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13 Probability

Continued 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
b This table shows the total for 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Second dice
each outcome. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 For example, 5 on
Five outcomes give a total of
the first dice and
6 (shown by a blue loop). 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3 on the second
5
The probability is 36 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 gives a total of 8.

E
1 2 3 4 5 6
c Using the same table as for First dice
part b, ten outcomes give
a total of 9, 10, 11 or 12
(shown by the red loop).

Exercise 13.1
1
PL
The probability is 10 = 5
36 18

The probability that a football team will win a match is 0.3.

The probability that the team will draw is 0.1.
Work out the probability that the team will
a not win b not draw
Tip
All dice in this
exercise are
unbiased, 6-sided
c lose d not lose. dice.
M
2 Tomorrow must be hotter, colder or the same temperature as today.
The probability it will be hotter is 55%.
The probability it will be colder is 25%.
Work out the probability that it will
a not be hotter
b not be colder
SA

c not be the same temperature.

3 A spinner has five colours on it.
The probability it shows green is 0.32.
The probability it shows purple is 0.17.
Find the probability that the colour is
a not green b not purple.

278
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13.1 Calculating probabilities

4 There are lots of coloured toys in a box. Here are the percentages
of some of the colours.

Colour yellow orange red green

Percentage 15% 25% 30% 10%

a Why do the percentages add up to less than 100%?

A child takes a toy at random.

E
b Find the probability that the toy is
i not orange ii not green
iii not red iv not yellow.
5 Two dice are thrown. Find the probability that
Tip
a both dice show 5

6
c

c
PL
b one dice shows a 5 and the other does not
neither dice shows a 5.
Two dice are thrown. The numbers are added together.
Draw a table to show all the possible outcomes.
b Find the probability that the total is
i 3 ii 7 iii 12
Copy and complete this table of probabilities.
iv 9
Use the diagram
from part a of
Worked Example
13.1b.

Total 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
M
Probability

7 Two dice are thrown. The numbers are added together.

a Find the probability that the total is
i 5 or less ii more than 5
iii 10 or more iv less than 10
v a prime number.
SA

7
b Find an event with a probability of 36
c Give your answer to part b to a partner to check it is correct.
8 A fair coin and a fair dice are thrown. This table shows the possible
outcomes. Tip
Dice T3 stands for a
1 2 3 4 5 6 tail on the coin
Coin H H1 and 3 on the dice.
T T3
a Copy and complete the table.
b How many outcomes are there? Are they all equally likely?

279
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13 Probability

c Find the probability of

i 6 and a tail ii 4 and a head
iii a head and an even number iv a tail and a number less than 3.
d Find the probability of each of the events in part c not happening.
5
e Describe an event with a probability of 12
f Give your answer to part e to a partner to check.
9 Here are two spinners.

E
a The two spinners are spun. Draw a diagram to 4 1
show all the outcomes. 3 1

b Work out the probability that 3 2

2
i both spinners show a 1
ii neither spinner shows a 1

c
PL
iii both spinners show the same number
iv the spinners do not show the same number.
The two scores are added together.
Draw a table to show the possible totals.
d Find the probability that the total is
i 4
iii not 7
ii 5
iv a multiple of 3
Tip
Use a table like
the one in part
b of Worked
example 13.1b.

v a factor of 12.
e Now the scores on the spinners are multiplied. Tip
M
Draw a table to show the possible products.
The product
f Find the probability of each of the different possible products. is the result of
g Find the probability that the product is multiplying two
i 6 or more ii less than 6 numbers.
iii an odd number iv an even number.
10 a Two fair coins are flipped.
SA

Copy and complete this table to show the outcomes.

Second coin
H T
H HT
First coin
T

280
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 We are working with Cambridge Assessment International Education towards endorsement of this title.

13.1 Calculating probabilities

b Read what Arun says:

When you throw
Explain why Arun is not correct.
two coins there are three
c Find the probability of outcomes. They are 2 heads,
i 2 heads ii 2 tails 2 tails or a head and a tail.
iii a head and a tail. So the probability of 2 heads
is 31
d Another way to show the outcomes
when two fair coins are thrown is a tree diagram.

E
Copy the tree diagram and fill in the missing outcomes.
e Explain how the table in part a and the tree diagram in part d First Second Outcome
show the same outcomes. coin coin
f Three fair coins are thrown. One possible outcome is HHH, a
H ...
head on all three coins. List all the possible outcomes in this way.
g

h PL
Draw a tree diagram to show the results of throwing three fair
coins. Use it to check your answer to part f.
When three fair coins are thrown, find the probability of
i 3 heads
iii not getting 3 heads
v 1 head and 2 tails.

Think like a mathematician

ii 3 tails
iv 2 heads and 1 tail
H

T
T

T
HT

...

...

11 Investigate the possible outcomes when 4 fair coins are thrown.

M
You should find all the possible outcomes and find probabilities of different events.
Use your experience from Question 10 to help you.

12 Zara has three cards with numbers on them.

2 4 5
SA

She puts the cards side by side in a random order to make a 3-digit number.
a List all the possible numbers. Make sure you have found them all.
b Find the probability that the number formed is
i an odd number ii an even number iii more than 400.
Zara adds an extra card. Now she has four cards.
2 4 5 8
Zara takes two cards at random and places them side by side to make a 2-digit number.
c List all the possible numbers she can make. Make you sure you have found them all.
d Find the probability that the 2-digit number
i is 48 ii is not 48 iii is an odd number
iv is an even number v includes the digit 2.

281
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