5.9 THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT ................................................................................. 35
CHAPTER SIX..................................................................................................................... 37
6. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS SPECULATION ..................................................................... 37
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6.1 EIA METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................................................ 37

6.2 THE ANTICIPATED IMPACTS OF LEMA KAMISO WASHED COFFEE INDUSTRY .......................... 37
6.2.1 PREDICATION IMPACT............................................................................................................................. 37
6.2.2 KAWET COFFEE PULPING (PLC) ANNUAL WASHED COFFEE PRODUCTION PLAN ............. 38
6.2.3. AMOUNT OF WASTE GENERATED FROM THIS WASHING STATION ....................................... 38
6.2.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPAACTS ON IDENTIFIED RECEPTION ........................................................ 39
6.3 ISSUES OF CONCERN OF THE IMPACT ..................................................................................................... 41
6.3.1 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY (OHS) ................................................................................ 41
6.3.2 POLLUTION .................................................................................................................................................. 41
6.3.3 WET COFFEE PROCESSING SEWAGE AND EFFLUENTS ............................................................. 41
CHAPTER SEVEN ............................................................................................................... 42
7. POTENTIAL IMPACT IDENTIFICATION, PREDICATION AND EVALUATION ........................ 42
7.1 POSITIVE IMPACTS ........................................................................................................................................... 42
7.1.1 EMPLOYMENT CREATION....................................................................................................................... 42
7.1.2 LOCAL ECONOMY ..................................................................................................................................... 42
7.2 NEGATIVE IMPACT AND MITIGATION ........................................................................................................ 42
7.2.1 IMPACT ON WATER RESOURCES ........................................................................................................ 42
7.2.2 IMPACT ON VEGETATION ....................................................................................................................... 43
7.2.3 HEALTH AND SAFETY ............................................................................................................................. 43
7.2.4 AIR POLLUTION .......................................................................................................................................... 43
CHAPTER EIGHT ................................................................................................................ 44
8. CONSULTATION AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ................................................................ 44
8.1 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION / CONSULTATION METHODOLOGY ............................................................. 44
8.2 RESULTS OF PUBLIC CONSULTATION ....................................................................................................... 44
8.3 SOURCE OF INFORMATION ........................................................................................................................... 44
CHAPTER NINE .................................................................................................................. 46
9. RECOMMENDATION OF MITIGATION MEASURES ............................................................ 46
9.1 GENERAL OVERVIEW ...................................................................................................................................... 46
9.2 RECOMMENDED METHODS OF MITIGATION MEASURES ................................................................... 47
9.2.1 BIO-CNMECIAL WASTE TREATMENT /USE OF EM/ ..................................................................... 47
9.2.2 USE VETIVER GRASS FOR COFFEE WASTE TREATMENT ........................................................... 49
9.2.3 PHYSICAL MITIGATION MEASURES .................................................................................................... 53
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9.2.4 USE OF COFFEE BY-PRODUCT FOR COMMERCIAL POURPOSE................................................ 53

9.2.5 REMOVAL OF SEDIMENT WASTE FROM THE COLLECTIVE PITS .............................................. 55
CHAPTER TEN.................................................................................................................... 56
10. RESOURCES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION PLAN ................................................ 56
CHAPTER ELVEN ................................................................................................................ 57
11. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN ............................................ 57
CHAPTER TWELIVE ............................................................................................................ 59
12. RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION ....................................................................... 59
12.1 RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................................................................... 59
12.2 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................................... 59
13. REFERENCES............................................................................................................... 61
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report presents the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environmental Waste
Management Plan (EWMP) study of Bona Zuria Woreda KAWET coffee Pulping (PLC)
Project. The Wet-Mill project area is located in Bona Zuria Woreda is one of the twenty on
major coffee producers woredas of the Sigama Zone, SNNPRS. Bona Zuria woreda is located
at bout 42km the south east direction from Aleta Wendo town of Aleta Wendo woreda and
102k from Sidma Zone capital town Hwassa, through Haws’- Abosto- Abosto-Aleta Wendo,
Aleta Wendo-Bensa Daye woreda wall-weather road route. The geographical location of the
woreda is 6’30’North Latitude and 38’50’ East Longitude and The specific feature of the
project area in terms of temperature is from 27 to 29oC and a rainfall pattern is average
1800mm.
The report incorporates baseline surveys, environmental and social impact analysis, and
impact management/mitigation plan to identify the adverse impacts for the proposed Wet-
Mill industry. The Environmental Impact Management Plan (EIMP) is instrumental for the
sustainability of the project and maintains environmental safety.
The owner off the project (client) is ATO: Kebede Kabiso which has been carried out the
new KAWET coffee Pulping (PLC) Project here in SBona Zuria district of Sidama Zone,
SNNPR, at specific location Aniso kika Kebele rural peasant Administrative (RPA). As
stated in the Environmental Protection Guidelines of Ethiopia, environmental and social
impact analysis is a prerequisite before implementing any development project. In line with
this the Southern Nations, Nationalities and People Reginal State(SNNPRS) Environmental
Protection Authority was order the newly and previously established Wet Coffee Processing
Industry must pass the EIA screening and prepared the mitigation measure of
Environmental Impact Management Plan(EIMP). Based on this the owners was invited local
compete consulting to carry out the consultancy service of to this Wet-Mill industry in
identification of the negative impact and preparing the possible mitigation measure plan.
Based on the invitation REKIK Development Consultant PLC, was made an agreement to
carry out the work.
Furthermore the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change order No. 9/3-
1/1136/10 of 26/01/2010 nominates the list of consultant by giving the competency
certification with list of works activities and coffee processing Industry projects should have
undertaken an environmental impact assessment from construction to final Implementation
activities carried out in phase by phase. In this regards that Rekik Development
Consultants (PLC) hired the consultancy firm, with this coffee processing industry, to carry
out the present Environmental Impact Assessment.
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The wet-coffee processing industry project, like many other development projects, may have
undesired consequences on the biophysical environment as well as the local communities. It
is thus important to known and identify the nature of such impact on the environment and
community. The community are known the early established have a negative impact on
bio-diversities.
Wet-coffee processing washing station which release fermented toxic substance,

contaminated byproduct. The coffee waste contain sugars are ungradable and hence has an
effluent to the environment. The type of effluent consists of different sugars, crude protein,
crude fiber, different nutrients and chemicals which are generated from both pulping and
mucilage through fermentation processes. The organic compounds in coffee wastewater
create high Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD).
Fermentation of sugars in fermentation tank also generates high acidity effluent. The
effluent also consists of different toxic chemicals such as tannins, alkaloids (caffeine) and
poly phenolic compounds and nutrients like Nitrate and Phosphate are expected to be
released to the environment. The discharge of effluent with high amounts of protein
substances found in the coffee pulp and mucilage can increase ammonia and nitrogen
concentrations in the river. Discharge of a large quantity of protein, carbohydrates and other
organic matter also increase biological and chemical demand for oxygen. Oxygen serve as
electron accepter during oxidation of these reduced organic chemical substances and can
deplete the dissolved oxygen in the river water. Thus, it creates anaerobic aquatic
environment where aquatic organisms are unable to get enough oxygen for further aerobic
respiration and very difficult for their survival
There will be also an important number of positive impacts on the human environment
such as in short the positive benefits associated with the Provision of technology transfer
and red cherry coffee market opportunity, Improvement of the local economy and Provision
of indirect and direct employment opportunities during operation phases in the washed
station. The potential of washed coffee supply to the export world market, in the country at
large, the employment opportunities to the population of the local district, increase in the
income of the coffee farmers working at the site, the payment of taxes to the local and
central government as well contributing then to the poverty reduction in the country in
general.
The project will also have some marginal negative impacts especially during the coffee
process time such as fermented toxic substance and cause air pollution; on the socio-
economical and biophysical environment such as the pollution of air quality by the bad odor
emitted during the site operation online and offline time, risk of workers heal, excess in soil
killing soil organism being contaminated from the site where coffee waste are drained to soil
and water is polluted if it release to the downstream river and other water bodies.
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The consultant over view to address the coffee industry waste environmental impact mitigation
strategy and four sequential approach tasks was undertaken by consultants. The approach was
site visit and walkover; interview with surrounding of site dwellers; reviewed of supplementary
information by consultant; and finally analysis the data and new data was generated. The corner
stone of the wet coffee industry Waste Management Plan (WMP) based on the Ethiopia police and
legal framework well described, various international and national coffee industry waste
environmental impacts and the possible mitigation measure was detailed reviewed. Finally, the
consultant was estimated and analysis the owner’s annual coffee production businesses by this the
amount coffee waste speculated, how it is polluted socio and physical environment.
The public consultation have been done during practical field assessments and public
consultations with the community neighboring to the established project site, the promoter
and pertinent stakeholders in three sub-local area (Aniso Kika, Anaso Ore, Seerre and
Dalo Kebele in local name) in the rural peasant association dwellers of local leaders and
religion leaders were participate in community consultation
Different holistic mitigation measures have been proposed to reduce to the minimum their
effects on the socio-economic environment as well as on the biophysical environment.
Among the proposed mitigation measures are the use of Effective Microorganism technology
(EM) to degrade toxic substances generated from coffee industries by-products such as
coffee pulp and husk is mainly contains carbohydrates, proteins, fibres, fat, caffeine,
polyphenols, and pectins that cause bad odors of the surrounding atmosphere, application
of biological measure is that the use of ‘’Vetiver grass’’ developing system of waste
management, construction of physical waste management structure (septic tank/pit) for
sustainable coffee waste collection, use of coffee by-product for commercial
purpose(composite, mushroom production, animal feed etc) and disposed of sediment waste
is the final option in washed coffee waste management, sediment waste is disposed on the
permit landfill area (if permitted by the authorized organization), An ecosan toilet to
be installed to prevent pollution from human waste.
In order to ensure that the proposed mitigation measures will be implemented,

Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been developed to guide all activities of the
washing industry activities to protection of the environment. This plan specifies the nature
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of the negative impact, the proposed mitigation measures, the indicators in the execution of
these mitigation measures, the time period, the responsibilities and the follow-up needed
from concerned and specified parties. An emergency plan in case of accident was also
developed. Some negative impacts of this project can be eliminated, reduced or
compensated if the proposed environmental management plan is followed as proposed.
Accordingly the consultant was formulate to the established washed station Environmental
waste management plan (EWMP) costs are estimated about Birr 148,900 to this year and
for the next four years of the project, the cost increased by 2% throughout the project life.
Additional to that some recommendations have been proposed so that the execution of the
project becomes a success without harming or with the least negative effect to the
environment in general.
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CHAPTER ONE
1. BACKROUND
1.1. INTRODUCTION
The Ethiopian coffee sector, is very important for the country and for its economic
development due to the reasons that: (i) as a major source of cash income and provider of
employment, it supports millions of farming families (for instance, those estimated as
dependent on coffee production and marketing for livelihood are about 29 million) and, (ii)
coffee is the first item in terms of revenue generated from export with a share of about 34
per cent. The coffee sector can contribute to the growth of the industrial sector share in the
national GDP, owing to its high potential of creating industrial roasting capacity that, at
present, is rather marginal.
Industrialization has been embraced by many developing countries as a means of achieving

structural transformation of their economies. In Ethiopia industrialization has recently been
embraced as a strategy for economic development, employment creation and poverty
eradication. As such, a policy framework was developed in 2008 for achieving
industrialization by the year 2020 dubbed “Vision 2020”. The major departure from
previous policies on industrialization is the encouragement of specifically selected industries
through a broad array of support by the government over a 26-year period, by which time
Ethiopia will have achieved coffee industrialized status. Coffee processing plants are among
the major agro-based industries which are cause for environmental pollution special water
body pollution.
Therefore, it is mandatory to conduct environmental impact assessment for this wet-Mill

industry that may have adverse and significant environmental impacts on the environment,
as indicated in the national guideline set by the Environmental Protection Authority of
Ethiopia, Mitigation procedures to project impacts with periodical monitoring should be
developed for ensuring the welfare of the community, environment, as well as the project.
As result, partial EIA was carried and this document is produced which outlines the
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components of the biophysical and socioeconomic environments that will be at stake, and
indicates measures to be put into effect to contain the likely impact from the project.
Vinous methodologies were applied to carry out this EIA study. Field study at the proposed
project area was carried out along with review number of documents as background
information. National policy documents were referred to see whether the project operation
complies with national standards and guidelines. Technical documents from the reginal,
Zone and Woredas offices and local sectoral offices were gathered consultative meetings
and interviews with stakeholders were also made.
1.2 THE PURPOSE OF THE EIA

This concept has become accepted as an essential feature of development with the aim of
increasing well-being and greater equity in fulfilling basic needs for this and future
generations. In order to predict environmental impacts of any development activity and to
provide an opportunity to militate against negative impacts and enhance positive effects, the
environmental impact assessment (EIA) procedure was developed in PROCLAMATION NO.
299/2002 299, 202 and 203.bAn EIA may be defined as: a formal process to predict the
environmental consequences of human development activities and to plan appropriate
measures to eliminate or reduce adverse effects and to augment positive effects. EIA thus
has three main functions:
 To predict problems,
 To find ways to avoid them, and
 To enhance positive effects.
Due to the unprecedented rate of environmental degradation in Ethiopia, the government
realized the need to curb the same and this led to the enactment of the environmental
impact assessment (EIA) PROCLAMATION NO. 299/2002, further formulated in 2003. The
Act requires among other things that an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) must be
conducted on various categories of projects.
The purpose of the project is to incorporate the potential environmental (physical, ecological
and cultural/socio-economic) concerns and address them adequately at the inception
(design) operation stages in order to guarantee sustainability in the operational phase of the
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coffee washing station. The Project is expected to raise both the potentially positive and
negative impacts likely to emanate from the established washed station Integrating
Sustainable Environmental Management principles in the planning and implementation
processes of to this established project is a milestone in reducing/mitigating conflicts as
well as enhancing control and revitalization of the much-degraded environment
1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The Project has been conducted to evaluate the impacts of the established development
resulting from operations. The EIA study report includes an assessment of impacts of the
operations on the following:
 A review of the policy, legal and administrative framework

 Description of the established washed station
 Baseline information (Biophysical and Socio-Economic environment)
 Assessment of the potential environmental impacts of the established project on
the biophysical, socio-economic and cultural aspects.
 Development of the mitigation measures and future monitoring plans.
 Occupational Health and Safety (OHS)
 The report also assesses the impacts of the established development on the
environment in accordance with Environmental Impact assessment (EIA)
PROCLAMATION NO. 299 and the Environmental (Impact Assessment and
Audit) Regulations, 2003.
1.4 OVERALL OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The overall objective of EIA is to ensure that environmental concerns are integrated in all
development activities in order to contribute to sustainable development. The specific
objectives of conducting Environment Impact Assessment study with respect to this
established project were to:
 Examine in detail likely adverse environmental aspects and associated impacts
 Propose appropriate mitigation measures for the significant negative impacts and
 Develop an Environmental Management Plan with mechanisms for monitoring and
evaluating compliance and environmental performance.
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1.5 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The key objectives of this study include:

1) To determine the compatibility of the established facility and evaluate the local
environmental conditions.
2) To identify and evaluate the significant environmental impacts of the established
washed station
3) To assess the environmental costs and benefits of the established project to the local
and national economy.
4) To evaluate and select the best project alternative from the various options.
5) To incorporate environmental management plans and monitoring mechanisms during
implementation and operation phases of the washed station
1.6 TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR)
The project assessment investigations and analysis of the anticipated environmental

impacts of the established development in line with terms of reference stipulated in the
Environmental (Impact and Audit) regulations 2003 and in particular part II S 7[1] and
which are listed below. Since the project previously established in 2011 in Ethiopia
colander, the terms of reference were focused only on the Implementation Phase.
I. A critical look into project objectives

II. The established location of the project site
III. Description of project objectives.
IV. A concise description of the national environmental legislative and regulatory
framework, and any other relevant information related to the washed station
V. Evaluation of the technology, procedures and processes to be used in the
implementation of the washed station
VI. Evaluation of raw materials to be used in the implementation of the project and their
extended sources.
VII. Description, evaluation and analysis of the foreseeable potential environmental
effects of the project broadly classified into physical, ecological/biological and socio-
economic aspects which can be classified as direct, indirect, cumulative, irreversible,
short-term and long-term effects.
VIII. Evaluation of the products, by-products and wastes to be generated by the washed
station
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IX. To propose/recommend a specific environmentally sound and affordable liquid and

solid waste management system.
X. Evaluation and analysis of alternatives including the established new pressing
industry to the project, project alternative, project site, design and technologies.
XI. An Environmental Management Plan (EMP), proposing the measures for
eliminating/minimizing or mitigating adverse impacts on the environment.
XII. The potential environmental impacts of the project and mitigation measures to be
taken during the implementation of the project
1.7 CONSULTALTING FIRM
The EIA project report was written by private consultants duly registered by National
Environment Protection Authority (NEPA) to undertake an activity of this nature. The study
was carried out between 18th September and 8th Soctober 2019. Over this period, a number
of valuable data pertaining to the project’s design, technology and legal framework were
collected and analyzed
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CHAPTER TWO
2.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY
Appropriate review procedures were followed in the assessment of the environmental
impact of the project. These are briefly provided herewith.
2.1 METHODOLOGY
The study assessed and qualified the potential impacts of the established washed station.
The baseline information collected was used to analyze the potential impacts of the
established washed station. The EIA study team embarked on various methodologies such
as literature review, field visits, and consultations with the neighbors among others in order
to generate adequate baseline information which served as a benchmark for analyzing
potential impacts and generating an Environmental Management Plan (EMP).
The fieldwork is extensive and included several activities. A reconnaissance visit was made
to the project area by the EIA team. Based on this, the team set out key areas of
observation. This was then followed by detailed visits of the project area and neighboring
facilities taking records of observations as well as interviewing community members
Different stakeholders were interviewed to give their views on the expected impacts of the
washed station Literature review was also done. Their impacts on the environment were
reviewed too. Environmental (impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations, 2003) and other
relevant statutes that have a direct significance to the established project were reviewed.
Other reports and reference materials on physical and biological data on the study area
were also studied and reviewed. The established project is located within an area which is
already developed. As a result, the planned project may have adverse effects on the
surrounding environment. In addition, considering that the intended renewed is of a waste
pit facility, an environmental project report was seen to be adequate for this washed station
Potential negative impacts and mitigation measures during operation of the established wet
coffee processing station were taken in to consideration during the study. The scope of this
study was guided by the requirements of the federal democratic republic of Ethiopia’s
Environmental impact assessment and management proclamation 299/2002.
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Scoping Process: The scoping was conducted to evaluate the washed station in its entirety
so as to identify areas of concern and the sources of potential environmental impacts that
will be and/or associated with the development. It was accomplished through the following;
 Evaluation of the location, Land ownership and use

 Washed station site visits
 Involvement with the project proponents, managers, and other professionals
and operators concerned
 The studies were includes:
 Definition of the project’s sphere of influence
 Identification of stakeholder
 Scoping of key issues and development of the terms of reference for the study
 Consultation and public participation
Site assessment and public participation: Field visits were meant for physical
inspection of the site characteristics and the environmental status of the surrounding area
in order to obtain baseline conditions and determine anticipated impacts. To ensure
adequate public participation in the EIA process, questionnaires was administered to the
project site’s neighbors within a five kilometer radius and the information gathered was
subsequently synthesized an incorporated into the EIA study report. A public consultation
meeting comprising of stakeholders was also held on 20 th September 2019.
Detailed Site Assessment Survey: During the field investigations, reconnaissance survey
was conducted in order to collect information on biophysical and socio-economic
environment of the area and its environs.
The team was made an observations on a wide range of biophysical and socio-economic
environments. All features of biophysical environment including landscape, geology, soils,
flora and fauna were recorded. Photographs were taken where necessary. The team was
made a reconnaissance survey of the project area and all the neighboring facilities and
administered neighbor/stakeholder questionnaire. This survey was generated primary data
on the socio-economic conditions of the area.
Stakeholder Consultation and Public Consultation Meeting: As part of the EIA Study,
relevant stakeholders and all affected and interested persons contacted at different one
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times during the detailed field baseline data collection and interviewed in order to discuss
the established project to seek their views and opinions on the established development.
Purpose of Stakeholder Consultation: The main purpose of carrying out consultation
with neighbors/stakeholders, local community and local administration to obtain their
views and concerns on the existing project and incorporate their contribution into the project
development to improve on safety concerns and safeguard of the environment. Secondly,
stakeholder consultation was conducted to take the opportunity to elaborate the essence of
the washed station, to inform them of any potential negative impacts and elaborate on the
positive aspects so that an informed decision is made by the stakeholders.
Stakeholder Consultation, Questionnaire Administration and Public Consultation
Meeting: Stakeholders were consulted and interviews conducted on the established
washed station thereafter questionnaires were administered to obtain their views and
suggestions. A Public Consultation Meeting was held where stakeholders, local
administration and local authorities met to discuss benefits and impacts of the established
washed station.
2.2 LEGAL AND POLICY ASPECTS ANALYSIS

Any development project should comply with the national and international legal and policy
frameworks. For this project, which is wet coffee processing industry, the following
documents were reviewed in the preparation of the legal, policy and institutional aspect of
the EIA for the project.
 Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia(1994)

 The procedural EIA guidelines(2000)
 Environmental Policy of Ethiopia(1997)
 EIA review guidelines(2003)
 Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines
 Guideline to prepare environmental and Social management plan
 Previous EIA reports on similar projects
 Water Proclamation(197/2002)
 Different international convention ratified by Ethiopia
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2.3 PREDICATION OF IMPACT
2.3.1 IDENTIFICATION OF POSITIVE IMPACTS

In short the positive benefits associated with the established project include the following:
i) Provision of technology transfer and market opportunity
ii) Improvement of the economy
iii) Improving the quality, relevance, equity and access to better life
iv) Provision of indirect and direct employment opportunities during operation phases
of the washed station.
2.3.2 NEGATIVE IMPACTS ASSOCIATED TO THIS WASHED STATION

There are several expected potential negative impacts associated with the established
washed station. These are anticipated mostly during the operation phase and can easily be
mitigated. They include the following:
i) Impact during transportation of operation materials and products (like local road).
ii) Solid waste and wastewater management. There will be increased waste generation
especially during operation phase (Red cherries Processing time).
iii) Air pollution as a result of fermented husk and mucilage emanating from washed
coffee processing activities.
iv) Impacts on human health and safety. The health and safety of workers may be an
issue during coffee processing operation phase human health affected by dust, noise
and skin irritation and expected infectious diseases.
2.4 POTENTIAL MITIGATION MEASURES

Mitigation and management measures to minimize and control the generation, occurrence
and magnitude of the negative impacts and to ensure compliance with the relevant
environmental legislation and management standards have been integrated in the report.
They include:
i. To cater for surface drainage, well-designed concrete drain channels have been
established to harmonize management of the resulting storm water within the site.
ii. To reduce air pollution (by emission of fermented husk and mucilage dour).
iii. Sewerage (conservancy tank) systems shall be properly designed (using approved
materials), installed and regularly maintained to effectively manage effluent.
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iv. Capacity building and training of personnel with respect to environment, health and
safety shall be observed. Personnel protective equipment as per health safety
regulations and medical checkups of workers as is required by the Occupational
Health and Safety Act shall be observed.
v. To reduce health and safety risks, effective emergency response plans will be
observed, both during operation phase.
vi. During washed coffee processing operation phase use of Effective Microorganisms
(EM) to recycling industrial waste to degrade toxic substances generated from coffee
industries by-products such as compost of coffee pulp and husk is organic and mainly
contains carbohydrates, proteins, fibers, fat, caffeine, polyphenols, and pectins that
cause bad odours of the surrounding atmosphere.
vii. Use of Vetiver grass for its important uses in solving the wet-mill effluent impact
because of its morphological and physiological characteristics Vetiver grass has the
unique attributes of multiple uses, environmental friendly, effective and simple to use
for waste management.
2.5 OUTPUT OF THE STUDY
The output of this study is the production of this EIA washed station report with
recommendations of mitigation measure and MP, for submission to Zonal EPA for purposes
of seeking an EIA license
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CHAPTER THREE
3. PROJECT DESCRIPTION, DESIGN AND OPERATION
3.1 OWNERSHIP AND LOCATION OF THE PROJECT

The Wet-Mill project area is located in Bona Zuria Woreda is one of the twenty on major
coffee producers woredas of the Sigama Zone, SNNPRS. Bona Zuria woreda is located at
bout 42km the south east direction from Aleta Wendo the town of Aleta Wendo woreda and
102k from Sidma Zone capital town Hwassa, through Hwassa- Abosito, Abosto-Aleta
Wendo, Aleta Wendo- Bensa Daye woreda wall-weather road route. The geographical
location of the woreda is 6’30’North Latitude and 38’50 East Longitude and the specific
feature of the project area in terms of temperature is from 27 to 29oC and a rainfall pattern
is average 1700mm. and the specific location of Aniso Kika Kebele washed station is
located 7 from Bona town. The size of the washed station is 2 ha (20,000M2).
3.2 NATURE OF THE PROJECT
KAWET Coffee Puliping(PLC) project site is found at Bona Zuria district area of specific
location of Aniso Kika Kebele, Sidam Zone, SNNPR. This EIA project report is based on
information and consultations with the project proponent, Values and financial Analysts
and details contained in the established washed station. The washed station highlights
include:- the Red Cherry Sorting Shade, Red Cherry Reception, Cherry Hoper/Siphon,
Pulpier Machine House and water channels, Fermentation and Firs Washing Tank, Water
reservoir/water sump, Skin Separator tank, Washing and Grading Channels and Soaking,
Motor House, Washed Coffee Storage, Office and Residence. Below is the list of facilities to
be included in the station plan
Table 3.2: Summary of Site Facilities
Facility Qut Remarks

Red Cherry Sorting Shade 1 Concrete slab and paving
Red Cherry Reception 1 Concrete slab and paving
Cherry Hoper/Siphon 1 Concrete slab and paving
Pulpier Machine House and water channels 1 Concrete slab and paving
Fermentation and Firs Washing Tank 1 Concrete slab and paving
Water reservoir/water sump 2
Skin Separator tank 1 Concrete slab and paving
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Washing and Grading Channels and Soaking 1 Concrete slab and paving
Motor House 2 Concrete slab and paving
Washed Coffee Storage 2 Concrete slab and paving
Office and Residence 1 Concrete slab and paving
Kitchen and Equipment’s 1 Concrete slab and paving
water Pump pipis Pipe line 1 Concrete slab and paving
Electric Institution
Guard House 1 Concrete slab and paving
Skin drying tray 160
Main drying Bed 200
Toilet House 1 Gents with urinal, ladies with
sanitary bins
Industry Compound Fence 20,000M2
3.3 JUSTIFICATION OF THE ESTABLISHED WASHED STATION

The washed station is meant to stimulate economic and social development of our country
through meeting the high demand of high quality washed coffee products in the country and
also to meet proponent’s economic desires. The washed station area is along a main
Arabica coffee producing area therefore suitable for such washed station hence there will be
no land-use conflict. It is therefore hoped that once the washed station is implemented, The
National Coffee and Tea Authority goal to stimulate economic and social development of our
country and its own economic goals through meeting the high demand of quality washed
coffee products will be achieved.
3.4 COMPANY/ APPLICANT AND THE PROJECT

Name of Owner KAWET COFFEE PULIPIN PLC
Ethiopian (i.e. Registered with the Investment Unit of
2.1.1 Nationality:
Sidam Zone, )
2.1.2 Type of business: Washed coffee production
2.1.3 Address : Addres Mobile: (+ 251911093953)
Project Name: KAWET COFFEE PULIPING PLC
2.1.4 Status of the Project: 1 years old
2.1.5 Established Site area: Bona Zuria Woreda, Sidama Zone, SNNPRS
Specific location: Aniso Kika Kebele
Size of established land: 2Ha
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Legal Form of organization: PLC

Registering office: Sidama Zone Investment Unit
Taxpayer Identification No.: ----------------
Right of Occupancy: Contract agreement
3.5 BRIEF HISTORY OF PROMOTERS

The anticipated “KAWET COFFEE PULIPIN PLC Management Plan” is initiated by
previously established by Kebede Kabiso. The current ownership is held by equal
contribution of the PLC members. The owners was Ethiopian-born and currently has an
Ethiopian citizenship. This washed station industry was established during 2011 by the
PLC members for wet coffee processing Service with specific focus on parchment coffee
production as its immediate objective. Nevertheless, specialty sun dry coffee
preparation could be included based on results of future studies. The project is will plan to
introduce advanced environmental protection technologies of washed Station in the future.
Thus, the project was create better employment opportunities for the local communities and
facilitates a good center of high quality and standard parchment coffee production to the
district.
3.6 PROJECT SCOPE
The project was developed on land that the proponent already owns. The Architectural
plans have had submitted and approved by Zonal and Woreda Coffee, tea and spices office.
Building & civil works plans was submitted to the wereda administrative of Bona Zuria and
was approved during 2011 Ethiopia colanders. For full implementation of the project, the
following pre-requisites will be met:
i) Acquisition of funding to complement the developer’s contribution.
ii) Appointment of established competent and capable consultants to undertake the
development.
iii) Acquisition of Zonal-EPA approval. After this pre-requisites are met the proponent will
then commission the development as is planned regarding environmental concern.
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3.7 PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS
The following are specific descriptions of the project;

i. The project site is located in an area of relatively medium density coffee industry area
of Bona Zuria Woreda.
ii. There is sewer system and developers rely on septic tanks for sewer disposal.
iii. The structures was founded on solid ground using reinforced concrete strips laid on
concrete blinding. The laying of the foundation will follow details as given by the
structural engineers on site.
iv. All drainage and sewerage pipes was made a diameter that is approved by the site
engineer.
v. Washing and Drainage channels were be provided leading from run-off generation
areas such as fermented mucilage and all paved areas and will drain in the soak pit.
vi. Water supply was connected to the developments from existing rivers.
3.8 PROJECT OPERATION
This wet coffee processing Station was previously established in 2011 and were comprise of
the following:
i. Tow lagoon collection sup compartments above -ground Storage Tanks (AGST) was
made with no concrete and slab filling.
ii. There have been a reinforced concrete to the river side of fermentation tank and
washing and final soaking tanks which are not water leaked. The washing and
soaking will be located on the front side of pulpier machine and have manholes for
product offloading and wooden dipstick checks.
iii. Remote fill of washing water and removal of fermented mucilage open cannels was
made typical incorporating spill containment to prevent accidental releases entering
the environment.
iv. The installation of husk separate and mucilage filler points. The filling points have
been positioned such that they allow for easy maneuvering of the canals and be
contained within open sumps so that in the event of a spillage when connecting and
disconnecting the pipes from the filler points, such spilled material would be
contained within the sumps.
v. Installation of piping for the distribution of the washing water from the rivers to the
sumps and from the water sump points to the water dispensing units. All subsurface
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piping will be contained within the secondary piping and laid in reverse graded
trenches on non-cohesive bedding material.
vi. The washed station have been constructed based on applicable standards of Ethiopia
and any other wet coffee processing industry standards was been incorporated.
3.9 BY PRODUCTS AND DISPOSAL METHODS

In this wet coffee processing main waste or by products are usually produced on the
washing site. These wastes include; coffee husk and fermented mucilage. The owners will
emphasize on efficiency to minimize washing station wastes. The removal and disposal of
such refuse and other related wastes comes in handy. But there is not any system and the
owners were work hand in hand with private refuse handlers (if there) and the District
Environmental Authority was not facilitate waste handling and disposal from the site.
Today onwards wastes will be disposed of into the approved collection tank and dumpsites.
The District Environmental Authority also should be facilitate waste handling and disposal
from the site.
3.10 WASHED STATION INPUT AND ACTIVITIES

The development of the established wet coffee processing Station at Bona Zuria wereda
were utilize but not be limited to the following inputs:
a) Land - Land is necessary for sitting the wet coffee processing station. The proponent has
acquired land for the facility.
b) Water - The project area is well served by throw-out the year flow of water from river
Coret.
c) Labour - During the operation of the washed station. It is the intention of the proponent
that this labour is sourced from within the local community. This will be a direct economic
benefit to them and will go far in creating a friendly relationship between the washed
station and the neighboring community.
d) Inputs during operation - Materials used for washed coffee product supply will be
procured from the small coffee producers during the operation phase of the washed station
These include ripen red cherry products and other facilities associated with washing station
operations.
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3.11 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SEQUENCING

As principle any project establishment required some form of sequencing such as Pre-
construction stage, Construction stage, Occupation stage and Decommissioning
Phase to involve plan preparation and seeking of the appropriate approvals from the
relevant authorities, but this washing station complete the above steps before this EIA study
during 2012, they have only thing the consultant consult only in the all phase of project to
prepared EIA report.
3.12 NATURE OF WET COFFEE PROCESSING INDUSTRY WASTES

The most commonly used coffee processing method is wet processing one. It demands high
amount of water to separate the outer red coffee skin pulping and for the removal of the
intact mucilage from the coffee fruit. According to Selvamurugan et al, 2010, the
conventional wet coffee processing plants need about 80-93 m3 water in order to process
1 tons of fresh cherry coffee. Due to this high water demanding nature, wet coffee
processing plant is usually established very near to river or other water streams.
This wet coffee processing plant produce waste effluent consists of different sugars, crude
protein, crude fiber, different nutrients and chemicals which are relies during pulping and
fermentation processes. These organic compounds in coffee wastewater create high BOD
and COD and fermentation of sugars in coffee fermentation tank also generates high
acidity.
The effluent is consists of different toxic chemicals such as tannins, alkaloids (caffeine) and
polyphenolic compounds and nutrients like Nitrate and Phosphate. Discharge of such
kinds of coffee washed effluent into open environment and the river will bring various
environmental and public health problems. It can also cause socio-economic impacts mainly
due to human health problems and contaminated the downstream rivers and other water
sources. Due to contamination of coffee waste is causing a severe threat to the aquatic
ecosystem and the downstream users. Understanding the nature of the coffee processing
wastewater is fundamental for the design and application of appropriate and effective
treatment technologies
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3.13 AIR EMISSIONS

Relative air emission is expected during operation by the fermented odor from waste septic
tank area were emitted. It is recommended that EM be enforced to keep bad odor at washed
station site. The employees at the site shall also be provided face masks for the workers to
protect them from bad odor emissions.
3.14 WASTE MANAGEMENT

The principle objective of waste management program is to minimize the pollution of the
environment as well as to utilize the waste as a resource. This goal should be achieved in a
way that is environmentally and financially sustainable.
3.15 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
The technologies for the management of the solid wastes will incorporate the collection of
the waste from the source, transportation of the waste to the place of processing, treatment
and final disposal. The following waste management techniques shall be used in the
different stages of the washed station.
i) During processing operation - The following methods will be used to manage wastes:
Pulped Husk- Pulped husk shall be separated thrown in designated husk and mucilage
separation place ‘husk only’. The husk waste shall then be collected and kept in a central
place pending disposal through to produce composite.
Mucilage contaminated husk - These will be collected and stored in a designated septic
tank area pending disposal to interested parties for recycling to other purpose.
ii) Decommissioning - During this stage, the following shall be observed: Solid wastes
generated as a result of wet coffee processing activities will be characterized in compliance
with standard waste management procedures, like treated the waste with EM application
as well as by planting waste purification Vetivers grass before pass to the collection centers.
3.16 EFFLUENT TREATMENT

It is envisaged that during wet processing stage, effluents that shall be discharged by the
fermented mucilage. Wastewater from the fermented together with the mucilage will be
collected into a conservancy tank, which shall be constructed for this purpose. The following
measures will be put in place to ensure that the conservancy system operates optimally:
It will be inspected for scum and sludge depth once each year so that scum or sludge
cannot escape from the conservancy tank into the drain field. The tank will be pumped once
every year. The drain-field shall be properly landscaped and planted with dense grass
cover and shallow rooted plants.
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CHAPTER FOUR
4. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONTEXT BASELINE CONDITION OF

THE PROJECT
The following baseline information details on environmental, ecological and bio-physical
characteristics of the established development site which will provide for a benchmark for
continued monitoring and assessment of the impact of the established activities on the
environment. Wet coffee processing station is an important global industry and trade that
has important socio-economic implications for communities and countries that are endowed
with suitable natural resources. The wet coffee processing products that the country has to
offer are therefore hard currency generated.
4.1 DEMOGRAPHIC & ECONOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STUDY AREA
Bona Zuria district of Aniso Kika Kebele on a landmass of 24,000 ha (CSA, 2007), is
located between Latitudes 6°30′N and Longitudes 38°50′E (Google Earth, 2012). These
Bona Zuria weoreda has total population of 121,236, of whom 61,001 are men and 60,235
women; 6,016 or 2.49% of its population are urban dwellers as at CSA, 2007 with Sidama
as the predominate tribe (CSA, 2007). The project site lies within the Hwassa- Morcho,
Morcho-Aleta Wendo, Aleta Wendo-Bensa Daye Woreda all weather road route. Bona Zuria
Woreda high landscape and at a mean level of 18000 meters above sea level. Bona Zuria
district is one the most coffee producing in the Sidama Zone (CSA, 2007).
The people of Bona Zuria district are engaged in various economic activities for their
livelihoods. Whereas the majority is engaged in agriculture, especially coffee as cash crops
and livestock keeping still remains the income earner in the district. People practice mixed
farming because livestock acts as a buffer during poor rain seasons. Most of what is
harvested is consumed domestically, and there is hardly any net surplus. Coffee ginning,
till a major commercial activity has greatly declined due to worsening climatic conditions.
Bona Zuria district that have more than 1,480 tons of washed coffee were produced in in
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the year ending in 2011, based on inspection records from the SNNPR Coffee and Tea
authority
4.2 GEOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY

The site area is composed of well drained shallow to moderately deep reddish brown to
brown friable, clay loam to clay soil, in some places with a hemic top soil or gravelly over
soft rock (Cambisols). In some places Tertiary Volcanics of alkaline type including
nephelinites, trachyte and alkali ryolites and their pyroclastic equivalents are present.
4.3 WILDLIFE RESOURCES

The area is a suitable habitat for a wide diversity of fauna some of which attract
tremendous conservation interest. According to the International Union for the Conservation
of Nature (IUCN) Red Data Book there is non-threatened large mammals found in the Bona
Zuria district forest include;
4.4 FOREST AND SHADE TREES

This type of vegetation is found in the high altitude areas of Bona Ziria district and its
surrounding. It is characterized by species such as Croton macrostachyus, Croton
megalocarpus, Dombeya spp., Combre tumcollinum, Combre tummollemeliavolkensii. Other
species are Vitexdoniana, Euphorbia spp., Sclerocaryabirreaamongothers. In this type of
vegetation exotic species such as Eucalyptus species, Grevillea robusta, Mangifera indica
and occasionally bananas are seen vinous area of the district.
4.5 THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

The project is expected to have no impact on the cultural and historical resources of the
area; no known historical and cultural site is included in the project area. Where there are
accidental ‘’chances of findings’’ of some archeological artifacts on the route, operation and
other field workers and surveyors shall report to the environmental Monitoring bodies or
land and Environmental protection office of the Sidama Zone that will then report to the
Authority for Research and Conservation for Cultural Heritage (ARCCH) for further
investigations.
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CHAPTER FIVE
5. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK
5.1 GENERAL OVERVIEW
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) as a tool for environmental conservation has been
identified as a key component in new project implementation. At the national level, Ethiopia
has put into place necessary legislation that requires EIA to be carried out on every new
project, activity or programme. (EMCA, 1997.), and a report submitted to the National
Environment Management Authority (NEMA) for approval and issuance of relevant
certificates. To facilitate this process, regulations on EIA and environmental audits have
been established under the Ethiopia Gazette Supplement No. 56 of 13th June 2003.
Besides, a number of other national policies and legal states have been reviewed to
enhance environmental sustainability in national development projects across all sectors.
Some of the policy and legal provisions are briefly presented in the following sub-sections
5.2 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY FRAMEWOR
Over the last two decades, the Ethiopian government has put in place a number of policies,
strategies and laws that are designed to support sustainable development. The country has
developed and implemented a wide range of legal, policy and institutional frameworks on
environment, water, forests, climate change, and biodiversity. Under the plan for
Accelerated and Sustained Development to End poverty (PASDEP), implemented from
2005/06 to 2009/10, Ethiopia achieved rapid economic growth and laid a foundation for
future growth by e.g investments in infrastructure and human capital.
Ethiopia’s new five years strategic plan, the growth and transformation plan(GTP) for
2010/11,2014/15 sets even higher growth and investment targets, including achievement
of all Millennium Development Goals. The Environmental policy of Ethiopia was approved in
1997 and is the first key document that captured environmental sustainable development
principles. Ethiopia’s program of Adaptation to Climate Change (EPACC) is a program of
action to build a climate resilient economy through adaptation at sectorial, regional and
local community levels. The EPACC updates and replaces Ethiopia’s National Adaptation
30
program of Action (NAPA), which was formulated and submitted it to the UNFCCC
Secretariat in 2007.
Ethiopia also has on overarching framework and a national strategy towards a green
economy, the ‘’ Climate Resilient Green Economy’’ (CRGE) 2011. EIA procedures should be
applied to plans according to the EIA proclamation No: 299/2002. Strategic Environmental
Assessment (SEA) has been introduced to Ethiopia quite recently. However, there is no SEA
proclamation or guideline on SEA in place.
5.3 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF ETHIOPIA

The Ethiopia’s Government environmental policy is geared towards sound environmental
management for sustainable development following “Green economy policy”. This is
envisaged in the principle of prudent use, which requires that the present day usage should
not ‘’compromise the needs of the future generations’’. The policy emphasis is on
environmental protection in order to ensure sufficient supplies for the present and future
generations. The policy envisages the use of the ‘’polluter pays principle’’ where one is
expected to make good any damage made to the environment. Environmental sustainability
was recognized in the Constitution and the National Economic Policy and Strategy of
Ethiopia as a key prerequisite for lasting success (EPA, 1997). The most important steps in
setting up the legal framework for EIA in Ethiopia have been the establishment of
Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) in 1995, and the adoption of Conservation
Strategy (CSE), Environmental Policy (EPE), EIA Law and EIA Guidelines (EPA, 2002; EPA,
1997). The Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia (CSE) was initiated in 1989 as a project
supported by the World Conservation Union (IUCN), and among the successful activities of
the project was the development of a legal framework for environmental management in
Ethiopia. The policy and strategy documents recognized and addressed environmental
issues in a holistic manner, and were adopted as well as approved by the Government of
Ethiopia in 1997.
The overall goal of the Environmental Policy of Ethiopia(EPE) is to improve and enhance the
health and quality of life of all Ethiopians, and to promote sustainable social and economic
development through the sound management and use of natural, human-made and cultural
31
resources and the environment as a whole (EPA, 1997). The policy seeks to ensure the
empowerment and participation of the people and their organization’s at all levels in
environmental management activities, and to raise public awareness and promote
understanding of the essential linkage between the environment and development.
EIA policies are included in the cross-sectorial policies of the EPE (EPA, 1997). They
emphasis, among others, the early recognition and incorporation of environmental issues
and mitigation plans in project design and implementation.
5.4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
As indicated in federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia proclamation No. 299/2002, it is

designed targeting at EIA obligatory for categories of projects specified under a directive
issued by the EPA. The law specifies that every project and all its activities should prepare
environmental impact assessment (EIA). The proponent of the project must prepare the EIA
and either approve or disprove the project based on the real environmental context.
Environmental guidelines are among the tools for facilitating the consideration of
environmental issues and principles of sustainable development and their inclusion in
development proposals. The promoter of this project fulfills the basic requirement from the
concerned governmental and non-governmental bodies.
5.5 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL

According to Ethiopia’s governmental environmental protection (EGEP) proclamation No.
300/2002, Environmental pollution control primarily targeting to protect the right of all
nations, to attain sustainable healthy environment and to impose obligation to protect the
environment of the country through green economy policy. The regulation addresses the
management of harmful squander: establishment of environmental quality standard for air,
water and soil and frequent monitoring of pollution.
The problem of improper handling of hazardous substances related to activities such as pest
and insect, crop diseased, fertilizer application management and industrial development are
becoming a serious environmental concern. In association with this, proclamation provides a
32
basis from which the relevant environmental standard applicable to Ethiopia can be
developed, while sanctioning violation of these standards as criminally punishable offence.
For the sake of an appropriate project implementation, environmental standards and related
requirements, inspectors belonging to EPA or the relevant regional environmental agency are
empowered by the proclamation to enter, without prior notice or court order, land premises
at any time, at their discretion. Such wide power was drive from Ethiopia’s serious concern
and commitment to protecting the environmental from pollution.
5.6 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

According to FDRE proclamation, No.713/2007, industrial Waste management and
disposal, everybody should collect dry husk in an especially designated place and in a safe
manner, which does not affect the health of the society. Nobody shall dispose solid, liquid
or any other waste in a manner that contaminate the environment or affects the health of
the society. Therefore, promoter should have to have the issuance of permit, and will be
bound by and work according to national laws, as a result, irrespective of nationality and
place of investment, these formulated formal laws govern the entire investment activities.
The regulatory devices underline under the EPE and emphasized in most environmental
legislation is the necessity of Environmental impact Assessment (EIA) before engaging in
development acuities. Furthermore, Articles 11 and 12 of the proclamation No.299/2002
requires EPA to follow up and monitor the implementation of the project already done
according to the EIA and to see, whether circumstances have occurred whether might
require a new EIA to be done. The project is intended to wash coffee to supply for national
and global market. So the promoter of the project should facilitate to undertake ongoing
study or assessment during implementation of the washed station
5.7 ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANS ESTABLISHMENT PROCLAMATION

Environmental organs Establishment proclamation, proclamation No. 295/2002 was
enacted in 2002. This proclamation repealed proclamation for the Establishment of the EPA,
proclamation No. 9/95. According to this proclamation, EPA is accountable to the prime
Minister. It has also established the Environmental protection council (EPC). EPC oversee
33
EPA’s activities, as well as the activities of sectorial agencies and environmental units with
respect to environment management.
There are so many organizations involved in environmental management in the country.

These organizations include the Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources, Regional
land and protection and Environmental, National Environment and Management Authority,
Local Authorities, Ministry of Water and Irrigation etc. It also ensures coordination among
sectorial ministries and agencies on environmental matters.
The proclamation stipulates the mandatory need for establishment of Environmental organs
by regions. Mandates of the regional environmental organs are to enable regions to
coordinate environmental activities, avoid duplication of efforts and improve the
dissemination of environmental information. This proclamation also mandates the EPA to
undertake studies and research, to develop action plans etc, in the area of combating
desertification.
5.7.1 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AUTHORITY

Environmental organs Establishment proclamation, proclamation No. 295/2002 was
enacted in 2002. This proclamation repealed proclamation for the Establishment of the EPA,
proclamation No. 9/95. According to this proclamation, EPA is accountable to the prime
minister. This proclamation has also established the Environmental protection Council (EPC)
oversees EPA’s activities, as well as the activities of sectorial agencies and environmental
units with respect to environmental management. It also ensures coordination among
sectorial ministries and agencies on environmental matters. This proclamation also
mandates the EPA to undertake studies and research, to develop action plans etc., in the
area of washing station waste management.
5.7.2 REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCIES (REA)

Under proclamation No. 925/2002, all regional states are expected to establish their own
environmental organs. Following this, regions and two city administration have established
their respective environmental organs and the other regional states are in the process.
Regional environmental organs are vested in, among others, the responsibility in their
respective region.
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5.7.3 ZONAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ORGANS

Sidama Zone is one of the administrative zones of SNNP regional state. The Zone
administration is the highest decision maker organ next to regional Authority. Zonal
administration is accountable for regional Authority According to Ethiopia’s government
governance structure; zonal offices are headed by cabin members. Therefore, Sidama Zone
Rural land and Environmental protection organ is the middle administrative level
responsible for monitoring and evaluating environmental issues of the washed station
5.7.4 DISTRICT
The highest administrative structure at district level is the District council consisting of the
administrative arm and a cabinet. Therefore, the Woreda environmental issues were seen at
district level. The most policies, laws and directives of the state Coordination of the activities
applied at woreda level.
5.7.5 KEBELE (PEASANT ASSOCIATION)

The peasant associations have their own council consisting of the administrative structure
and the cabinet members. The cabinet members are composed of three professionals from
local school, Agricultural offices and locally selected health centuries and another four. The
main responsibilities of the kebeles include promoting rural development, Executing
government policies and facilitate their implementation and conducting tax collection.
Furthermore, they have a mandate to visit development and correct their negative impacts
through advising the investors. Therefore kebele administrative office, will conduct such
activities for social and environmental sustainability of the established washed station
5.8 THE ENVIRONMENT (IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND AUDIT) REGULATIONS

On June 13th 2003, the Minister of Environment, Natural Resources and Wildlife
promulgated the Environment (Impact Assessment and Audit) regulations 2003 (EIA/EA
Regulations) under section 147 of the EMCA. These regulations provide the framework for
carrying out EIAs and EAs in Ethiopia
5.9 THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT
The Occupational Safety and health act, 2007 applies to all workplaces where any person is
at work, whether temporarily or permanently. The purpose of this Act is to: Secure the
safety, health and welfare of persons at work; and Protect persons other than persons at
work against risks to safety and health arising out of, or in connection with, the activities of
persons at work.
35
a) Safety
Fencing of the premises and dangerous work stations should be done. Workers must be
trained on personal safety and how to handle waste emission from washing station. They
should be provided with Personal Protective equipment which should be worn at all times..
There should be a toxic acidic contamination risk preparedness plan clearly spelt out and
implemented. Adequate protection close should be installed at every pump, in the office,
escape route clearly marked and an assembly point provided and marked.
b) Health
Associated with wet coffee industry are vector borne diseases such as malaria. Conditions
favoring the proliferation of vectors include stagnant waste water in disposal thank, drains,
reservoirs and seepage sites. Furthermore, lack of sanitary and waste water treatment
facilities as well as increased incidence of human-water contact will exacerbate the problem
of vector-borne diseases. Wastewater generated from this process is acidic, rich in
suspended dissolved and organic matter. This processing activity in the coffee area could
affect public health and safety in a negative manner; because of appropriate mitigation
measures are not implemented. Specific risks include:
Spinning sensation, eye, ear and skin irritation, stomach pain, Nausea and breathing
problem among the residents of nearby areas and risk of increase of water-related diseases
from standing wastewater in abandoned borrows areas and seepage.
c) Welfare
Every occupier shall be provide and maintain so as to be readily accessible, a first-aid box
or cupboard of the prescribed standard. The occupier of a workplace shall cause a thorough
safety and health audit of his workplace to be carried out at least once in every period of
twelve months by a safety and health advisor, who shall issue a report of such an audit
containing the prescribed particulars to the occupier on payment of a prescribed fee and
shall send a copy of the report to the Zonal and district EPA.
36
CHAPTER SIX
6. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS SPECULATION
6.1 EIA METHODOLOGY

The methodology used in the study consisted of the following:
a. A site reconnaissance and visual survey to determine the baseline information of the
washed station area.
b. Comparative study of the project with existing land uses in the neighborhood.
c. Analysis of the project documents
d. Discussion with the proponent and his consultants
e. Assessment of the site to detail the various existing and likely impacts.
f. Assessment of health and safety issues
g. Seeking public views through interviews
h. Proposal of mitigation measures to minimize any negative impacts.
i. Preparation and submission of the project report predication
6.2 THE ANTICIPATED IMPACTS OF LEMA KAMISO WASHED COFFEE

INDUSTRY
6.2.1 PREDICATION IMPACT

The most commonly used coffee processing method is wet processing one. It demands high
amount of water to separate the outer red coffee skin pulping and for the removal of the
intact mucilage from the coffee fruit. According to Selvamurugan et al, 2010, the
conventional wet coffee processing plants need about 80-93 m3 0r 93,000 liter water in
order to process 1 tons of fresh cherry coffee. Due to this high water demanding nature,
wet coffee processing plant is usually established very near to river or other water streams.
This wet coffee processing plant produce waste effluent consists of different sugars, crude
protein, crude fiber, different nutrients and chemicals which are relies during pulping and
fermentation processes. These organic compounds in coffee wastewater create high BOD
and COD and fermentation of sugars in coffee fermentation tank also generates high
acidity.
37
The effluent is consists of different toxic chemicals such as tannins, alkaloids (caffeine) and
polyphenolic compounds and nutrients like Nitrate and Phosphate. Discharge of such
kinds of coffee washed effluent into open environment and the river will bring various
environmental and public health problems. It can also cause socio-economic impacts mainly
due to human health problems and contaminated the downstream rivers and other water
sources. Due to contamination of coffee waste is causing a severe threat to the aquatic
ecosystem and the downstream users.
6.2.2 KAWET COFFEE PULPING (PLC) ANNUAL WASHED COFFEE PRODUCTION

PLAN
It is assumed that the plant will start operation at a lower production capacity to allow time
for market penetration and skill development of workers. The project used AAGARD 3-disk
machine within its capacity of 800 kg red cherry per disc and per hour and the annual
working hour six within 78 working days per crop season, based on this the washing
station will be 1,872,000kg of annual red is planned to purchasing and for the
374,400kg parchment coffee to seal to the Ethiopia commodity exchange market. Thus,
production will start at 95% of installed capacity for wet mill during the first month of
operation, and then will grow to 100% will achieve at full capacity in the second, and third
month then after. The detail of production program is as shown below in the table.
Table 6.2.2: Project Annual Production Program.
Description Unit Qt
Industry machine type AAGARD 5-disk
Red Cherry Pulping capacity of 1-disk Kg/per hrs kg 800
Red Cherry Pulping capacity of 5-disk Kg/per hrs kg 4000
Pulping hour /day hur 6
Annual working days day 78
Total Annual Red Cherry Requirement kg 1,872,000
Total Parchment coffee production in kg 20% 374,400
6.2.3. AMOUNT OF WASTE GENERATED FROM THIS WASHING STATION

Based on the above annual washed coffee production plan, the consultant estimated the
amount industry waste influxes generated and have a negative impact on environmental
pollution. Due to this reason consultant is considered annual businesses plan of washed
38
coffee production in order to estimate the coffee waste /by-product/ to setup the mitigation
measures.
It also important for the project owner’s that help to planned budget from the gross benefit
10% of income for established waste management mitigation measure for the eco-
solution of the business. The allocating of annual budget is important to reduce the
environmental cost and to seeking an approval in relation to environmental from the legal
environmental protection institution. Therefore, the consultant was formulated the
Operation Waste generated from the washing station based on the industry annual
businesses plan in line. Here, therefore, the detailed amount of waste influxes estimated
and show below table 5.2.3.
Table 6.2.3: Implementation Phase Washed Coffee Processing Waste Arising
Description Unit Qt
Industry machine type AAGARD 5-disk
Total Annual Red Cherry Requirement kg 1,872,000

Water Requirement for processing/ton of Red Cherry liter 93,000
Annual water Requirement For Processing M3 1,872,093
Type of Component Balance result unit % Qt in tons Total efflux
Parchment coffee (11 % MC) tons 20% 374
Husk (10% MC) tons 4% 84
Fresh pulp (82 % MC) tons 40% 768 852
Evaporated water tons 20% 374 0
Mucilage (65-75 % MC) tons 16% 305 305
Total 1,157
Based on the above table of consultant analysis, KAWET coffee pulping PLC annual
washed production plan which is 1,872, 000Kg, red cheery is required and 93 M3 of water
required per tones of red cherry coffee for processing. By this processing 852 tones
contaminated wet pulp and husk and 305 tons of mucilage have been generated, which is
potential source of environment pollution.
6.2.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPAACTS ON IDENTIFIED RECEPTION

The effect of some of the wet coffee processing industry identified impacts may be transitory
(time bound and reversible), while others may have long term impacts on the same receptor.
The magnitude of each impact is described in terms of being significant, minor or
39
permanent, short-term or long term, specific (localized) or widespread, reversible

or irreversible. The assessment receptors/criteria of the significant impacts are as shown
in the table below:
Table 6.2.4: Assessment Criteria of Significant Impacts
Key Type of impact Key Type of impact

++ Major positive impact. + Minor positive impact
- - Major negative impact - Minor negative impact
O Negligible/zero impact No No change
Sp Specific/localized W Widespread
R Reversible Ir Irreversible
Sh Short term L Long term
T Temporary P Permanent
The receptors in the impact identified for physical environmental are air, water, and soil.
The receptors in the biological environment are farm lands forest, and fauna. The major
socioeconomic parameters affected by the project include health condition of the community.
The study result indicates that for all the receptors the weighted impact significance is
medium. In fact for some of the receptors the impacts are very low to insignificant and the
negative impacts of this wet-Mill industry on the parameters environment are very local and
irreversible
Summary of the impact information gathered from proposed projection the major receptors
both the desktop and field study to this Wet-Mill industry are as tabulated below.
Table 6.2.4(2): Summary of Significant Environmental Impacts
Impacts on or Operation Occupati Remarks
due to on
Changes in Land - -/0 The established operation was not have a
use Extent. significant change in the land use of the area
since the area has been approved for such
purposes
Pollution: All type  Coffee waste effluxes from untreated
septic tank Spinning sensation, eye, ear
expect and skin irritation, stomach pain, Nausea
and breathing problem among the
++, o & residents of nearby areas
+
Air/Dust & Noise Major negative impact --
40
Minor negative impact -

Coffee inhabitant Major negative impact --
Water Resources Major negative impact -- The organic compounds in coffee wastewater
create high BOD and COD. Fermentation of
sugars in fermentation tank also generates
high acidity, effluent also consists of different
toxic chemicals cause human health
problems and loss of biodiversity
Public Health L&T -- During the operational Spinning sensation,
eye, ear and skin irritation, stomach pain,
Nausea and breathing problem among the
residents of nearby areas.
6.3 ISSUES OF CONCERN OF THE IMPACT
6.3.1 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY (OHS)

National EPA of Ethiopia is dedicated to protecting the safety and health of the employees,
and the communities during wet coffee processing operation, as well as a conscientious
regard for the environmental impact of its activities and products. During coffee processing
operation, occupation hazards and contamination risk may occur, and the immediate
neighbors and workforce involved would be more subjected to these impact.
6.3.2 POLLUTION
The coffee processing activities on the site will result to increased fermented toxic emissions.
Such toxic mucilage have direct negative impact to the quality of air and hence human
health. Hooting of the involved workers will generate nuisances and skin irritation which
may have effect to the workforce and neighborhoods. Fermented and toxic mucilage as
drain to the downstream rivers and water body may cause to the aquatic ecosystem.
6.3.3 WET COFFEE PROCESSING SEWAGE AND EFFLUENTS

Effluent/sewage resulting from sanitary facilities and wastewater from the established
washed coffee station developments is of significant concern with respect to the
environment. It should always drain effectively into the available sewerage treatment
system via well designed and laid canals and septic tank networks. Options are being
explored to install a “pollution solution” system.
41
CHAPTER SEVEN
7. POTENTIAL IMPACT IDENTIFICATION, PREDICATION AND

EVALUATION
The impact analysis methodology focused on the evolution of potential interaction between
various project elements (construction and operation) and the key environmental and social
components identified. The evaluation involved description of the nature of the potential
impacts using inductive ratings of impact which respect to magnitude, geographical extent,
reversibility of occurrence and others as indicated in the methodological parts. Potential
impacts on each component were assessed on the basis of a review of relevant baseline
data, field study, consultation with experts, and application of professional judgment.
7.1 POSITIVE IMPACTS

7.1.1 EMPLOYMENT CREATION
The established development will generate both direct and indirect employment benefit. It
will directly offer jobs on temporary basis during the operation. Not less than 20 permanent
skilled employments and 50 casual labors are expected to be involved in operation phase.
7.1.2 LOCAL ECONOMY

As noted earlier in this report, coffee plays a pivotal role in economic growth and
development. This established of wet coffee processing station in this area will serve to
improve accessibility of red cherry coffee market to area of coffee producers near to the
project area thus boosting the local economy.
7.2 NEGATIVE IMPACT AND MITIGATION

7.2.1 IMPACT ON WATER RESOURCES
The most commonly used coffee processing method in Ethiopia is wet processing one. It
demands high amount of water to separate the outer red coffee skin and pulp and also for
the removal of the mucilage in fermentation tank. Due to this water demanding nature, this
wet coffee processing plants was usually constructed very near to river or other water
42
streams. Coffee processing plants is among the coffee industries which is expected for water
pollution.
7.2.2 IMPACT ON VEGETATION

This washing station site is covered with grass, no more vegetation cover and therefore
there will be minimal interference of the biodiversity. However, the operation activities will
have to adhere to the Environmental Protection Authority Act 2003.
7.2.3 HEALTH AND SAFETY
Coffee effluent consists of different sugars, crude protein, crude fiber, different nutrients
and chemicals are generated from both pulping and fermentation processes. This organic
compounds in coffee wastewater create high BOD and COD. Fermentation of sugars in
fermentation tank also generates high acidity. This acidity as effluent also consists of
different toxic chemicals such as tannins, alkaloids (caffeine) and polyphenolic
compounds and Nutrients like Nitrate and Phosphate. Discharge of such kinds of effluent
into open environment and river can bring various environmental and public health
problems. It can also cause socio-economic impacts mainly due to human health problems
and several physiological disorders human with the most sensitive parts being kidneys,
blood and nervous system. The emissions may also contaminate the environment including
soil and water.
7.2.4 AIR POLLUTION

Psychological effects of noise include annoyance and disruption of concentration. Physical
effects include loss of hearing, pain, nausea, and interference with contaminations exposure
to bad odor.
43
CHAPTER EIGHT
8. CONSULTATION AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
8.1 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION / CONSULTATION METHODOLOGY
The EIA experts explained the structure of the established project development to the
individual stakeholders neighboring the Project site and responded to their questions as
appropriate. At the same time, the EIA experts also inquired of the local environmental
history of the site and adjacent areas in order to identify potential environmental impacts.
The respondents were later asked to fill the questionnaires provided to them the surrounding
area (Aniso Kika, Aniso Orre, Serre and Dalo Kaebele in local name). The
questionnaires contained the description of the established development, the location details
and the legal requirement for public consultation.
8.2 RESULTS OF PUBLIC CONSULTATION

There are no major issues raised by the respondents in line with this washing station.
However, the issues highlighted as being the key potential negative impacts have been
highlighted below and their relevant mitigation measures.
8.3 SOURCE OF INFORMATION

Consultation and public participation (CPP) helps facilitate involvement of affected persons
and ensuring a sense of responsibility throughout the wet processing cycle. In this regard
CPP were conducted via administering clipboard questionnaires, unstructured interviews
and seeking opinions/views of key informants. Such information is integral in decision
making platforms. The experts conducted the interviews during the field visit. The
respondents were specifically from neighboring community.
Affected Environment: Evaluation and analysis of the established action indicated that
resources generally subject to ground disturbing activities have the highest potential to be
affected. For this EA, the potentially affected environment centers on the established
operation location as well as the natural, cultural, and socioeconomic resources they contain
or support.
44
Resources Analyzed: Table 8.3 presents the results of the process of identifying resources
to be analyzed in this EA. This assessment evaluates air quality; soils and water resources;
biological resources; socioeconomics; land management and use; and hazardous materials
and waste management. These resources are analyzed because they may be potentially
affected by implementation of the established action. Therefore the public consultation and
resources analyzed in the Environmental Impact Analysis Process results are shown below
summarized table 8.3.
Table 8.3: Summary Interviewees and their Comments to this Washed Coffee
Station
Resource Positive(No) and Negative(yes) comment Analyzed

community in this EAI
Air Quality Yes Yes
Soils and Water Resources Yes Yes
Biological Resources Yes Yes
Socioeconomics Yes Yes
Land Management and Use Yes Yes
Cultural Resources No No
Noise yes yes
Health and Safety yes yes
Transportation No No
Creating jobs to locally Positive comments :The Project will create
employment locally
Source: Field work
45
CHAPTER NINE
9. RECOMMENDATION OF MITIGATION MEASURES

9.1 GENERAL OVERVIEW
Wet coffee processing is generally a positive impact in terms of economic development in the
coffee sector. However, the negative impacts are observed, it should be appreciated and
necessary measures are incorporated in this wet coffee processing industry project
eventually throughout its operation. The duty of achieving this, therefore, lies with
proponent, the Project operation phase. In view of the above, it is suggested that;
i. Appropriate environmental, health and safety guidelines are developed at the initial
annual coffee processing planning stages of the Project to guide the entire Project
implementation process,
ii. Other ongoing activities at and around the site be evaluated with respect to the
environment, health and safety with a view to incorporating the established
washing station and improvement of the related infrastructure,
iii. The washing station implementation is cause unnecessary disruption to public
utilities (e.g. water supply, water resources, Air an soil, etc.) and other land users in
the area,
iv. That safety and security of the surrounding communities will not be compromised,
v. Necessary technological considerations are taken into account to provide an
acceptable waste quality and disposal procedures to safe guard natural resources
such as people’s health and ground water sources.
Therefore, before go to the mitigation measure the waste privation hierarchy and nature
should be identified in accordance of the waste impact and the treatment stage including
designing, purchasing and adoption of the technologies to reduce the cost of waste
management. The stage of waste privations are prevention, preparation for re-use,
recycling, other recovery and disposal are seating in inverted pyramid line of waste
hierarchy. For the detailed information reveled below the figure 9.1.
46
Figure 9.1: The Coffee Waste Privation Hierarchy
Stage Includes
Using less mateials in design and manufacture localy
Prevation Use EM and Not the by-product keepin for long fermentaion
Preparation for re-use

The by-product ready to use for fertilizer, commercial popurse
Recycling
Turing wast in to a new substance or product including composting
Other recovery Energy recovery dassification and pyrolysis to produce energy

Physical (fues, and power) and materials from waste some backing operations
waste
management Using Vetiver Grass and other Capston Consturaction waste treatment
Disposal
Landfill and incineration without energy recovery
9.2 RECOMMENDED METHODS OF MITIGATION MEASURES

Below are specific mitigation measures recommended for the significant environmental
aspects of this washing station, the recommendation based on the past and present
different practice such as Jima university research result, NGO(Techno Serve experience in
Sidama Zone) and foreign experience(Kenya) and Europe Municipal waste management
experience and the application were introduce as flow:-
9.2.1 BIO-CNMECIAL WASTE TREATMENT /USE OF EM/
Effective Microorganisms (EM) have been in existence much longer than any other beings
on earth. The founder of Effective Microorganism technology was Professor. Dr.TeruoHiga
of University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan, has genuinely assorted beneficial
microorganisms to support agriculture and environmental management.
Effective Microorganism technology is based on nature’s power to remedy itself. With the
enabling government policy that calls for the adoption of appropriate technology, Woljeejii
Agricultural PLC initiated the production of EM technology in the country to address the
47
pressing problems related food security, animal feed and environmental management. The
technology being new and different from chemical inputs has its own peculiar
characteristics.
EM-solution application is planned based on the owner’s wet coffee processing annual
plan and the rise of waste influxes is calculated by the consultant in the above table 5.2.2
and 5.2.3. Equivalent amount of EM solution per litters of mucilage and tones of husk and
pulp was determined in order to purchase and delivered for the application of operation
time. The application also done in all part release by-product and including the by-
products to re-use for commercially purpose .
APPLICATON: EM is known recycling industrial waste to degrade toxic substances

generated from coffee industries by-products such as composition of coffee pulp and husk is
organic and mainly contains carbohydrates, proteins, fibres, fat, caffeine, polyphenols, and
pectins that cause bad odors of the surrounding atmosphere. Spray activated EM at
dilution rate of 1:1000- 2000 litters of water and/or spreading EM Bokashi at a rate of
200 gm/ m2 on the affected area to detoxify husk before and after fermented.
Source of technology: Woljeejii Agricultural Industries PLCP.O.BOX 1892, DEBRE ZEIT,

Ethiopia, E-Mail [email protected].
INJECTING EM INTO THE EFFLUENT
HIGH QUALITY COMPOST IN 45
48
9.2.2 USE VETIVER GRASS FOR COFFEE WASTE TREATMENT

This washing station have more than 50m of the mucilage collection pit center, 80m of husk
and pulp collection center from the water source of the river Morod and 150AM Mucilage
and husk collection center washing and formation channels which is important to
established pulp and husk separate area and Vetiver Grass Waste Treatment system. The
owners should be planned by giving priority to this bio-physical waste mitigation
methodology. The application should be start within two years of operation period starting
in this year onwards.
The preferable use of ‘’Vetiver grass’’ developing system of waste management for several
reasons. According to Truong (2008), this is because of its morphological and physiological
characteristics Vetiver grass has the unique attributes of multiple uses, environmental
friendly, effective and simple to use for waste management by its nature of:-
I. Purification of wastewater: Wastewater is one that contains the liquid-borne
waste products (organics, solids, and nutrients) of domestic, agricultural, and
industrial or manufacturing activities. With the potential of removing very high
quantities of N and P due to its very rapid growth, Vetiver planting can be used both
to reduce the volume and to remove nutrients in effluent from coffee sewage and
coffee waste also rich in sugars and pectin and toxic substances or chemicals like
tannins, alkaloids (caffeine) and polyphenolics.
II. Purification of coffee waste eutrophicated water: Eutrophicated water is one
which is rich in mineral and organic nutrients that promote a proliferation of aquatic
plants, especially blue green algae consuming nearly all the oxygen hat results in the
degradation of water function and the deterioration of water quality due to increasing
blue green algae population. As soluble N is usually considered to be key elements
responsible for water eutrophication which normally leads to blue green algal growth
in rivers and lakes, the removal of these elements by Vetiver is a most cost effective
and environmental friendly method of controlling algal growth.
III. Hydroponic Technique: Hydroponic system can be used to remove contaminants
from coffee waste leachates or effluents, which is collected into the mucilage pit/tank.
The advantages of this system using plat form method in the waste collecting
pit/thank, is that it will provide greater assurance that underlying soil and
49
groundwater are being protected, provides the opportunity to more reliably quantify
Vetiver treatment effects because the effluent is fully controlled and
measurable(Truong and Baker, 1998). Therefore, due to its extraordinary
morphological and physiological characteristics, Vetiver grass has been used
successfully for environmental pollution coffee waste protection.
Evidence: Some study shows in Ethiopia Very high capacity for N and P uptake under
Coffee waste polluted area or Hydroponics conditions (AlemayehuHaddis and Rani, 2008).
The result of the research is shown below figure:
APPLICATION
Planting Materials: Develop plant material in the washing station. Planting material is
taken from other source, the materials contained thirty-three clumps on average and
eighty tillers per clump, bare-rooted Vetiver grass is uplifted and transported from the one
year old nursery site. The thirty-three clumps were divided carefully, to avoid damage
operate by hand. The shoots and roots were trimmed to remain 20 and 10 cm long,
50
respectively and bare-rooted plat materials multiplied in the designed area of the industry
site. The prepared tillers were gathered together and the roots were dipped in slurry to
initiate fast development of roots before planting in the field for one week. The material and
related cost was planned below table 10. The designed and the application are
demonstrated in below pictures.
51
FLOW
Planting Design
Planting Area 144m2
48 rows of vetiver
- 10m long each
- Inter-row spacing 1m
- Plant spacing 5/m
- Total plants 2400
- Gravel trench 60cm deep
- Land area 100 sqm
COFFEE - Bund wall W54 X H30cm
52
9.2.3 PHYSICAL MITIGATION MEASURES

In this washed coffee industry is recommended to plan constructing physical waste
management structure (septic tank/pit) for sustainable coffee waste collection. The known
steep wise Physical waste management collection is capstone construction of structural
systematic waste management and it is common practice in various coffee producing
countries.
The application: First plan construction mucilage and pulp separator in steep wise
(size is optional). This mitigation measure has given a prior to works commencing on-site
and aim to address two key issues: the one is to separate husk and fermented mucilage
and the others to reducing fly-tipping of the illegal disposal of waste to ensuring
compliance with existing legal controls. This method of waste managing is demonstration
below pictures.
Capstone waste Infiltrations

Pulp and Mucilage Separate
9.2.4 USE OF COFFEE BY-PRODUCT FOR COMMERCIAL POURPOSE

Coffee wastes and by-products are constituted a source of severe contamination and a
serious of environmental problems. For this reason, now a day efforts have been made to
develop this methods for the utilization as a different raw material production includes the
following:-
53
A. COMPOSTING
Coffee pulp is a rich source of nutrients: 0.5% nitrogen; 0.15% phosphorus, and 0.5%
potassium in 100kg decomposed husk and pulp. It can be treated and used as organic
fertilizer. Usually the coffee pulp is placed on piles treated with EM and left to composite
after 45 days. The mature of compost, the coffee pulp turns into rich, black humus excellent
for composting. Using organic fertilizers improves soil conditions and increases agricultural
yield. This serve for coffee farmers to save money otherwise spent money buying inorganic
fertilizers.
B. USE FOR MUSHROOM PLANTING MEDIA

Coffee pulp can also be used as planting soil for mushroom production. When used for this
purpose, the coffee pulp is fermented for about two days. The pulp is then pasteurized with
hot water, drained, dried and mixed with mushroom spores. Next, the mixture is put in
plastic bags with holes where the mushrooms develop for about 3 to 4 weeks. One bag
allows for about 2 to 3 mushroom harvests. The fresh mushrooms are important and
expensive for food table consumption or they can be dried for sale. The income from
mushroom growing can be significant for the farmers who do this. The owner shall be
delivered to the farmers rather to pollute the environment.
C. USE FOR ANIMAL FEED SUPPLEMENT
Coffee pulp is very rich in nutrients. It can be dried and used in animal feed. The pulp needs
to be treated as quickly as possible to prevent the development of fungi. Usually, coffee pulp
is treated with calcium hydroxide and dried under pressure. Another way to dry pulp, in the
absence of industrial equipment, is to mix the coffee pulp with sugar cane molasses or other
inorganic substances before storing the mix in silos. The resulting silage is available for use
after 3 weeks and can remain stored for up to 18 months.
D. ENERGY SOURCE FOR HEAT EXCHANGERS OF COFFEE DRIERS
The most energy consuming step in coffee processing is drying. Sun drying is very common
and offers many benefits. However, parchment coffee can be contaminated with dust and
dirt during the sun drying process, it is advisable careful drying. Using coffee parchment
54
husks as the energy source for burners for heat exchangers of coffee driers is both a great
environmentally friendly waste-recycling and energy-saving solution
E. USE FOR BIOGAS AND FERTILIZER

Biogas can be used at source to home energy, thereby saving on energy costs. Fertilizer can
be sold to generate additional income. The other saving is of course associated with reduced
pollution into water ways and commitment costs of water cleaning, loss of riverine
biodiversity, etc. Ethiopia’s 99% of its coffee is sold globally. As such, it has to take
cognizance of the factors affecting demand in the foreign market. One of such factors is
consumer preference for “sustainability coffee”. It is now being procured by those who can
label or certify it as such for consumers.
Coffees produced as part of these schemes are collectively referred to as “sustainable

coffee” to differentiate it from coffees from conventional production systems. The main idea
behind these schemes is to create market based incentives for those coffee farmers who
produce their coffee in a socially and environmentally responsible way. Social and
environmental responsibility is defined in terms of the adoption of practices that protect the
environment and social fairness in coffee production.
9.2.5 REMOVAL OF SEDIMENT WASTE FROM THE COLLECTIVE PITS

Disposal of sediment waste is the final option in washed coffee waste, sediment disposal in
this proposal and disposed on the permit landfill area practice when the authorized
institution allowed by certified the waste its negligible impact on environment. The other
option of supplied to the alcoholic and soft drinks production to the alcoholic and Soft
Drinks Production Company(if there is) because of coffee mucilage required as reversible
soluble gels or non-reversible, natural coffee fruit sugars, Antioxidants and Flavonoid
Colorless and Proanthocyanins processing. However, the overall supply to this beverage
industry the owner’s is planned cost of transport budget, the detailed information allocated
budget estimation is shown below on table 10.
55
CHAPTER TEN
10. RESOURCES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION PLAN
Wet coffee processing Industry includes the costs of raw material for mitigation measure
development, waste disposal transport, training for labour. There are different method of
estimated the mitigation cost, the complication arises from the fact that, the consultant
estimated for this KAWET coffee pulping PLC to applied waste Management measuring,
the cost were calculated by reviewing the different country coffee industry waste
management plan experience which is applicable in our context.
Therefore, for to achievement zero environmental pollution this washing station waste
management plan is planned for the five years operation period. Hence, the mitigation
cost increased by 5% of rate through the project life. For more detailed information show
below table 10.
Mitigation cost includes works’ Safety: periodic check of the safety of works is
important to prevent on job accidents and employees health hazards. Resource for
implementation of the above recommended environmental management program is two
parts; personal and finance. The recommended personnel include the environmentalist at
the operations of the wet coffee industry, environmental management and technical
administration; and finance (including from top management, department of production,
technical administration and finance) to government officials at all levels. Regular internal
auditing and monitoring were made and audit report should be submitted to SNNPR
environmental protection, Forest and climate change authority from regional to kebele on
quarter basis in hierarchy levels.
Table 10: Financial Requirement for Environmental protection costs
Production Yare Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5
Total Production volume(in tons) 0 0 0 0 0
Raw Materials cost 55,000 57,750 60,638 63,669 66,853
For Sediment waste Disposal cost 45000 47,250 49,613 52,093 54,698
Labor Cost 18900 19,845 20,837 21,879 22,973
Training cost 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000
total of processing plant cost(000 birr) 148,900 154,845 161,087 167,642 174,524
56
CHAPTER ELVEN
11. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN

The environmental management plan involves risk management strategies that should be
undertaken by the project proponent and the project manager to mitigate environmental
degeneration. There are approaches to monitor, control, reclaim and restore the environment
back to its appropriate state. EMPs for this projects thus provide logical frameworks within
which the identified issues of environmental concern can be mitigated, monitored and
evaluated.
Environmental monitoring involves measurement of relevant parameters, at a level of details

accurate enough, to distinguish the anticipated changes. Monitoring aims at determining the
effectiveness of actions to improve environmental quality. The environmental management
and monitoring plans have been developed and outlined to bring home the key findings of
the Environmental Impact Assessment of the project in mention, recommending necessary
mitigation actions, defining roles, monitor able indicators and the estimated cost.
This washing station EMPs outlined in tables hereafter address the potential negative
impacts and mitigation measures as well as roles, costs and monitor able indicators that
can help to determine the effectiveness of actions to upgrade the quality of environment; as
regards to KAWET Coffee Pulping PlC. .
57
Environmental Impact Assessment and Waste Management Plan on Wet Coffee Processing Industry 2018
Table11: Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan
Source of Mitigation measure Monitoring Monitoring and Cost of mitigation/ Responsibility bodies
potential Indicators reporting frequency enhancement
Impact measure
Liquid and Constructions of waste disposal Presence of well At the end of every Part of operational worked, zonal environmental
solid waste pit/tank Maintained work months and cost protection Forest and climate
receptacles and report change Authority
central collection
point
Coffee husk Coffee by- products should be No contaminated Monitoring every two Part of operation worked, zonal environmental
stored in a separate site store and husk waste month or quarterly expense protection Forest and climate
handled carefully. change Authority
An coffee husk used for compost
preparation
Office waste & building of toilet and solid waste healthy Monitoring every two part of operation worked, zonal environmental
human pit environment and month or quarterly expense protection Forest and climate
extraction workers from air change Authority
pollution
coffee waste Fulfillment of facility for disposal fully protected Monitoring every two part of operation worked, zonal environmental
influxes and treated with EM and environment from month or quarterly expense protection Forest and climate
establishing of Vetiver grass noise, fire hazards change Authority
& seeing dressed
workers
workers Health Provide Personal Protective Workers using Monitoring every two part of operation worked, zonal environmental
and Safety equipment Protective month or quarterly expense protection Forest and climate
Train workers on personal safety Equipment change Authority
and how to handle coffee waste Presence of a First
Aid Box
58
CHAPTER TWELIVE
12. RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION
12.1 RECOMMENDATIONS
Recommendations for the prevention and mitigation of adverse impacts are as
follows:
 The proponent should therefore follow the guidelines as set by the relevant
departments to safeguard and environmental management principles during
operation/occupation phases of this established washed station
 The proponent should therefore follow the recommended mitigation measure as
set in this EIA report.
 It is important that warning/ informative sign (bill boards) be erected at the
site. These should indicate the operation hours and when works are likely to be
started and completed.
 All solid waste materials resulting from operation activities should be disposed-
off at approved dumpsites.
 Proper and regular maintenance of construction collection pit/lagoons will
reduce emission of hazardous resulting from friction of waste bodies.
 Maintenance should be conducted in a designated area and in a manner not to
interfere with the environment.
 A fully equipped first aid kit should be provided within the site.
 Workers should get food that is hygienically prepared. The source of such food
should be legalized or closely controlled.
 The owners should provide adequate security during the period of operation
phase of washing coffee processing.
12.2 CONCLUSION
KAWET Coffee Pulping PLC waste management plan has integrated mitigation
measures with a view to ensuring compliance with all the applicable laws and
procedures. This washing station should implemented to the approvals by among
59
others, Zonal and Woreda EMA. During industry processing implementation and
occupation, Sustainable Environmental Management (SEM) should be ensured
through avoiding inadequate/inappropriate use of natural resources, conserving
nature sensitively and guaranteeing a respectful and fair treatment of all people
working on the washing station, general public at the vicinity and inhabitants of the
washed station area.
In relation to the recommended mitigation measures that should be incorporated

during the renovation phase, the development’s input to the society; and cognation
that the washed station is economically and environmentally sound, establishments
are considered beneficial and important. It is our considerable opinion that the
developed washing station is a timely venture that should be subscribe to proponent’s
timely investment and also the government’s intention to subsidize environment in
Ethiopia.
It is thus our recommendation that the washing station be allowed to go ahead with
the implementation provided the outlined mitigation measures are adhered to. Major
concerns should nevertheless be focused towards minimizing the occurrence of
impacts that would degrade the general environment. Therefore, major practical
works are required to aware the local community and develop their confidence in the
washing station service, and to conduct transparent mitigation measure application
and the necessary steps should make on what conditions the washed coffee Station
Waste Management Plan consolidate by the consultant and provide to the Zone and
woreda EPA office for the acceptance and approval of to this envisaged washed
station waste management plan. This will however be overcome through close follow-
up and implementation of the recommended Environmental Management and
Monitoring Plans (EMPs).
60
13. REFERENCES
1 Birley (1991), Guidelines for forecasting the vector-borne disease implications of
Water
2 Resources Development. PEEM Guidelines Series 2. Second edition PEEM Secretariat,
WHO, Geneva. WHO/CWS/ 91.3
3 EPA-ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AUTHORIYTY – State of Environment Report for
Ethiopia-Addis Ababa-2003
4 Bureau of Africa; Office of Sustainable Development (June1996); Environmental
Guidelines for Small-scale Activities in Africa
5 THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA-October 31,2002-proclamation
No 295: `Ènvironmental Organs Establishment Proclamation``
6 FDRE-THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA-December 3, 2001-
proclamation No 299: `Ènvironmental Impacts Assessment Proclamation``
7 FDRE-THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA-December 3, 2001-
proclamation No 300: `Ènvironmental pollution control Proclamation`` Guidelines
Washington D.C, fourth printing
8 IIRR (2002), Managing Dry land Resources-An Extension manual for Eastern and
Southern
9 Africa. International Institute of Rural RE- construction, Nairobi,Kenya. Impact
Assessment Service of EPA (June 2003), Environmental and social Management plan
(ESMP) for Agricultural Support project
10 The World Bank (2002), the Environment and the Millennium Development Goals.
11 The world Bank (May/1995) Environmental Assessment Sound Book; Volume II
Sectorial FDRE August 24,1995-proclamation No9: `Ènvironmental protection
Authority Establishment proclamation``
61

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PARTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

REPORT AND WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN

PROMOTER: Ato: KEBEDE KABISO (+ 251911093953)

PEOJECT LOCATION: SNNPRs, SIDAM ZONE, BONA ZURA WOREDA

SPECIFIC LOCATION: ANISO KIKA KEBLE

PREPARED BY: REKIKE DEVELOPMENT CONSULTANCE PLC

CONSULTANT PERSON: Abrham Astatike

Mobile Phone: 0911384833

BOD Biological Oxygen Demand

COD Chemical Oxygen Demand

CRGE Climate Resilient Green Economy

CSA Central Static Agency

EHS Environmental Health and Safety

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EMCA Environmental Management Coordination Act

EMP Environmental Management Plan

ERPs Emergence Response plans

EPA Environmental Protection Authority

EPE Environmental Policy of Ethiopia

EPACC Ethiopia’s program of Adaptation to Climate Change

EPC Environmental protection council

EGEP Ethiopia’s governmental protection

FDRE Federal Democratic Republic Ethiopia

GTP Growth and Transformation Plan

KA(s) Kebele Administration(s)

IEA Initial Environmental Audit

ZEMA Zonal Environmental management Authority

m.a.s.l Meters above sea level

ENAPA Ethiopia’s National Adaptation program of Action

OHS Occupational Health and Safety

PASDEP Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End poverty

PLC Private Limited Company

REA Regional Environmental Agency

RMS Regular Motor Spirit (Regular)

SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment

SEM Sustainable Environmental Management

SEU Sectorial Environmental Unit

USA United State of America

WCC Waste Collection Centre

3.10 WASHED STATION INPUT AND ACTIVITIES ........................................................................................... 25

6.1 EIA METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................................................ 37

9.2.4 USE OF COFFEE BY-PRODUCT FOR COMMERCIAL POURPOSE................................................ 53

Wet-coffee processing washing station which release fermented toxic substance,

In order to ensure that the proposed mitigation measures will be implemented,

Industrialization has been embraced by many developing countries as a means of achieving

Therefore, it is mandatory to conduct environmental impact assessment for this wet-Mill

1.2 THE PURPOSE OF THE EIA

1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

 A review of the policy, legal and administrative framework

1.4 OVERALL OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

1.5 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The key objectives of this study include:

1.6 TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR)

The project assessment investigations and analysis of the anticipated environmental

I. A critical look into project objectives

IX. To propose/recommend a specific environmentally sound and affordable liquid and

1.7 CONSULTALTING FIRM

 Evaluation of the location, Land ownership and use