INDEX

S.NO. Content Page no.

1. Introduction 6-7

2. Component required 8

3. Circuit Diagram 9

4. Working 10-11

5. Advantages 11-12

6. Applications 12-13

7. Experimental Photos 14

8. Conclusion 15

9. References 16

5|Page
 INTRODUCTION
A device that is designed to respond to the increase in temperature of an element
when it is caught in a fire or high heat is called heat sensitive device. It is used in
the circuits built to sense the increasing temperature of the surroundings and in
response generates an alarm. The four most commonly used temperature sensors
used today are thermistors, and semiconductor-based ICs. Each has different
properties and is helpful for many applications.

A simple temperature monitor circuit typically consists of a heat-sensing

component thermistor, which is just like a resistor and changes its resistance on
sensing heat, a variable resistor, a transistor, and a capacitor. This circuit can be
used for a variety of different purposes.

Thermistor - Thermal Sense Resistor or Temperature Depended Resistor is

known as a Thermistor. This device Resistance changes according to the
temperature. Thermistor can be a NTC or PTC which means,
NTC – Negative Temperature Coefficient.
PTC – Positive Temperature Coefficient.
Here NTC – Element Resistance Decrease when Temperature Increases. PTC –
Element Resistance Increase when Temperature Increases.

Operational Amplifier- An operational amplifier or op-amp is an integrated

circuit. It has two inputs. One of them is called an inverted pin which is marked
as a (-) negative sign and another is called non-inverted pin which is marked (+)
positive sign.

6|Page
It has one output pin.

Its basic work is to amplify and output the voltage difference between the two
input pins.

IC lm358 has two op-amps.it is a dual op-amp Ic.

7|Page
 COMPONENTS REQUIRED

• LM358 IC
• Thermistor
• BC 547 Transistor
• 1KΩ Resistor
• 220Ω Resistor
• 10 KΩ Potentiometer
• LED
• 9V Battery and Battery connector

8|Page
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

9|Page
 WORKING

1. Power Supply:
 Connect the positive terminal of your power supply to +5V and the
negative terminal to GND.
2. Voltage Divider (R1 and R2):
 R1 (1K) and R2 (1K) form a voltage divider between +5V and GND.
 The voltage at the junction between R1 and R2 (Pin 2 of LM358)
provides a stable reference voltage for the inverting input (Pin 2) of the
LM358.
3. LM358 Operational Amplifier:
 Pin 8 of the LM358 is connected to +5V for power, and Pin 4 is
connected to GND.
 Pin 3 is the non-inverting input, connected to the NTC thermistor and
the potentiometer.
 Pin 2 is the inverting input, connected to the voltage divider.
 The LM358 acts as a comparator, comparing the voltages at its inverting
and non-inverting inputs.
4. NTC Thermistor and Potentiometer:
 The NTC thermistor is a temperature-sensitive resistor. Its resistance
changes with temperature.
 One end of the NTC thermistor is connected to GND.
 The other end is connected to the non-inverting input (Pin 3) of the
LM358.
 A resistor (R3, 5K) is connected between the non-inverting input and
the wiper of the potentiometer.
 The potentiometer provides a variable resistance, allowing you to set
the reference voltage at Pin 3.
5. Transistor (BC547):
 The collector of the BC547 transistor is connected to +5V.
 The emitter is connected to GND.
 The base is connected through a resistor (R5, 1K) to the output of the
LM358.
6. LED:
 The anode of the LED is connected to the collector of the BC547 transistor.
 The cathode is connected to GND.
 When the transistor is turned on, the LED lights up.

10 | P a g e
 7. Output (PCM):
 The output of the LM358 (Pin 1) is connected to the input of the PCM.
 The PCM can be a recording or monitoring device to capture or
displaythe alarm signal.

How it works:

In this detector circuit 10KΩ Range NTC Thermistor is connected with

Inverting Input of LM358. Non-Inverting input of LM358 is connected to the
variable terminal of RV1. So the operational amplifier detects signal from RV1
and thermistor then compares and gives output at pin 1. This output signal is
not enough to drive a 12V Relay coil hence Transistor Q1 BC547 used as a
switch for Relay coil. Here LED indicates the status of ON condition of Relay.

The working principle of the simple temperature monitor circuit. Here the
main component for detecting the heat is the 10 KΩ thermistor. If the
temperature increases, the resistance of the included thermistor decreases, and
the output of the voltage divider increases.

The potentiometer allows you to set the reference voltage at the non-inverting
input of the LM358. The NTC thermistor, in conjunction with the
potentiometer, forms a voltage divider that produces a variable voltage at the
non-inverting inputbased on the temperature.

When the temperature rises above the set threshold, the voltage at the non-
inverting input exceeds the voltage at the inverting input, causing the LM358
to output a high signal. Since the output of the voltage divider is given to the
non– inverting input terminal of the LM358 IC, its value will become more
than that of the inverting input. As a result, the output of the op-amp becomes
high and then the LED glows up. The high signal at the output turns on the
BC547 transistor, activating LED.

ADVANTAGES

 Temperature sensors are precise, extremely reliable, and have a low cost.
 Temperature sensors are suitable for both embedded and surface applications.
 They provide low thermal mass resulting in a fast response time.
 The vibrating wire temperature sensor is completely interchangeable; all sensors can
be read by one indicator.
 Temperature sensors are available with indicators for direct display of temperature.
 Temperature probes exhibit excellent hysteresis and linearity.

11 | P a g e
  The technology of the vibrating wire ensures long term stability, easy and quick
readout.
 Temperature sensors perfectly suit remote scanning, reading, and data logging.

APPLICATIONS

Medical applications
The most commonly thought of use is within the thermometer, to measure the temperature of
individuals in a quick and accurate manner. However, they’re actually also used for a variety
of medical products including MRI imaging equipment and portable ultrasound scanners.

Within our homes

Temperature sensors are used in many electrical appliances, from our refrigerators and
freezers to help regulate and maintain cold temperatures as well as within stoves and ovens
to ensure that they heat to the required levels for cooking, air confectioners/heaters. Even our
common battery chargers use them, in order to prevent overcharging.

VEHICLES
They may seem like a surprising field where temperature sensors are used, but in fact,
they’re fundamental to ensure safe and effective oil mining practices. The end of oil drills
has an inbuilt temperature sensor which quickly notifies the workers when it should stop
drilling, since when its temperature gets too high (the further it gets through the ground
without pausing), it becomes too hot and breaks.

HVAC
The systems require the measuring of temperatures so that it can help provide the optimal
temperature to a room or building. Air conditioning is used in almost every home and office,
so temperature sensors are essential for these units and systems. They can also be used to
detect leaks by spotting unexpected anomalies in temperature

Integrated circuits
They are dependent on integrated silicon temperature sensors in micro-controllers and other
electronics. These have widespread use in countless consumer products such as desktop
computers, laptops and tablets, mobile telephones, and other electronic devices used and
owned by individuals across the globe.

Renewable energy
Sources depend on temperature sensors for the effective production of energy. From solar
heating pumps to wind power turbines, to biomass combustion applications and geothermal
sources, the regulation and measuring of temperatures is fundamental for these renewable
sources.

12 | P a g e
Glass manufacturing
They relies on temperature measurement for the regulation and optimisation of their
production process. Glass industry quality requirements can be highly stringent so in order to
meet these, close monitoring of glass temperatures as well as the machinery being used is
essential.

Chemical industries
They are ones that find significant practical value from implementing and using high-quality,
effective temperature sensors on a daily basis. They’re required to measure extremely high
temperatures to monitor chemical reactions and are used for gas chromatography as well.
Sensors with a very wide temperature range and durability tend to be the ones used in this
sector. In particular, high-accuracy measurement tools are needed to ensure high-quality
productscreated.

13 | P a g e
 EXPERIMENTAL PHOTOS

14 | P a g e
 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, A temperature sensor can also be defined as a simple instrument
that measures the degree of coldness or hotness and then converts it into a
readable unit. There are different types of temperature sensors, including
thermocouples, thermistors, RTDs, etc. Each temperature sensor has its own
unique characteristics, which makes it suitable in specific types of
applications. However it is important to consider the temperature range,
accuracy, size, and stability of a temperature sensor for optimal performance
within a specific application.
A simple temperature monitor circuit using components like the LM358
operational amplifier, NTC thermistor, potentiometer, BC547 transistor,
resistors, LED, with applications across different domains. By understanding
how the circuit works and calibrating it appropriately, we can achieve accurate
temperature monitoring and alarming functions. The potentiometer plays a
crucial role in setting the reference voltage, allowing customization of the
threshold temperature for activating the alarm.

15 | P a g e
 REFERENCES

1. https://theorycircuit.com/lm358-overheat-detector-circuit/

2. https://www.circuits-diy.com/heat-temperature-sensor-alarm-using-ne555/

3. https://www.pyrosales.com.au/blog/thermocouple-information/what-are-temperature-
sensors-used-
for/#:~:text=Within%20our%20homes%2C%20temperature%20sensors,cooking%2C
%20air%20confectioners%2Fheaters.

4. https://www.iqsdirectory.com/articles/thermocouple/temperature-
sensors.html#:~:text=Conclusion,%2C%20thermistors%2C%20RTDs%2C%20etc.

16 | P a g e