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What is Android?

Android is an open source and Linux-based Operating System for mobile devices
such as smartphones and tablet computers. Android was developed by the Open
Handset Alliance, led by Google, and other companies.
Android offers a unified approach to application development for mobile devices
which means developers need only develop for Android, and their applications should
be able to run on different devices powered by Android.
The first beta version of the Android Software Development Kit (SDK) was released
by Google in 2007 where as the first commercial version, Android 1.0, was released
in September 2008.
On June 27, 2012, at the Google I/O conference, Google announced the next Android
version, 4.1 Jelly Bean. Jelly Bean is an incremental update, with the primary aim of
improving the user interface, both in terms of functionality and performance.
The source code for Android is available under free and open source software
licenses. Google publishes most of the code under the Apache License version 2.0
and the rest, Linux kernel changes, under the GNU General Public License version
2.

Why Android ?
Features of Android
Android is a powerful operating system competing with Apple 4GS and supports great
features. Few of them are listed below −

Sr.No. Feature & Description

1 Beautiful UI
Android OS basic screen provides a beautiful and intuitive user interface.

2 Connectivity
GSM/EDGE, IDEN, CDMA, EV-DO, UMTS, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, LTE, NFC and WiMAX.

3 Storage
SQLite, a lightweight relational database, is used for data storage purposes.

4 Media support
H.263, H.264, MPEG-4 SP, AMR, AMR-WB, AAC, HE-AAC, AAC 5.1, MP3, MIDI, Ogg
Vorbis, WAV, JPEG, PNG, GIF, and BMP.
5 Messaging
SMS and MMS

6 Web browser
Based on the open-source WebKit layout engine, coupled with Chrome's V8 JavaScript
engine supporting HTML5 and CSS3.

7 Multi-touch
Android has native support for multi-touch which was initially made available in handsets
such as the HTC Hero.

8 Multi-tasking
User can jump from one task to another and same time various application can run
simultaneously.

9 Resizable widgets
Widgets are resizable, so users can expand them to show more content or shrink them
to save space.

10 Multi-Language
Supports single direction and bi-directional text.

11 GCM
Google Cloud Messaging (GCM) is a service that lets developers send short message
data to their users on Android devices, without needing a proprietary sync solution.

12 Wi-Fi Direct
A technology that lets apps discover and pair directly, over a high-bandwidth peer-to-peer
connection.

13 Android Beam
A popular NFC-based technology that lets users instantly share, just by touching two
NFC-enabled phones together.

Android Applications
Android applications are usually developed in the Java language using the Android
Software Development Kit.
Once developed, Android applications can be packaged easily and sold out either
through a store such as Google Play, SlideME, Opera Mobile Store, Mobango, F-
droid and the Amazon Appstore.
Android powers hundreds of millions of mobile devices in more than 190 countries
around the world. It's the largest installed base of any mobile platform and growing
fast. Every day more than 1 million new Android devices are activated worldwide.
This tutorial has been written with an aim to teach you how to develop and package
Android application. We will start from environment setup for Android application
programming and then drill down to look into various aspects of Android applications.

Categories of Android applications

There are many android applications in the market. The top categories are −

History of Android
The code names of android ranges from A to N currently, such as Aestro, Blender,
Cupcake, Donut, Eclair, Froyo, Gingerbread, Honeycomb, Ice Cream Sandwitch,
Jelly Bean, KitKat, Lollipop and Marshmallow. Let's understand the android history in
a sequence.
What is API level?
API Level is an integer value that uniquely identifies the framework API revision
offered by a version of the Android platform.

Platform Version API VERSION_CODE

Level

Android 6.0 23 MARSHMALLOW

Android 5.1 22 LOLLIPOP_MR1

Android 5.0 21 LOLLIPOP

Android 4.4W 20 KITKAT_WATCH KitKat for Wearables

Only

Android 4.4 19 KITKAT

Android 4.3 18 JELLY_BEAN_MR2

Android 4.2, 4.2.2 17 JELLY_BEAN_MR1

Android 4.1, 4.1.1 16 JELLY_BEAN

Android 4.0.3, 4.0.4 15 ICE_CREAM_SANDWICH_MR1

Android 4.0, 4.0.1, 14 ICE_CREAM_SANDWICH

4.0.2

Android 3.2 13 HONEYCOMB_MR2

Android 3.1.x 12 HONEYCOMB_MR1

Android 3.0.x 11 HONEYCOMB

10 GINGERBREAD_MR1
Android 2.3.4
Android 2.3.3

9 GINGERBREAD
Android 2.3.2
Android 2.3.1
Android 2.3

Android 2.2.x 8 FROYO

Android 2.1.x 7 ECLAIR_MR1

Android 2.0.1 6 ECLAIR_0_1

Android 2.0 5 ECLAIR

Android 1.6 4 DONUT

Android 1.5 3 CUPCAKE

Android 1.1 2 BASE_1_1

Android 1.0 1 BASE

ANDROID SET UP

You will be glad to know that you can start your Android application development on
either of the following operating systems −
• Microsoft Windows XP or later version.
• Mac OS X 10.5.8 or later version with Intel chip.
• Linux including GNU C Library 2.7 or later.
Second point is that all the required tools to develop Android applications are freely
available and can be downloaded from the Web. Following is the list of software's you
will need before you start your Android application programming.
• Java JDK5 or later version
• Android Studio
Here last two components are optional and if you are working on Windows machine
then these components make your life easy while doing Java based application
development. So let us have a look how to proceed to set required environment.

Set-up Java Development Kit (JDK)

You can download the latest version of Java JDK from Oracle's Java site − Java SE
Downloads. You will find instructions for installing JDK in downloaded files, follow the
given instructions to install and configure the setup. Finally set PATH and
JAVA_HOME environment variables to refer to the directory that
contains java and javac, typically java_install_dir/bin and java_install_dir
respectively.
If you are running Windows and installed the JDK in C:\jdk1.8.0_102, you would have
to put the following line in your C:\autoexec.bat file.
set PATH=C:\jdk1.8.0_102\bin;%PATH%
set JAVA_HOME=C:\jdk1.8.0_102
Alternatively, you could also right-click on My Computer, select Properties,
then Advanced, then Environment Variables. Then, you would update the PATH
value and press the OK button.
On Linux, if the SDK is installed in /usr/local/jdk1.8.0_102 and you use the C shell,
you would put the following code into your .cshrc file.
setenv PATH /usr/local/jdk1.8.0_102/bin:$PATH
setenv JAVA_HOME /usr/local/jdk1.8.0_102
Alternatively, if you use Android studio, then it will know automatically where you have
installed your Java.

Android IDEs
There are so many sophisticated Technologies are available to develop android
applications, the familiar technologies, which are predominantly using tools as follows
• Android Studio
• Eclipse IDE(Deprecated)

Android - Architecture
Android operating system is a stack of software components which is roughly divided
into five sections and four main layers as shown below in the architecture diagram.

Linux kernel
At the bottom of the layers is Linux - Linux 3.6 with approximately 115 patches. This
provides a level of abstraction between the device hardware and it contains all the
essential hardware drivers like camera, keypad, display etc. Also, the kernel handles
all the things that Linux is really good at such as networking and a vast array of device
drivers, which take the pain out of interfacing to peripheral hardware.

Libraries
On top of Linux kernel there is a set of libraries including open-source Web browser
engine WebKit, well known library libc, SQLite database which is a useful repository
for storage and sharing of application data, libraries to play and record audio and
video, SSL libraries responsible for Internet security etc.

Android Libraries
This category encompasses those Java-based libraries that are specific to Android
development. Examples of libraries in this category include the application framework
libraries in addition to those that facilitate user interface building, graphics drawing
and database access. A summary of some key core Android libraries available to the
Android developer is as follows −
• android.app − Provides access to the application model and is the
cornerstone of all Android applications.
• android.content − Facilitates content access, publishing and messaging
between applications and application components.
• android.database − Used to access data published by content providers and
includes SQLite database management classes.
• android.opengl − A Java interface to the OpenGL ES 3D graphics rendering
API.
• android.os − Provides applications with access to standard operating system
services including messages, system services and inter-process
communication.
• android.text − Used to render and manipulate text on a device display.
• android.view − The fundamental building blocks of application user interfaces.
• android.widget − A rich collection of pre-built user interface components such
as buttons, labels, list views, layout managers, radio buttons etc.
• android.webkit − A set of classes intended to allow web-browsing capabilities
to be built into applications.
Having covered the Java-based core libraries in the Android runtime, it is now time to
turn our attention to the C/C++ based libraries contained in this layer of the Android
software stack.

Android Runtime
This is the third section of the architecture and available on the second layer from the
bottom. This section provides a key component called Dalvik Virtual Machine which
is a kind of Java Virtual Machine specially designed and optimized for Android.
The Dalvik VM makes use of Linux core features like memory management and multi-
threading, which is intrinsic in the Java language. The Dalvik VM enables every
Android application to run in its own process, with its own instance of the Dalvik virtual
machine.
The Android runtime also provides a set of core libraries which enable Android
application developers to write Android applications using standard Java
programming language.
Application Framework
The Application Framework layer provides many higher-level services to applications
in the form of Java classes. Application developers are allowed to make use of these
services in their applications.
The Android framework includes the following key services −
• Activity Manager − Controls all aspects of the application lifecycle and activity
stack.
• Content Providers − Allows applications to publish and share data with other
applications.
• Resource Manager − Provides access to non-code embedded resources
such as strings, color settings and user interface layouts.
• Notifications Manager − Allows applications to display alerts and notifications
to the user.
• View System − An extensible set of views used to create application user
interfaces.

Applications
You will find all the Android application at the top layer. You will write your application
to be installed on this layer only. Examples of such applications are Contacts Books,
Browser, Games etc.

Android - Application Components

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Application components are the essential building blocks of an Android application.
These components are loosely coupled by the application manifest
file AndroidManifest.xml that describes each component of the application and how
they interact.
There are following four main components that can be used within an Android
application −

Sr.No Components & Description

1 Activities
They dictate the UI and handle the user interaction to the smart phone screen.

Services
2
They handle background processing associated with an application.

Broadcast Receivers
3
They handle communication between Android OS and applications.

Content Providers
4
They handle data and database management issues.

Activities
An activity represents a single screen with a user interface,in-short Activity performs
actions on the screen. For example, an email application might have one activity that
shows a list of new emails, another activity to compose an email, and another activity
for reading emails. If an application has more than one activity, then one of them
should be marked as the activity that is presented when the application is launched.
An activity is implemented as a subclass of Activity class as follows −
public class MainActivity extends Activity {
}

Services
A service is a component that runs in the background to perform long-running
operations. For example, a service might play music in the background while the user
is in a different application, or it might fetch data over the network without blocking
user interaction with an activity.
A service is implemented as a subclass of Service class as follows −
public class MyService extends Service {
}

Broadcast Receivers
Broadcast Receivers simply respond to broadcast messages from other applications
or from the system. For example, applications can also initiate broadcasts to let other
applications know that some data has been downloaded to the device and is available
for them to use, so this is broadcast receiver who will intercept this communication
and will initiate appropriate action.
A broadcast receiver is implemented as a subclass of BroadcastReceiver class and
each message is broadcaster as an Intent object.
public class MyReceiver extends BroadcastReceiver {
public void onReceive(context,intent){}
}

Content Providers
A content provider component supplies data from one application to others on
request. Such requests are handled by the methods of the ContentResolver class.
The data may be stored in the file system, the database or somewhere else entirely.
A content provider is implemented as a subclass of ContentProvider class and must
implement a standard set of APIs that enable other applications to perform
transactions.
public class MyContentProvider extends ContentProvider {
public void onCreate(){}
}

We will go through these tags in detail while covering application components in

individual chapters.

Additional Components
There are additional components which will be used in the construction of above
mentioned entities, their logic, and wiring between them. These components are −

S.No Components & Description

1 Fragments
Represents a portion of user interface in an Activity.

Views
2
UI elements that are drawn on-screen including buttons, lists forms etc.

Layouts
3
View hierarchies that control screen format and appearance of the views.

4 Intents
Messages wiring components together.

Resources
5
External elements, such as strings, constants and drawable pictures.

Manifest
6
Configuration file for the application.

Android - Hello World Example

Let us start actual programming with Android Framework. Before you start writing
your first example using Android SDK, you have to make sure that you have set-up
your Android development environment properly as explained in Android -
Environment Set-up tutorial. I also assume that you have a little bit working
knowledge with Android studio.
So let us proceed to write a simple Android Application which will print "Hello World!".

Create Android Application

The first step is to create a simple Android Application using Android studio. When
you click on Android studio icon, it will show screen as shown below
You can start your application development by calling start a new android studio
project. in a new installation frame should ask Application name, package information
and location of the project.−
After entered application name, it going to be called select the form factors your
application runs on, here need to specify Minimum SDK, in our tutorial, I have
declared as API23: Android 6.0(Mashmallow) −

The next level of installation should contain selecting the activity to mobile, it specifies
the default layout for Applications.

At the final stage it going to be open development tool to write the application code.
Anatomy of Android Application
Before you run your app, you should be aware of a few directories and files in the
Android project −
Sr.No. Folder, File & Description

Java
1 This contains the .java source files for your project. By default, it includes
an MainActivity.java source file having an activity class that runs when your app is
launched using the app icon.

res/drawable-hdpi
2
This is a directory for drawable objects that are designed for high-density screens.

3 res/layout
This is a directory for files that define your app's user interface.

res/values
4
This is a directory for other various XML files that contain a collection of resources, such
as strings and colours definitions.

AndroidManifest.xml
5
This is the manifest file which describes the fundamental characteristics of the app and
defines each of its components.

Build.gradle
6
This is an auto generated file which contains compileSdkVersion, buildToolsVersion,
applicationId, minSdkVersion, targetSdkVersion, versionCode and versionName

Following section will give a brief overview of the important application files.

The Main Activity File

The main activity code is a Java file MainActivity.java. This is the actual application
file which ultimately gets converted to a Dalvik executable and runs your application.
Following is the default code generated by the application wizard for Hello
World! application −
package com.example.helloworld;

import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.os.Bundle;

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
}
}

Here, R.layout.activity_main refers to the activity_main.xml file located in

the res/layout folder. The onCreate() method is one of many methods that are figured
when an activity is loaded.

The Manifest File

Whatever component you develop as a part of your application, you must declare all
its components in a manifest.xml which resides at the root of the application project
directory. This file works as an interface between Android OS and your application,
so if you do not declare your component in this file, then it will not be considered by
the OS. For example, a default manifest file will look like as following file −
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
package="com.example.tutorialspoint7.myapplication">

Here <application>...</application> tags enclosed the components related to the

application. Attribute android:icon will point to the application icon available
under res/drawable-hdpi. The application uses the image named ic_launcher.png
located in the drawable folders
The <activity> tag is used to specify an activity and android:name attribute specifies
the fully qualified class name of the Activity subclass and the android:label attributes
specifies a string to use as the label for the activity. You can specify multiple activities
using <activity> tags.
The action for the intent filter is named android.intent.action.MAIN to indicate that
this activity serves as the entry point for the application. The category for the intent-
filter is named android.intent.category.LAUNCHER to indicate that the application
can be launched from the device's launcher icon.
The @string refers to the strings.xml file explained below.
Hence, @string/app_name refers to the app_name string defined in the strings.xml
file, which is "HelloWorld". Similar way, other strings get populated in the application.
Following is the list of tags which you will use in your manifest file to specify different
Android application components −
• <activity>elements for activities
• <service> elements for services
• <receiver> elements for broadcast receivers
• <provider> elements for content providers
The Strings File
The strings.xml file is located in the res/values folder and it contains all the text that
your application uses. For example, the names of buttons, labels, default text, and
similar types of strings go into this file. This file is responsible for their textual content.
For example, a default strings file will look like as following file −
<resources>
<string name="app_name">HelloWorld</string>
<string name="hello_world">Hello world!</string>
<string name="menu_settings">Settings</string>
<string name="title_activity_main">MainActivity</string>
</resources>

The Layout File

The activity_main.xml is a layout file available in res/layout directory, that is
referenced by your application when building its interface. You will modify this file very
frequently to change the layout of your application. For your "Hello World!"
application, this file will have following content related to default layout −
<RelativeLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent" >

</RelativeLayout>

This is an example of simple RelativeLayout which we will study in a separate

chapter. The TextView is an Android control used to build the GUI and it have various
attributes like android:layout_width, android:layout_height etc which are being used
to set its width and height etc.. The @string refers to the strings.xml file located in the
res/values folder. Hence, @string/hello_world refers to the hello string defined in the
strings.xml file, which is "Hello World!".

Running the Application

Let's try to run our Hello World! application we just created. I assume you had
created your AVD while doing environment set-up. To run the app from Android
studio, open one of your project's activity files and click Run icon from the tool bar.
Android studio installs the app on your AVD and starts it and if everything is fine with
your set-up and application, it will display following Emulator window −

Congratulations!!! you have developed your first Android Application and now just
keep following rest of the tutorial step by step to become a great Android Developer.
All the very best.

Android Resources Organizing & Accessing

There are many more items which you use to build a good Android application. Apart
from coding for the application, you take care of various other resources like static
content that your code uses, such as bitmaps, colors, layout definitions, user interface
strings, animation instructions, and more. These resources are always maintained
separately in various sub-directories under res/ directory of the project.
This tutorial will explain you how you can organize your application resources, specify
alternative resources and access them in your applications.

Organize resource in Android Studio

MyProject/
app/
manifest/
AndroidManifest.xml
java/
MyActivity.java
res/
drawable/
icon.png
layout/
activity_main.xml
info.xml
values/
strings.xml

Sr.No. Directory & Resource Type

1
anim/
XML files that define property animations. They are saved in res/anim/ folder and
accessed from the R.anim class.

2
color/
XML files that define a state list of colors. They are saved in res/color/ and accessed from
the R.color class.

3
drawable/
Image files like .png, .jpg, .gif or XML files that are compiled into bitmaps, state lists,
shapes, animation drawable. They are saved in res/drawable/ and accessed from
the R.drawable class.

4
layout/
XML files that define a user interface layout. They are saved in res/layout/ and accessed
from the R.layout class.

5
menu/
XML files that define application menus, such as an Options Menu, Context Menu, or Sub
Menu. They are saved in res/menu/ and accessed from the R.menu class.

6
raw/
Arbitrary files to save in their raw form. You need to
call Resources.openRawResource() with the resource ID, which is R.raw.filename to
open such raw files.

7
values/
XML files that contain simple values, such as strings, integers, and colors. For example,
here are some filename conventions for resources you can create in this directory −
• arrays.xml for resource arrays, and accessed from the R.array class.
• integers.xml for resource integers, and accessed from the R.integer class.
• bools.xml for resource boolean, and accessed from the R.bool class.
• colors.xml for color values, and accessed from the R.color class.
• dimens.xml for dimension values, and accessed from the R.dimen class.
• strings.xml for string values, and accessed from the R.string class.
• styles.xml for styles, and accessed from the R.style class.

8
xml/
Arbitrary XML files that can be read at runtime by calling Resources.getXML(). You can
save various configuration files here which will be used at run time.

Alternative Resources
Your application should provide alternative resources to support specific device
configurations. For example, you should include alternative drawable resources (
i.e.images ) for different screen resolution and alternative string resources for different
languages. At runtime, Android detects the current device configuration and loads the
appropriate resources for your application.
To specify configuration-specific alternatives for a set of resources, follow the
following steps −
• Create a new directory in res/ named in the form <resources_name>-
<config_qualifier>. Here resources_name will be any of the resources
mentioned in the above table, like layout, drawable etc. The qualifier will
specify an individual configuration for which these resources are to be used.
You can check official documentation for a complete list of qualifiers for
different type of resources.
• Save the respective alternative resources in this new directory. The resource
files must be named exactly the same as the default resource files as shown
in the below example, but these files will have content specific to the
alternative. For example though image file name will be same but for high
resolution screen, its resolution will be high.
Below is an example which specifies images for a default screen and alternative
images for high resolution screen.
MyProject/
app/
manifest/
AndroidManifest.xml
java/
MyActivity.java
res/
drawable/
icon.png
background.png
drawable-hdpi/
icon.png
background.png
layout/
activity_main.xml
info.xml
values/
strings.xml
Below is another example which specifies layout for a default language and
alternative layout for Arabic language.
MyProject/
app/
manifest/
AndroidManifest.xml
java/
MyActivity.java
res/
drawable/
icon.png
background.png
drawable-hdpi/
icon.png
background.png
layout/
activity_main.xml
info.xml
layout-ar/
main.xml
values/
strings.xml

Accessing Resources
During your application development you will need to access defined resources either
in your code, or in your layout XML files. Following section explains how to access
your resources in both the scenarios −
Accessing Resources in Code
When your Android application is compiled, a R class gets generated, which contains
resource IDs for all the resources available in your res/ directory. You can use R class
to access that resource using sub-directory and resource name or directly resource
ID.
Example
To access res/drawable/myimage.png and set an ImageView you will use following
code −
ImageView imageView = (ImageView) findViewById(R.id.myimageview);
imageView.setImageResource(R.drawable.myimage);

Here first line of the code make use of R.id.myimageview to get ImageView defined
with id myimageview in a Layout file. Second line of code makes use
of R.drawable.myimage to get an image with name myimage available in drawable
sub-directory under /res.
Example
Consider next example where res/values/strings.xml has following definition −
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<resources>
<string name="hello">Hello, World!</string>
</resources>

Now you can set the text on a TextView object with ID msg using a resource ID as
follows −
TextView msgTextView = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.msg);
msgTextView.setText(R.string.hello);
Example
Consider a layout res/layout/activity_main.xml with the following definition −
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="fill_parent"
android:orientation="vertical" >

</LinearLayout>
This application code will load this layout for an Activity, in the onCreate() method as
follows −
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
}
Accessing Resources in XML
Consider the following resource XML res/values/strings.xml file that includes a color
resource and a string resource −
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<resources>
<color name="opaque_red">#f00</color>
<string name="hello">Hello!</string>
</resources>

Now you can use these resources in the following layout file to set the text color and
text string as follows −
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<EditText
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="fill_parent"
android:textColor="@color/opaque_red"
android:text="@string/hello" />

Now if you will go through previous chapter once again where I have explained Hello
World! example, and I'm sure you will have better understanding on all the concepts
explained in this chapter. So I highly recommend to check previous chapter for
working example and check how I have used various resources at very basic level.

Android - Activities
An activity represents a single screen with a user interface just like window or frame of
Java.Android activity is the subclass of ContextThemeWrapper class.

If you have worked with C, C++ or Java programming language then you must have
seen that your program starts from main() function. Very similar way, Android system
initiates its program with in an Activity starting with a call on onCreate() callback
method. There is a sequence of callback methods that start up an activity and a
sequence of callback methods that tear down an activity as shown in the below
Activity life cycle diagram: (image courtesy : android.com )
The Activity class defines the following call backs i.e. events. You don't need to
implement all the callbacks methods. However, it's important that you understand
each one and implement those that ensure your app behaves the way users expect.

Sr.No Callback & Description

1 onCreate()
This is the first callback and called when the activity is first created.

2 onStart()
This callback is called when the activity becomes visible to the user.

onResume()
3
This is called when the user starts interacting with the application.

onPause()
4
The paused activity does not receive user input and cannot execute any code and called
when the current activity is being paused and the previous activity is being resumed.

onStop()
5
This callback is called when the activity is no longer visible.

onDestroy()
6
This callback is called before the activity is destroyed by the system.

onRestart()
7
This callback is called when the activity restarts after stopping it.

Example
This example will take you through simple steps to show Android application activity
life cycle. Follow the following steps to modify the Android application we created
in Hello World Example chapter −

Step Description

1 You will use Android studio to create an Android application and name it as HelloWorld under a
package com.example.helloworld as explained in the Hello World Example chapter.

2 Modify main activity file MainActivity.java as explained below. Keep rest of the files unchanged.

3 Run the application to launch Android emulator and verify the result of the changes done in the
application.

Following is the content of the modified main activity

file src/com.example.helloworld/MainActivity.java. This file includes each of the
fundamental life cycle methods. The Log.d() method has been used to generate log
messages −
package com.example.helloworld;

import android.os.Bundle;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.util.Log;

public class MainActivity extends Activity {

String msg = "Android : ";

/** Called when the activity is first created. */

@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
Log.d(msg, "The onCreate() event");
}

/** Called when the activity is about to become visible. */

@Override
protected void onStart() {
super.onStart();
Log.d(msg, "The onStart() event");
}

/** Called when the activity has become visible. */

@Override
protected void onResume() {
super.onResume();
Log.d(msg, "The onResume() event");
}

/** Called when another activity is taking focus. */

@Override
protected void onPause() {
super.onPause();
Log.d(msg, "The onPause() event");
}

/** Called when the activity is no longer visible. */

@Override
protected void onStop() {
super.onStop();
Log.d(msg, "The onStop() event");
}

/** Called just before the activity is destroyed. */

@Override
public void onDestroy() {
super.onDestroy();
Log.d(msg, "The onDestroy() event");
}
}

An activity class loads all the UI component using the XML file available
in res/layout folder of the project. Following statement loads UI components
from res/layout/activity_main.xml file:
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

An application can have one or more activities without any restrictions. Every activity
you define for your application must be declared in your AndroidManifest.xml file and
the main activity for your app must be declared in the manifest with an <intent-filter>
that includes the MAIN action and LAUNCHER category as follows:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
package="com.example.tutorialspoint7.myapplication">

</manifest>

If either the MAIN action or LAUNCHER category are not declared for one of your
activities, then your app icon will not appear in the Home screen's list of apps.
Let's try to run our modified Hello World! application we just modified. I assume you
had created your AVD while doing environment setup. To run the app from Android
studio, open one of your project's activity files and click Run icon from the toolbar.
Android studio installs the app on your AVD and starts it and if everything is fine with
your setup and application, it will display Emulator window and you should see
following log messages in LogCat window in Android studio −
08-23 10:32:07.682 4480-4480/com.example.helloworld D/Android ::
The onCreate() event
08-23 10:32:07.683 4480-4480/com.example.helloworld D/Android ::
The onStart() event
08-23 10:32:07.685 4480-4480/com.example.helloworld D/Android ::
The onResume() event
Let us try to click lock screen button on the Android emulator and it will generate
following events messages in LogCat window in android studio:
08-23 10:32:53.230 4480-4480/com.example.helloworld D/Android ::
The onPause() event
08-23 10:32:53.294 4480-4480/com.example.helloworld D/Android ::
The onStop() event
Let us again try to unlock your screen on the Android emulator and it will generate
following events messages in LogCat window in Android studio:
08-23 10:34:41.390 4480-4480/com.example.helloworld D/Android ::
The onStart() event
08-23 10:34:41.392 4480-4480/com.example.helloworld D/Android ::
The onResume() event

Next, let us again try to click Back button on the Android emulator and it will
generate following events messages in LogCat window in Android studio and this
completes the Activity Life Cycle for an Android Application.
08-23 10:37:24.806 4480-4480/com.example.helloworld D/Android ::
The onPause() event
08-23 10:37:25.668 4480-4480/com.example.helloworld D/Android ::
The onStop() event
08-23 10:37:25.669 4480-4480/com.example.helloworld D/Android ::
The onDestroy() event

Android - Services
A service is a component that runs in the background to perform long-running operations
without needing to interact with the user and it works even if application is destroyed. A
service can essentially take two states −

Sr.No. State & Description

1
Started
A service is started when an application component, such as an activity, starts it by
calling startService(). Once started, a service can run in the background indefinitely, even
if the component that started it is destroyed.
2
Bound
A service is bound when an application component binds to it by calling bindService(). A
bound service offers a client-server interface that allows components to interact with the
service, send requests, get results, and even do so across processes with interprocess
communication (IPC).

A service has life cycle callback methods that you can implement to monitor changes
in the service's state and you can perform work at the appropriate stage. The following
diagram on the left shows the life cycle when the service is created with startService()
and the diagram on the right shows the life cycle when the service is created with
bindService(): (image courtesy : android.com )

To create an service, you create a Java class that extends the Service base class or
one of its existing subclasses. The Service base class defines various callback
methods and the most important are given below. You don't need to implement all
the callbacks methods. However, it's important that you understand each one and
implement those that ensure your app behaves the way users expect.
Sr.No. Callback & Description

1
onStartCommand()
The system calls this method when another component, such as an activity, requests that
the service be started, by calling startService(). If you implement this method, it is your
responsibility to stop the service when its work is done, by
calling stopSelf() or stopService() methods.

2
onBind()
The system calls this method when another component wants to bind with the service by
calling bindService(). If you implement this method, you must provide an interface that
clients use to communicate with the service, by returning an IBinder object. You must
always implement this method, but if you don't want to allow binding, then you should
return null.

3
onUnbind()
The system calls this method when all clients have disconnected from a particular interface
published by the service.

4
onRebind()
The system calls this method when new clients have connected to the service, after it had
previously been notified that all had disconnected in its onUnbind(Intent).

5
onCreate()
The system calls this method when the service is first created
using onStartCommand() or onBind(). This call is required to perform one-time set-up.

6
onDestroy()
The system calls this method when the service is no longer used and is being destroyed.
Your service should implement this to clean up any resources such as threads, registered
listeners, receivers, etc.

The following skeleton service demonstrates each of the life cycle methods −
package com.tutorialspoint;

import android.app.Service;
import android.os.IBinder;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.os.Bundle;
public class HelloService extends Service {

/** indicates how to behave if the service is killed */

int mStartMode;

/** interface for clients that bind */

IBinder mBinder;

/** indicates whether onRebind should be used */

boolean mAllowRebind;

/** Called when the service is being created. */

@Override
public void onCreate() {

/** The service is starting, due to a call to startService()

*/
@Override
public int onStartCommand(Intent intent, int flags, int
startId) {
return mStartMode;
}

/** A client is binding to the service with bindService() */

@Override
public IBinder onBind(Intent intent) {
return mBinder;
}

/** Called when all clients have unbound with unbindService()

*/
@Override
public boolean onUnbind(Intent intent) {
return mAllowRebind;
}

/** Called when a client is binding to the service with

bindService()*/
@Override
public void onRebind(Intent intent) {

/** Called when The service is no longer used and is being

destroyed */
@Override
public void onDestroy() {

}
}
Example
This example will take you through simple steps to show how to create your own
Android Service. Follow the following steps to modify the Android application we
created in Hello World Example chapter −

Step Description

1 You will use Android StudioIDE to create an Android application and name it as My
Application under a package com.example.tutorialspoint7.myapplication as explained in the Hello
World Example chapter.

2 Modify main activity file MainActivity.java to add startService() and stopService() methods.

3 Create a new java file MyService.java under the package com.example.My Application. This file will
have implementation of Android service related methods.

4 Define your service in AndroidManifest.xml file using <service.../> tag. An application can have one
or more services without any restrictions.

5 Modify the default content of res/layout/activity_main.xml file to include two buttons in linear layout.

6 No need to change any constants in res/values/strings.xml file. Android studio take care of string
values

7 Run the application to launch Android emulator and verify the result of the changes done in the
application.

Following is the content of the modified main activity file MainActivity.java. This file
can include each of the fundamental life cycle methods. We have
added startService() and stopService() methods to start and stop the service.
package com.example.tutorialspoint7.myapplication;

import android.content.Intent;
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.os.Bundle;

import android.os.Bundle;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.util.Log;
import android.view.View;
public class MainActivity extends Activity {
String msg = "Android : ";

/** Called when the activity is first created. */

@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
Log.d(msg, "The onCreate() event");
}

public void startService(View view) {

startService(new Intent(getBaseContext(),
MyService.class));
}

// Method to stop the service

public void stopService(View view) {
stopService(new Intent(getBaseContext(), MyService.class));
}
}

Following is the content of MyService.java. This file can have implementation of one
or more methods associated with Service based on requirements. For now we are
going to implement only two methods onStartCommand() and onDestroy() −
package com.example.tutorialspoint7.myapplication;

import android.app.Service;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.os.IBinder;
import android.support.annotation.Nullable;
import android.widget.Toast;

/**
* Created by TutorialsPoint7 on 8/23/2016.
*/

public class MyService extends Service {

@Nullable
@Override
public IBinder onBind(Intent intent) {
return null;
}

@Override
public int onStartCommand(Intent intent, int flags, int
startId) {
// Let it continue running until it is stopped.
Toast.makeText(this, "Service Started",
Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
return START_STICKY;
}
@Override
public void onDestroy() {
super.onDestroy();
Toast.makeText(this, "Service Destroyed",
Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
}
}

Following will the modified content of AndroidManifest.xml file. Here we have added
<service.../> tag to include our service −
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
package="com.example.tutorialspoint7.myapplication">

<service android:name=".MyService" />

</application>

</manifest>

Following will be the content of res/layout/activity_main.xml file to include two

buttons −
<RelativeLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:paddingLeft="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
android:paddingRight="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
android:paddingTop="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin"
android:paddingBottom="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin"
tools:context=".MainActivity">

</RelativeLayout>

Let's try to run our modified Hello World! application we just modified. I assume you
had created your AVD while doing environment setup. To run the app from Android
studio, open one of your project's activity files and click Run icon from the tool bar.
Android Studio installs the app on your AVD and starts it and if everything is fine with
your set-up and application, it will display following Emulator window −

Now to start your service, let's click on Start Service button, this will start the service
and as per our programming in onStartCommand() method, a message Service
Started will appear on the bottom of the the simulator as follows −
To stop the service, you can click the Stop Service button.

Android - Broadcast Receivers

Broadcast Receivers simply respond to broadcast messages from other
applications or from the system itself. These messages are sometime called events
or intents. For example, applications can also initiate broadcasts to let other
applications know that some data has been downloaded to the device and is available
for them to use, so this is broadcast receiver who will intercept this communication
and will initiate appropriate action.
There are following two important steps to make BroadcastReceiver works for the
system broadcasted intents −
• Creating the Broadcast Receiver.
• Registering Broadcast Receiver
There is one additional steps in case you are going to implement your custom intents
then you will have to create and broadcast those intents.

Creating the Broadcast Receiver

A broadcast receiver is implemented as a subclass of BroadcastReceiver class and
overriding the onReceive() method where each message is received as
a Intent object parameter.
public class MyReceiver extends BroadcastReceiver {
@Override
public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
Toast.makeText(context, "Intent Detected.",
Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
}
}

Registering Broadcast Receiver

An application listens for specific broadcast intents by registering a broadcast receiver
in AndroidManifest.xml file. Consider we are going to register MyReceiver for system
generated event ACTION_BOOT_COMPLETED which is fired by the system once
the Android system has completed the boot process.

Broadcast-Receiver
<application
android:icon="@drawable/ic_launcher"
android:label="@string/app_name"
android:theme="@style/AppTheme" >
<receiver android:name="MyReceiver">

<intent-filter>
<action
android:name="android.intent.action.BOOT_COMPLETED">
</action>
</intent-filter>

</receiver>
</application>

Now whenever your Android device gets booted, it will be intercepted by

BroadcastReceiver MyReceiver and implemented logic inside onReceive() will be
executed.
There are several system generated events defined as final static fields in
the Intent class. The following table lists a few important system events.

Sr.No Event Constant & Description

android.intent.action.BATTERY_CHANGED
1
Sticky broadcast containing the charging state, level, and other information about the
battery.

android.intent.action.BATTERY_LOW
2
Indicates low battery condition on the device.

android.intent.action.BATTERY_OKAY
3
Indicates the battery is now okay after being low.

android.intent.action.BOOT_COMPLETED
4
This is broadcast once, after the system has finished booting.

android.intent.action.BUG_REPORT
5
Show activity for reporting a bug.

android.intent.action.CALL
6
Perform a call to someone specified by the data.

android.intent.action.CALL_BUTTON
7
The user pressed the "call" button to go to the dialer or other appropriate UI for placing a
call.
android.intent.action.DATE_CHANGED
8
The date has changed.

android.intent.action.REBOOT
9
Have the device reboot.

Broadcasting Custom Intents

If you want your application itself should generate and send custom intents then you
will have to create and send those intents by using the sendBroadcast() method
inside your activity class. If you use the sendStickyBroadcast(Intent) method, the
Intent is sticky, meaning the Intent you are sending stays around after the broadcast
is complete.
public void broadcastIntent(View view) {
Intent intent = new Intent();
intent.setAction("com.tutorialspoint.CUSTOM_INTENT");
sendBroadcast(intent);
}

This intent com.tutorialspoint.CUSTOM_INTENT can also be registered in similar

way as we have regsitered system generated intent.
<application
android:icon="@drawable/ic_launcher"
android:label="@string/app_name"
android:theme="@style/AppTheme" >
<receiver android:name="MyReceiver">

<intent-filter>
<action android:name="com.tutorialspoint.CUSTOM_INTENT">
</action>
</intent-filter>

</receiver>
</application>

Example
This example will explain you how to create BroadcastReceiver to intercept custom
intent. Once you are familiar with custom intent, then you can program your
application to intercept system generated intents. So let's follow the following steps
to modify the Android application we created in Hello World Example chapter −

Step Description
1 You will use Android studio to create an Android application and name it as My Application under a
package com.example.tutorialspoint7.myapplication as explained in the Hello World
Example chapter.

2 Modify main activity file MainActivity.java to add broadcastIntent() method.

3 Create a new java file called MyReceiver.java under the

package com.example.tutorialspoint7.myapplication to define a BroadcastReceiver.

4 An application can handle one or more custom and system intents without any restrictions. Every
intent you want to intercept must be registered in your AndroidManifest.xml file using <receiver.../>
tag

5 Modify the default content of res/layout/activity_main.xml file to include a button to broadcast intent.

6 No need to modify the string file, Android studio take care of string.xml file.

7 Run the application to launch Android emulator and verify the result of the changes done in the
application.

Following is the content of the modified main activity file MainActivity.java. This file
can include each of the fundamental life cycle methods. We have
added broadcastIntent() method to broadcast a custom intent.
package com.example.tutorialspoint7.myapplication;

import android.app.Activity;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;

public class MainActivity extends Activity {

/** Called when the activity is first created. */

@Override

public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {

super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
}

// broadcast a custom intent.

public void broadcastIntent(View view){
Intent intent = new Intent();
intent.setAction("com.tutorialspoint.CUSTOM_INTENT");
sendBroadcast(intent);
}
}

Following is the content of MyReceiver.java:

package com.example.tutorialspoint7.myapplication;

import android.content.BroadcastReceiver;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.widget.Toast;

/**
* Created by TutorialsPoint7 on 8/23/2016.
*/
public class MyReceiver extends BroadcastReceiver{
@Override
public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
Toast.makeText(context, "Intent Detected.",
Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
}
}
Following will the modified content of AndroidManifest.xml file. Here we have added
<receiver.../> tag to include our service:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
package="com.example.tutorialspoint7.myapplication">

</receiver>
</application>

</manifest>

Following will be the content of res/layout/activity_main.xml file to include a button

to broadcast our custom intent −
<RelativeLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:paddingLeft="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
android:paddingRight="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
android:paddingTop="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin"
android:paddingBottom="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin"
tools:context=".MainActivity">

</RelativeLayout>

Let's try to run our modified Hello World! application we just modified. I assume you
had created your AVD while doing environment set-up. To run the app from Android
studio, open one of your project's activity files and click Run icon from the tool bar.
Android Studio installs the app on your AVD and starts it and if everything is fine with
your set-up and application, it will display following Emulator window −

Now to broadcast our custom intent, let's click on Broadcast Intent button, this will
broadcast our custom intent "com.tutorialspoint.CUSTOM_INTENT" which will be
intercepted by our registered BroadcastReceiver i.e. MyReceiver and as per our
implemented logic a toast will appear on the bottom of the the simulator as follows −

You can try implementing other BroadcastReceiver to intercept system generated

intents like system boot up, date changed, low battery etc.

Android - Content Providers

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A content provider component supplies data from one application to others on
request. Such requests are handled by the methods of the ContentResolver class. A
content provider can use different ways to store its data and the data can be stored
in a database, in files, or even over a network.

ContentProvider
sometimes it is required to share data across applications. This is where content
providers become very useful.

Content providers let you centralize content in one place and have many different
applications access it as needed. A content provider behaves very much like a
database where you can query it, edit its content, as well as add or delete content
using insert(), update(), delete(), and query() methods. In most cases this data is
stored in an SQlite database.
A content provider is implemented as a subclass of ContentProvider class and must
implement a standard set of APIs that enable other applications to perform
transactions.
public class My Application extends ContentProvider {
}

Content URIs
To query a content provider, you specify the query string in the form of a URI which
has following format −
<prefix>://<authority>/<data_type>/<id>

Here is the detail of various parts of the URI −

Sr.No Part & Description

1 prefix
This is always set to content://

authority
2 This specifies the name of the content provider, for example contacts, browser etc. For
third-party content providers, this could be the fully qualified name, such
as com.tutorialspoint.statusprovider

data_type
3 This indicates the type of data that this particular provider provides. For example, if you
are getting all the contacts from the Contacts content provider, then the data path would
be people and URI would look like thiscontent://contacts/people

id
4 This specifies the specific record requested. For example, if you are looking for contact
number 5 in the Contacts content provider then URI would look like
this content://contacts/people/5.

Create Content Provider

This involves number of simple steps to create your own content provider.
• First of all you need to create a Content Provider class that extends
the ContentProviderbaseclass.
• Second, you need to define your content provider URI address which will be
used to access the content.
• Next you will need to create your own database to keep the content. Usually,
Android uses SQLite database and framework needs to
override onCreate() method which will use SQLite Open Helper method to
create or open the provider's database. When your application is launched,
the onCreate() handler of each of its Content Providers is called on the main
application thread.
• Next you will have to implement Content Provider queries to perform different
database specific operations.
• Finally register your Content Provider in your activity file using <provider> tag.
Here is the list of methods which you need to override in Content Provider class to
have your Content Provider working −
ContentProvider
• onCreate() This method is called when the provider is started.
• query() This method receives a request from a client. The result is returned as
a Cursor object.
• insert()This method inserts a new record into the content provider.
• delete() This method deletes an existing record from the content provider.
• update() This method updates an existing record from the content provider.
• getType() This method returns the MIME type of the data at the given URI.

Example
This example will explain you how to create your own ContentProvider. So let's follow
the following steps to similar to what we followed while creating Hello World
Example−

Step Description

1 You will use Android StudioIDE to create an Android application and name it as My
Application under a package com.example.MyApplication, with blank Activity.

2 Modify main activity file MainActivity.java to add two new

methods onClickAddName() and onClickRetrieveStudents().

3 Create a new java file called StudentsProvider.java under the

package com.example.MyApplication to define your actual provider and associated methods.

4 Register your content provider in your AndroidManifest.xml file using <provider.../> tag
5 Modify the default content of res/layout/activity_main.xml file to include a small GUI to add students
records.

6 No need to change string.xml.Android studio take care of string.xml file.

7 Run the application to launch Android emulator and verify the result of the changes done in the
application.

Following is the content of the modified main activity

file src/com.example.MyApplication/MainActivity.java. This file can include each
of the fundamental life cycle methods. We have added two new
methods onClickAddName() and onClickRetrieveStudents() to handle user
interaction with the application.
package com.example.MyApplication;

import android.net.Uri;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.app.Activity;

import android.content.ContentValues;
import android.content.CursorLoader;

import android.database.Cursor;

import android.view.Menu;
import android.view.View;

import android.widget.EditText;
import android.widget.Toast;

public class MainActivity extends Activity {

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
}
public void onClickAddName(View view) {
// Add a new student record
ContentValues values = new ContentValues();
values.put(StudentsProvider.NAME,

((EditText)findViewById(R.id.editText2)).getText().toString());

values.put(StudentsProvider.GRADE,

((EditText)findViewById(R.id.editText3)).getText().toString());
Uri uri = getContentResolver().insert(
StudentsProvider.CONTENT_URI, values);

Toast.makeText(getBaseContext(),
uri.toString(), Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
}
public void onClickRetrieveStudents(View view) {
// Retrieve student records
String URL =
"content://com.example.MyApplication.StudentsProvider";

Uri students = Uri.parse(URL);

Cursor c = managedQuery(students, null, null, null,
"name");

if (c.moveToFirst()) {
do{
Toast.makeText(this,

c.getString(c.getColumnIndex(StudentsProvider._ID)) +
", " + c.getString(c.getColumnIndex(
StudentsProvider.NAME)) +
", " + c.getString(c.getColumnIndex(
StudentsProvider.GRADE)),
Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
} while (c.moveToNext());
}
}
}

Create new file StudentsProvider.java under com.example.MyApplication package

and following is the content
of src/com.example.MyApplication/StudentsProvider.java −
package com.example.MyApplication;

import java.util.HashMap;

import android.content.ContentProvider;
import android.content.ContentUris;
import android.content.ContentValues;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.UriMatcher;

import android.database.Cursor;
import android.database.SQLException;

import android.database.sqlite.SQLiteDatabase;
import android.database.sqlite.SQLiteOpenHelper;
import android.database.sqlite.SQLiteQueryBuilder;

import android.net.Uri;
import android.text.TextUtils;
public class StudentsProvider extends ContentProvider {
static final String PROVIDER_NAME =
"com.example.MyApplication.StudentsProvider";
static final String URL = "content://" + PROVIDER_NAME +
"/students";
static final Uri CONTENT_URI = Uri.parse(URL);

static final String _ID = "_id";

static final String NAME = "name";
static final String GRADE = "grade";

private static HashMap<String, String>

STUDENTS_PROJECTION_MAP;

static final int STUDENTS = 1;

static final int STUDENT_ID = 2;

static final UriMatcher uriMatcher;

static{
uriMatcher = new UriMatcher(UriMatcher.NO_MATCH);
uriMatcher.addURI(PROVIDER_NAME, "students", STUDENTS);
uriMatcher.addURI(PROVIDER_NAME, "students/#", STUDENT_ID);
}

/**
* Database specific constant declarations
*/

private SQLiteDatabase db;

static final String DATABASE_NAME = "College";
static final String STUDENTS_TABLE_NAME = "students";
static final int DATABASE_VERSION = 1;
static final String CREATE_DB_TABLE =
" CREATE TABLE " + STUDENTS_TABLE_NAME +
" (_id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, " +
" name TEXT NOT NULL, " +
" grade TEXT NOT NULL);";

/**
* Helper class that actually creates and manages
* the provider's underlying data repository.
*/

private static class DatabaseHelper extends SQLiteOpenHelper {

DatabaseHelper(Context context){
super(context, DATABASE_NAME, null, DATABASE_VERSION);
}

@Override
public void onCreate(SQLiteDatabase db) {
db.execSQL(CREATE_DB_TABLE);
}
@Override
public void onUpgrade(SQLiteDatabase db, int oldVersion,
int newVersion) {
db.execSQL("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS " +
STUDENTS_TABLE_NAME);
onCreate(db);
}
}

@Override
public boolean onCreate() {
Context context = getContext();
DatabaseHelper dbHelper = new DatabaseHelper(context);

/**
* Create a write able database which will trigger its
* creation if it doesn't already exist.
*/

db = dbHelper.getWritableDatabase();
return (db == null)? false:true;
}

@Override
public Uri insert(Uri uri, ContentValues values) {
/**
* Add a new student record
*/
long rowID = db.insert( STUDENTS_TABLE_NAME, "",
values);

/**
* If record is added successfully
*/
if (rowID > 0) {
Uri _uri = ContentUris.withAppendedId(CONTENT_URI,
rowID);
getContext().getContentResolver().notifyChange(_uri,
null);
return _uri;
}

throw new SQLException("Failed to add a record into " +

uri);
}

@Override
public Cursor query(Uri uri, String[] projection,
String selection,String[] selectionArgs, String sortOrder)
{
SQLiteQueryBuilder qb = new SQLiteQueryBuilder();
qb.setTables(STUDENTS_TABLE_NAME);
switch (uriMatcher.match(uri)) {
case STUDENTS:
qb.setProjectionMap(STUDENTS_PROJECTION_MAP);
break;

case STUDENT_ID:
qb.appendWhere( _ID + "=" +
uri.getPathSegments().get(1));
break;

default:
}

if (sortOrder == null || sortOrder == ""){

/**
* By default sort on student names
*/
sortOrder = NAME;
}

Cursor c = qb.query(db, projection, selection,

selectionArgs,null, null, sortOrder);
/**
* register to watch a content URI for changes
*/
c.setNotificationUri(getContext().getContentResolver(),
uri);
return c;
}

@Override
public int delete(Uri uri, String selection, String[]
selectionArgs) {
int count = 0;
switch (uriMatcher.match(uri)){
case STUDENTS:
count = db.delete(STUDENTS_TABLE_NAME, selection,
selectionArgs);
break;

case STUDENT_ID:
String id = uri.getPathSegments().get(1);
count = db.delete( STUDENTS_TABLE_NAME, _ID + " = "
+ id +
(!TextUtils.isEmpty(selection) ? "
AND (" + selection + ')' : ""), selectionArgs);
break;
default:
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown URI " +
uri);
}
getContext().getContentResolver().notifyChange(uri, null);
return count;
}

@Override
public int update(Uri uri, ContentValues values,
String selection, String[] selectionArgs) {
int count = 0;
switch (uriMatcher.match(uri)) {
case STUDENTS:
count = db.update(STUDENTS_TABLE_NAME, values,
selection, selectionArgs);
break;

case STUDENT_ID:
count = db.update(STUDENTS_TABLE_NAME, values,
_ID + " = " + uri.getPathSegments().get(1) +
(!TextUtils.isEmpty(selection) ? "
AND (" +selection + ')' : ""), selectionArgs);
break;
default:
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown URI " +
uri );
}

getContext().getContentResolver().notifyChange(uri, null);
return count;
}

@Override
public String getType(Uri uri) {
switch (uriMatcher.match(uri)){
/**
* Get all student records
*/
case STUDENTS:
return "vnd.android.cursor.dir/vnd.example.students";
/**
* Get a particular student
*/
case STUDENT_ID:
return
"vnd.android.cursor.item/vnd.example.students";
default:
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unsupported URI:
" + uri);
}
}
}

Following will the modified content of AndroidManifest.xml file. Here we have added
<provider.../> tag to include our content provider:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
package="com.example.MyApplication">

<provider android:name="StudentsProvider"

android:authorities="com.example.MyApplication.StudentsProvider"/
>
</application>
</manifest>

Following will be the content of res/layout/activity_main.xml file−

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<RelativeLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:paddingBottom="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin"
android:paddingLeft="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
android:paddingRight="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
android:paddingTop="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin"
tools:context="com.example.MyApplication.MainActivity">

Make sure you have following content of res/values/strings.xml file:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<resources>
<string name="app_name">My Application</string>
</resources>;

Let's try to run our modified My Application application we just created. I assume
you had created your AVD while doing environment set-up. To run the app from
Android Studio IDE, open one of your project's activity files and click Run icon from
the tool bar. Android Studio installs the app on your AVD and starts it and if everything
is fine with your set-up and application, it will display following Emulator window, be
patience because it may take sometime based on your computer speed −
Now let's enter student Name and Grade and finally click on Add Name button, this
will add student record in the database and will flash a message at the bottom
showing ContentProvider URI along with record number added in the database. This
operation makes use of our insert() method. Let's repeat this process to add few
more students in the database of our content provider.
Once you are done with adding records in the database, now its time to ask
ContentProvider to give us those records back, so let's click Retrieve
Students button which will fetch and display all the records one by one which is as
per our the implementation of our query() method.
You can write activities against update and delete operations by providing callback
functions in MainActivity.java file and then modify user interface to have buttons for
update and deleted operations in the same way as we have done for add and read
operations.
This way you can use existing Content Provider like Address Book or you can use
Content Provider concept in developing nice database oriented applications where
you can perform all sort of database operations like read, write, update and delete as
explained above in the example.
Android - Fragments
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A Fragment is a piece of an activity which enable more modular activity design. It will not be
wrong if we say, a fragment is a kind of sub-activity.
Following are important points about fragment −
• A fragment has its own layout and its own behaviour with its own life cycle
callbacks.
• You can add or remove fragments in an activity while the activity is running.
• You can combine multiple fragments in a single activity to build a multi-pane
UI.
• A fragment can be used in multiple activities.
• Fragment life cycle is closely related to the life cycle of its host activity which
means when the activity is paused, all the fragments available in the activity
will also be stopped.
• A fragment can implement a behaviour that has no user interface component.
• Fragments were added to the Android API in Honeycomb version of Android
which API version 11.
You create fragments by extending Fragment class and You can insert a fragment
into your activity layout by declaring the fragment in the activity's layout file, as
a <fragment> element.
Prior to fragment introduction, we had a limitation because we can show only a single
activity on the screen at one given point in time. So we were not able to divide device
screen and control different parts separately. But with the introduction of fragment we
got more flexibility and removed the limitation of having a single activity on the screen
at a time. Now we can have a single activity but each activity can comprise of multiple
fragments which will have their own layout, events and complete life cycle.
Following is a typical example of how two UI modules defined by fragments can be
combined into one activity for a tablet design, but separated for a handset design.
The application can embed two fragments in Activity A, when running on a tablet-
sized device. However, on a handset-sized screen, there's not enough room for both
fragments, so Activity A includes only the fragment for the list of articles, and when
the user selects an article, it starts Activity B, which includes the second fragment to
read the article.

Fragment Life Cycle

Android fragments have their own life cycle very similar to an android activity. This
section briefs different stages of its life cycle.

Fragment lifecycle
Here is the list of methods which you can to override in your fragment class −
• onAttach()The fragment instance is associated with an activity instance.The
fragment and the activity is not fully initialized. Typically you get in this method
a reference to the activity which uses the fragment for further initialization work.
• onCreate() The system calls this method when creating the fragment. You
should initialize essential components of the fragment that you want to retain
when the fragment is paused or stopped, then resumed.
• onCreateView() The system calls this callback when it's time for the fragment
to draw its user interface for the first time. To draw a UI for your fragment, you
must return a View component from this method that is the root of your
fragment's layout. You can return null if the fragment does not provide a UI.
• onActivityCreated()The onActivityCreated() is called after the onCreateView()
method when the host activity is created. Activity and fragment instance have
been created as well as the view hierarchy of the activity. At this point, view
can be accessed with the findViewById() method. example. In this method you
can instantiate objects which require a Context object
• onStart()The onStart() method is called once the fragment gets visible.
• onResume()Fragment becomes active.
• onPause() The system calls this method as the first indication that the user is
leaving the fragment. This is usually where you should commit any changes
that should be persisted beyond the current user session.
• onStop()Fragment going to be stopped by calling onStop()
• onDestroyView()Fragment view will destroy after call this method
• onDestroy()onDestroy() called to do final clean up of the fragment's state but
Not guaranteed to be called by the Android platform.

How to use Fragments?

This involves number of simple steps to create Fragments.
• First of all decide how many fragments you want to use in an activity. For
example let's we want to use two fragments to handle landscape and portrait
modes of the device.
• Next based on number of fragments, create classes which will extend
the Fragment class. The Fragment class has above mentioned callback
functions. You can override any of the functions based on your requirements.
• Corresponding to each fragment, you will need to create layout files in XML
file. These files will have layout for the defined fragments.
• Finally modify activity file to define the actual logic of replacing fragments based
on your requirement.

Types of Fragments
Basically fragments are divided as three stages as shown below.
• Single frame fragments − Single frame fragments are using for hand hold
devices like mobiles, here we can show only one fragment as a view.
• List fragments − fragments having special list view is called as list fragment
• Fragments transaction − Using with fragment transaction. we can move one
fragment to another fragment.

Android - Intents and Filters

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An Android Intent is an abstract description of an operation to be performed. It can
be used with startActivity to launch an Activity, broadcastIntent to send it to any
interested BroadcastReceiver components,
and startService(Intent) or bindService(Intent, ServiceConnection, int) to
communicate with a background Service.
The intent itself, an Intent object, is a passive data structure holding an abstract
description of an operation to be performed.

For example, let's assume that you have an Activity that needs to launch an email
client and sends an email using your Android device. For this purpose, your Activity
would send an ACTION_SEND along with appropriate chooser, to the Android Intent
Resolver. The specified chooser gives the proper interface for the user to pick how to
send your email data.
Intent email = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_SEND,
Uri.parse("mailto:"));
email.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_EMAIL, recipients);
email.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_SUBJECT,
subject.getText().toString());
email.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_TEXT, body.getText().toString());
startActivity(Intent.createChooser(email, "Choose an email client
from..."));
Above syntax is calling startActivity method to start an email activity and result should
be as shown below −
For example, assume that you have an Activity that needs to open URL in a web
browser on your Android device. For this purpose, your Activity will send
ACTION_WEB_SEARCH Intent to the Android Intent Resolver to open given URL in
the web browser. The Intent Resolver parses through a list of Activities and chooses
the one that would best match your Intent, in this case, the Web Browser Activity. The
Intent Resolver then passes your web page to the web browser and starts the Web
Browser Activity.
String q = "tutorialspoint";
Intent intent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_WEB_SEARCH );
intent.putExtra(SearchManager.QUERY, q);
startActivity(intent);

Above example will search as tutorialspoint on android search engine and it gives
the result of tutorialspoint in your an activity
There are separate mechanisms for delivering intents to each type of component −
activities, services, and broadcast receivers.

Sr.No Method & Description

Context.startActivity()
1
The Intent object is passed to this method to launch a new activity or get an existing activity
to do something new.

Context.startService()
2
The Intent object is passed to this method to initiate a service or deliver new instructions
to an ongoing service.

3 Context.sendBroadcast()
The Intent object is passed to this method to deliver the message to all interested broadcast
receivers.

Intent Objects
An Intent object is a bundle of information which is used by the component that
receives the intent as well as information used by the Android system.
An Intent object can contain the following components based on what it is
communicating or going to perform −
Action
This is mandatory part of the Intent object and is a string naming the action to be
performed — or, in the case of broadcast intents, the action that took place and is
being reported. The action largely determines how the rest of the intent object is
structured . The Intent class defines a number of action constants corresponding to
different intents. Here is a list of Android Intent Standard Actions
The action in an Intent object can be set by the setAction() method and read by
getAction().
Data
Adds a data specification to an intent filter. The specification can be just a data type
(the mimeType attribute), just a URI, or both a data type and a URI. A URI is specified
by separate attributes for each of its parts −
These attributes that specify the URL format are optional, but also mutually
dependent −

• If a scheme is not specified for the intent filter, all the other URI attributes are
ignored.
• If a host is not specified for the filter, the port attribute and all the path attributes are
ignored.
The setData() method specifies data only as a URI, setType() specifies it only as a
MIME type, and setDataAndType() specifies it as both a URI and a MIME type. The
URI is read by getData() and the type by getType().
Some examples of action/data pairs are −

Sr.No. Action/Data Pair & Description

1 ACTION_VIEW content://contacts/people/1
Display information about the person whose identifier is "1".

2 ACTION_DIAL content://contacts/people/1
Display the phone dialer with the person filled in.

ACTION_VIEW tel:123
3
Display the phone dialer with the given number filled in.

ACTION_DIAL tel:123
4
Display the phone dialer with the given number filled in.

ACTION_EDIT content://contacts/people/1
5
Edit information about the person whose identifier is "1".

ACTION_VIEW content://contacts/people/
6
Display a list of people, which the user can browse through.

ACTION_SET_WALLPAPER
7
Show settings for choosing wallpaper

ACTION_SYNC
8
It going to be synchronous the data,Constant Value is android.intent.action.SYNC

ACTION_SYSTEM_TUTORIAL
9
It will start the platform-defined tutorial(Default tutorial or start up tutorial)

ACTION_TIMEZONE_CHANGED
10
It intimates when time zone has changed

ACTION_UNINSTALL_PACKAGE
11
It is used to run default uninstaller

Category
The category is an optional part of Intent object and it's a string containing additional
information about the kind of component that should handle the intent. The
addCategory() method places a category in an Intent object, removeCategory()
deletes a category previously added, and getCategories() gets the set of all
categories currently in the object. Here is a list of Android Intent Standard Categories.
You can check detail on Intent Filters in below section to understand how do we use
categories to choose appropriate activity corresponding to an Intent.
Extras
This will be in key-value pairs for additional information that should be delivered to
the component handling the intent. The extras can be set and read using the
putExtras() and getExtras() methods respectively. Here is a list of Android Intent
Standard Extra Data
Flags
These flags are optional part of Intent object and instruct the Android system how to
launch an activity, and how to treat it after it's launched etc.

Sr.No Flags & Description

FLAG_ACTIVITY_CLEAR_TASK
1 If set in an Intent passed to Context.startActivity(), this flag will cause any existing task that
would be associated with the activity to be cleared before the activity is started. That is,
the activity becomes the new root of an otherwise empty task, and any old activities are
finished. This can only be used in conjunction with FLAG_ACTIVITY_NEW_TASK.

FLAG_ACTIVITY_CLEAR_TOP
2 If set, and the activity being launched is already running in the current task, then instead
of launching a new instance of that activity, all of the other activities on top of it will be
closed and this Intent will be delivered to the (now on top) old activity as a new Intent.

FLAG_ACTIVITY_NEW_TASK
3 This flag is generally used by activities that want to present a "launcher" style behavior:
they give the user a list of separate things that can be done, which otherwise run completely
independently of the activity launching them.

Component Name
This optional field is an android ComponentName object representing either Activity,
Service or BroadcastReceiver class. If it is set, the Intent object is delivered to an
instance of the designated class otherwise Android uses other information in the
Intent object to locate a suitable target.
The component name is set by setComponent(), setClass(), or setClassName() and
read by getComponent().

Types of Intents
There are following two types of intents supported by Android
Explicit Intents
Explicit intent going to be connected internal world of application,suppose if you wants
to connect one activity to another activity, we can do this quote by explicit intent,
below image is connecting first activity to second activity by clicking button.

These intents designate the target component by its name and they are typically used
for application-internal messages - such as an activity starting a subordinate service
or launching a sister activity. For example −
// Explicit Intent by specifying its class name
Intent i = new Intent(FirstActivity.this, SecondActivity.class);

// Starts TargetActivity
startActivity(i);
Implicit Intents
These intents do not name a target and the field for the component name is left blank.
Implicit intents are often used to activate components in other applications. For
example −
Intent read1=new Intent();
read1.setAction(android.content.Intent.ACTION_VIEW);
read1.setData(ContactsContract.Contacts.CONTENT_URI);
startActivity(read1);
Above code will give result as shown below

The target component which receives the intent can use the getExtras() method to
get the extra data sent by the source component. For example −
// Get bundle object at appropriate place in your code
Bundle extras = getIntent().getExtras();

// Extract data using passed keys

String value1 = extras.getString("Key1");
String value2 = extras.getString("Key2");

Example
Following example shows the functionality of a Android Intent to launch various
Android built-in applications.
Step Description

1 You will use Android studio IDE to create an Android application and name it as My
Application under a package com.example.saira_000.myapplication.

2 Modify src/main/java/MainActivity.java file and add the code to define two listeners corresponding
two buttons ie. Start Browser and Start Phone.

3 Modify layout XML file res/layout/activity_main.xml to add three buttons in linear layout.

4 Run the application to launch Android emulator and verify the result of the changes done in the
application.

Following is the content of the modified main activity file src/com.example.My

Application/MainActivity.java.
package com.example.saira_000.myapplication;

import android.content.Intent;
import android.net.Uri;
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.Button;

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

Button b1,b2;

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

b1=(Button)findViewById(R.id.button);
b1.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {

@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
Intent i = new
Intent(android.content.Intent.ACTION_VIEW,
Uri.parse("http://www.example.com"));
startActivity(i);
}
});

b2=(Button)findViewById(R.id.button2);
b2.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
Intent i = new
Intent(android.content.Intent.ACTION_VIEW,
Uri.parse("tel:9510300000"));
startActivity(i);
}
});
}
}

Following will be the content of res/layout/activity_main.xml file −

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<RelativeLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:paddingLeft="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
android:paddingRight="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
android:paddingTop="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin"
android:paddingBottom="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin"
tools:context=".MainActivity">

Following will be the content of res/values/strings.xml to define two new constants

−
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<resources>
<string name="app_name">My Applicaiton</string>
</resources>

Following is the default content of AndroidManifest.xml −

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
package="com.example.saira_000.myapplication">

Now click on Start Browser button, which will start a browser configured and display
http://www.example.com as shown below −
Similar way you can launch phone interface using Start Phone button, which will allow
you to dial already given phone number.

Intent Filters
You have seen how an Intent has been used to call an another activity. Android OS
uses filters to pinpoint the set of Activities, Services, and Broadcast receivers that can
handle the Intent with help of specified set of action, categories, data scheme
associated with an Intent. You will use <intent-filter> element in the manifest file to
list down actions, categories and data types associated with any activity, service, or
broadcast receiver.
Following is an example of a part of AndroidManifest.xml file to specify an
activity com.example.My Application.CustomActivity which can be invoked by
either of the two mentioned actions, one category, and one data −
<activity android:name=".CustomActivity"
android:label="@string/app_name">

<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.VIEW" />
<action android:name="com.example.My Application.LAUNCH" />
<category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
<data android:scheme="http" />
</intent-filter>

</activity>
Once this activity is defined along with above mentioned filters, other activities will be
able to invoke this activity using either the android.intent.action.VIEW, or using
the com.example.My Application.LAUNCH action provided their category
is android.intent.category.DEFAULT.
The <data> element specifies the data type expected by the activity to be called and
for above example our custom activity expects the data to start with the "http://"
There may be a situation that an intent can pass through the filters of more than one
activity or service, the user may be asked which component to activate. An exception
is raised if no target can be found.
There are following test Android checks before invoking an activity −
• A filter <intent-filter> may list more than one action as shown above but this list
cannot be empty; a filter must contain at least one <action> element, otherwise
it will block all intents. If more than one actions are mentioned then Android
tries to match one of the mentioned actions before invoking the activity.
• A filter <intent-filter> may list zero, one or more than one categories. if there is
no category mentioned then Android always pass this test but if more than one
categories are mentioned then for an intent to pass the category test, every
category in the Intent object must match a category in the filter.
• Each <data> element can specify a URI and a data type (MIME media type).
There are separate attributes like scheme, host, port, and path for each part
of the URI. An Intent object that contains both a URI and a data type passes
the data type part of the test only if its type matches a type listed in the filter.

Example
Following example is a modification of the above example. Here we will see how
Android resolves conflict if one intent is invoking two activities defined in , next how
to invoke a custom activity using a filter and third one is an exception case if Android
does not file appropriate activity defined for an intent.

Step Description

1 You will use android studio to create an Android application and name it as My Application under a
package com.example.tutorialspoint7.myapplication;.

2 Modify src/Main/Java/MainActivity.java file and add the code to define three listeners corresponding
to three buttons defined in layout file.

3 Add a new src/Main/Java/CustomActivity.java file to have one custom activity which will be invoked
by different intents.
4 Modify layout XML file res/layout/activity_main.xml to add three buttons in linear layout.

5 Add one layout XML file res/layout/custom_view.xml to add a simple <TextView> to show the
passed data through intent.

6 Modify AndroidManifest.xml to add <intent-filter> to define rules for your intent to invoke custom
activity.

7 Run the application to launch Android emulator and verify the result of the changes done in the
application.

Following is the content of the modified main activity file src/MainActivity.java.

package com.example.tutorialspoint7.myapplication;

import android.content.Intent;
import android.net.Uri;
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.Button;

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

Button b1,b2,b3;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
b1=(Button)findViewById(R.id.button);
b1.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {

@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
Intent i = new
Intent(android.content.Intent.ACTION_VIEW,
Uri.parse("http://www.example.com"));
startActivity(i);
}
});

b2 = (Button)findViewById(R.id.button2);
b2.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
Intent i = new Intent("com.example.
tutorialspoint7.myapplication.
LAUNCH",Uri.parse("http://www.example.com"));
startActivity(i);
}
});

b3 = (Button)findViewById(R.id.button3);
b3.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
Intent i = new Intent("com.example.
My Application.LAUNCH",
Uri.parse("https://www.example.com"));
startActivity(i);
}
});
}
}

Following is the content of the modified main activity file src/com.example.My

Application/CustomActivity.java.
package com.example.tutorialspoint7.myapplication;

import android.app.Activity;
import android.net.Uri;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.widget.TextView;

/**
* Created by TutorialsPoint7 on 8/23/2016.
*/
public class CustomActivity extends Activity {
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.custom_view);
TextView label = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.show_data);
Uri url = getIntent().getData();
label.setText(url.toString());
}
}

Following will be the content of res/layout/activity_main.xml file −

Following will be the content of res/layout/custom_view.xml file −

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent">
<TextView android:id="@+id/show_data"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="400dp"/>
</LinearLayout>

Following will be the content of res/values/strings.xml to define two new constants

−
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<resources>
<string name="app_name">My Application</string>
</resources>

Following is the default content of AndroidManifest.xml −

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
package="com.example.tutorialspoint7.myapplication">

<intent-filter>
<action android:name = "android.intent.action.VIEW"
/>
<action android:name =
"com.example.tutorialspoint7.myapplication.LAUNCH" />
<category android:name =
"android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
<data android:scheme = "http" />
</intent-filter>

</activity>
</application>

</manifest>

Let's try to run your My Application application. I assume you had created
your AVD while doing environment setup. To run the app from Android Studio, open
one of your project's activity files and click Run icon from the toolbar. Android
Studio installs the app on your AVD and starts it and if everything is fine with your
setup and application, it will display following Emulator window −
Now let's start with first button "Start Browser with VIEW Action". Here we have
defined our custom activity with a filter "android.intent.action.VIEW", and there is
already one default activity against VIEW action defined by Android which is
launching web browser, So android displays following two options to select the activity
you want to launch.
Now if you select Browser, then Android will launch web browser and open
example.com website but if you select IndentDemo option then Android will launch
CustomActivity which does nothing but just capture passed data and displays in a
text view as follows −
Now go back using back button and click on "Start Browser with LAUNCH Action"
button, here Android applies filter to choose define activity and it simply launch your
custom activity
Again, go back using back button and click on "Exception Condition" button, here
Android tries to find out a valid filter for the given intent but it does not find a valid
activity defined because this time we have used data as https instead of http though
we are giving a correct action, so Android raises an exception and shows following
screen −
Android - UI Layouts
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The basic building block for user interface is a View object which is created from the
View class and occupies a rectangular area on the screen and is responsible for
drawing and event handling. View is the base class for widgets, which are used to
create interactive UI components like buttons, text fields, etc.
The ViewGroup is a subclass of View and provides invisible container that hold
other Views or other ViewGroups and define their layout properties.
At third level we have different layouts which are subclasses of ViewGroup class and
a typical layout defines the visual structure for an Android user interface and can be
created either at run time using View/ViewGroup objects or you can declare your
layout using simple XML file main_layout.xml which is located in the res/layout
folder of your project.
Layout params
This tutorial is more about creating your GUI based on layouts defined in XML file. A
layout may contain any type of widgets such as buttons, labels, textboxes, and so on.
Following is a simple example of XML file having LinearLayout −
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="fill_parent"
android:orientation="vertical" >

</LinearLayout>

Once your layout has created, you can load the layout resource from your application
code, in your Activity.onCreate() callback implementation as shown below −
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
}
Android Layout Types
There are number of Layouts provided by Android which you will use in almost all the
Android applications to provide different view, look and feel.

Sr.No Layout & Description

1 Linear Layout

LinearLayout is a view group that aligns all children in a single direction, vertically or
horizontally.

2 Relative Layout

RelativeLayout is a view group that displays child views in relative positions.

3 Table Layout

TableLayout is a view that groups views into rows and columns.

4 Absolute Layout

AbsoluteLayout enables you to specify the exact location of its children.

5 Frame Layout

The FrameLayout is a placeholder on screen that you can use to display a single view.

6 List View

ListView is a view group that displays a list of scrollable items.

7 Grid View

GridView is a ViewGroup that displays items in a two-dimensional, scrollable grid.

Layout Attributes
Each layout has a set of attributes which define the visual properties of that layout.
There are few common attributes among all the layouts and their are other attributes
which are specific to that layout. Following are common attributes and will be applied
to all the layouts:

Sr.No Attribute & Description

1
android:id
This is the ID which uniquely identifies the view.

2
android:layout_width
This is the width of the layout.

3
android:layout_height
This is the height of the layout

4
android:layout_marginTop
This is the extra space on the top side of the layout.

5
android:layout_marginBottom
This is the extra space on the bottom side of the layout.

6
android:layout_marginLeft
This is the extra space on the left side of the layout.

7
android:layout_marginRight
This is the extra space on the right side of the layout.

8
android:layout_gravity
This specifies how child Views are positioned.

9
android:layout_weight
This specifies how much of the extra space in the layout should be allocated to the View.

10
android:layout_x
This specifies the x-coordinate of the layout.

11
android:layout_y
This specifies the y-coordinate of the layout.
12
android:layout_width
This is the width of the layout.

13
android:paddingLeft
This is the left padding filled for the layout.

14
android:paddingRight
This is the right padding filled for the layout.

15
android:paddingTop
This is the top padding filled for the layout.

16
android:paddingBottom
This is the bottom padding filled for the layout.

Here width and height are the dimension of the layout/view which can be specified in
terms of dp (Density-independent Pixels), sp ( Scale-independent Pixels), pt ( Points
which is 1/72 of an inch), px( Pixels), mm ( Millimeters) and finally in (inches).
You can specify width and height with exact measurements but more often, you will
use one of these constants to set the width or height −
• android:layout_width=wrap_content tells your view to size itself to the
dimensions required by its content.
• android:layout_width=fill_parent tells your view to become as big as its
parent view.
Gravity attribute plays important role in positioning the view object and it can take one
or more (separated by '|') of the following constant values.

Constant Value Description

top 0x30 Push object to the top of its container, not changing its size.

bottom 0x50 Push object to the bottom of its container, not changing its size.

left 0x03 Push object to the left of its container, not changing its size.
right 0x05 Push object to the right of its container, not changing its size.

center_vertical 0x10 Place object in the vertical center of its container, not changing its size.

fill_vertical 0x70 Grow the vertical size of the object if needed so it completely fills its
container.

center_horizontal 0x01 Place object in the horizontal center of its container, not changing its
size.

fill_horizontal 0x07 Grow the horizontal size of the object if needed so it completely fills its
container.

center 0x11 Place the object in the center of its container in both the vertical and
horizontal axis, not changing its size.

fill 0x77 Grow the horizontal and vertical size of the object if needed so it
completely fills its container.

clip_vertical 0x80 Additional option that can be set to have the top and/or bottom edges of
the child clipped to its container's bounds. The clip will be based on the
vertical gravity: a top gravity will clip the bottom edge, a bottom gravity
will clip the top edge, and neither will clip both edges.

clip_horizontal 0x08 Additional option that can be set to have the left and/or right edges of
the child clipped to its container's bounds. The clip will be based on the
horizontal gravity: a left gravity will clip the right edge, a right gravity will
clip the left edge, and neither will clip both edges.

start 0x00800003 Push object to the beginning of its container, not changing its size.

end 0x00800005 Push object to the end of its container, not changing its size.

View Identification
A view object may have a unique ID assigned to it which will identify the View uniquely
within the tree. The syntax for an ID, inside an XML tag is −
android:id="@+id/my_button"
Following is a brief description of @ and + signs −
• The at-symbol (@) at the beginning of the string indicates that the XML parser
should parse and expand the rest of the ID string and identify it as an ID
resource.
• The plus-symbol (+) means that this is a new resource name that must be
created and added to our resources. To create an instance of the view object
and capture it from the layout, use the following −
Button myButton = (Button) findViewById(R.id.my_button);

Android - UI Controls
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Input controls are the interactive components in your app's user interface. Android
provides a wide variety of controls you can use in your UI, such as buttons, text fields,
seek bars, check box, zoom buttons, toggle buttons, and many more.

UI Elements
A View is an object that draws something on the screen that the user can interact
with and a ViewGroup is an object that holds other View (and ViewGroup) objects in
order to define the layout of the user interface.
You define your layout in an XML file which offers a human-readable structure for the
layout, similar to HTML. For example, a simple vertical layout with a text view and a
button looks like this −
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="fill_parent"
android:orientation="vertical" >

Android UI Controls
There are number of UI controls provided by Android that allow you to build the
graphical user interface for your app.

Sr.No. UI Control & Description

1 TextView

This control is used to display text to the user.

2 EditText

EditText is a predefined subclass of TextView that includes rich editing capabilities.

3 AutoCompleteTextView

The AutoCompleteTextView is a view that is similar to EditText, except that it shows a list
of completion suggestions automatically while the user is typing.

4 Button

A push-button that can be pressed, or clicked, by the user to perform an action.

5 ImageButton

An ImageButton is an AbsoluteLayout which enables you to specify the exact location of

its children. This shows a button with an image (instead of text) that can be pressed or
clicked by the user.

6 CheckBox

An on/off switch that can be toggled by the user. You should use check box when
presenting users with a group of selectable options that are not mutually exclusive.
7 ToggleButton

An on/off button with a light indicator.

8 RadioButton

The RadioButton has two states: either checked or unchecked.

9 RadioGroup

A RadioGroup is used to group together one or more RadioButtons.

10 ProgressBar

The ProgressBar view provides visual feedback about some ongoing tasks, such as when
you are performing a task in the background.

11 Spinner

A drop-down list that allows users to select one value from a set.

12 TimePicker

The TimePicker view enables users to select a time of the day, in either 24-hour mode or
AM/PM mode.

13 DatePicker

The DatePicker view enables users to select a date of the day.

Create UI Controls
Input controls are the interactive components in your app's user interface. Android
provides a wide variety of controls you can use in your UI, such as buttons, text fields,
seek bars, check box, zoom buttons, toggle buttons, and many more.
As explained in previous chapter, a view object may have a unique ID assigned to it
which will identify the View uniquely within the tree. The syntax for an ID, inside an
XML tag is −
android:id="@+id/text_id"

To create a UI Control/View/Widget you will have to define a view/widget in the layout

file and assign it a unique ID as follows −
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="fill_parent"
android:orientation="vertical" >

Then finally create an instance of the Control object and capture it from the layout,
use the following −
TextView myText = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.text_id);

Android - Event Handling

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Events are a useful way to collect data about a user's interaction with
interactive components of Applications. Like button presses or screen touch etc.
The Android framework maintains an event queue as first-in, first-out (FIFO) basis.
You can capture these events in your program and take appropriate action as per
requirements.
There are following three concepts related to Android Event Management −
• Event Listeners − An event listener is an interface in the View class that
contains a single callback method. These methods will be called by the
Android framework when the View to which the listener has been registered is
triggered by user interaction with the item in the UI.
• Event Listeners Registration − Event Registration is the process by which an
Event Handler gets registered with an Event Listener so that the handler is
called when the Event Listener fires the event.
• Event Handlers − When an event happens and we have registered an event
listener for the event, the event listener calls the Event Handlers, which is the
method that actually handles the event.

Event Listeners & Event Handlers

Event Handler Event Listener & Description
OnClickListener()
onClick() This is called when the user either clicks or touches or focuses upon any
widget like button, text, image etc. You will use onClick() event handler to
handle such event.

OnLongClickListener()
onLongClick() This is called when the user either clicks or touches or focuses upon any
widget like button, text, image etc. for one or more seconds. You will use
onLongClick() event handler to handle such event.

OnFocusChangeListener()
onFocusChange() This is called when the widget looses its focus ie. user goes away from
the view item. You will use onFocusChange() event handler to handle
such event.

OnFocusChangeListener()
onKey() This is called when the user is focused on the item and presses or
releases a hardware key on the device. You will use onKey() event
handler to handle such event.

OnTouchListener()
onTouch() This is called when the user presses the key, releases the key, or any
movement gesture on the screen. You will use onTouch() event handler
to handle such event.

OnMenuItemClickListener()
onMenuItemClick()
This is called when the user selects a menu item. You will use
onMenuItemClick() event handler to handle such event.

onCreateContextMenuItemListener()
onCreateContextMenu()
This is called when the context menu is being built(as the result of a
sustained "long click)

There are many more event listeners available as a part of View class like
OnHoverListener, OnDragListener etc which may be needed for your application. So
I recommend to refer official documentation for Android application development in
case you are going to develop a sophisticated apps.

Event Listeners Registration

Event Registration is the process by which an Event Handler gets registered with an
Event Listener so that the handler is called when the Event Listener fires the event.
Though there are several tricky ways to register your event listener for any event, but
I'm going to list down only top 3 ways, out of which you can use any of them based
on the situation.
• Using an Anonymous Inner Class
• Activity class implements the Listener interface.
• Using Layout file activity_main.xml to specify event handler directly.
Below section will provide you detailed examples on all the three scenarios −

Touch Mode
Users can interact with their devices by using hardware keys or buttons or touching
the screen.Touching the screen puts the device into touch mode. The user can then
interact with it by touching the on-screen virtual buttons, images, etc.You can check
if the device is in touch mode by calling the View class’s isInTouchMode() method.

Focus
A view or widget is usually highlighted or displays a flashing cursor when it’s in focus.
This indicates that it’s ready to accept input from the user.
• isFocusable() − it returns true or false
• isFocusableInTouchMode() − checks to see if the view is focusable in touch
mode. (A view may be focusable when using a hardware key but not when the
device is in touch mode)
android:foucsUp="@=id/button_l"

onTouchEvent()
public boolean onTouchEvent(motionEvent event){
switch(event.getAction()){
case TOUCH_DOWN:
Toast.makeText(this,"you have clicked down Touch
button",Toast.LENTH_LONG).show();
break();

case TOUCH_UP:
Toast.makeText(this,"you have clicked up touch
button",Toast.LENTH_LONG).show();
break;

case TOUCH_MOVE:
Toast.makeText(this,"you have clicked move touch
button"Toast.LENTH_LONG).show();
break;
}
return super.onTouchEvent(event) ;
}

Event Handling Examples

Event Listeners Registration Using an Anonymous Inner Class
Here you will create an anonymous implementation of the listener and will be useful
if each class is applied to a single control only and you have advantage to pass
arguments to event handler. In this approach event handler methods can access
private data of Activity. No reference is needed to call to Activity.
But if you applied the handler to more than one control, you would have to cut and
paste the code for the handler and if the code for the handler is long, it makes the
code harder to maintain.
Following are the simple steps to show how we will make use of separate Listener
class to register and capture click event. Similar way you can implement your listener
for any other required event type.

Step Description

1 You will use Android studio IDE to create an Android application and name it
as myapplication under a package com.example.myapplication as explained in the Hello World
Example chapter.

2 Modify src/MainActivity.java file to add click event listeners and handlers for the two buttons
defined.

3 Modify the detault content of res/layout/activity_main.xml file to include Android UI controls.

4 No need to declare default string constants.Android studio takes care default constants.

5 Run the application to launch Android emulator and verify the result of the changes done in the
aplication.

Following is the content of the modified main activity

file src/com.example.myapplication/MainActivity.java. This file can include each
of the fundamental lifecycle methods.
package com.example.myapplication;

import android.app.ProgressDialog;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.v7.app.ActionBarActivity;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.TextView;

public class MainActivity extends ActionBarActivity {

private ProgressDialog progress;
Button b1,b2;

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
progress = new ProgressDialog(this);

b1=(Button)findViewById(R.id.button);
b2=(Button)findViewById(R.id.button2);
b1.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {

@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
TextView txtView = (TextView)
findViewById(R.id.textView);
txtView.setTextSize(25);
}
});

b2.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {

@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
TextView txtView = (TextView)
findViewById(R.id.textView);
txtView.setTextSize(55);
}
});
}
}

Following will be the content of res/layout/activity_main.xml file −

Here abc indicates about tutorialspoint logo

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

Following will be the content of res/values/strings.xml to define two new constants

−
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<resources>
<string name="app_name">myapplication</string>
</resources>

Following is the default content of AndroidManifest.xml −

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
package="com.example.myapplication" >

<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
<category
android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
</intent-filter>

</activity>

</application>
</manifest>

Let's try to run your myapplication application. I assume you had created
your AVD while doing environment setup. To run the app from Android Studio, open
one of your project's activity files and click Run icon from the toolbar. Android
Studio installs the app on your AVD and starts it and if everything is fine with your
setup and application, it will display following Emulator window −
Now you try to click on two buttons, one by one and you will see that font of the Hello
World text will change, which happens because registered click event handler
method is being called against each click event.

Exercise
I will recommend to try writing different event handlers for different event types and
understand exact difference in different event types and their handling. Events related
to menu, spinner, pickers widgets are little different but they are also based on the
same concepts as explained above.

Android - Styles and Themes

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A style resource defines the format and look for a UI. A style can be applied to an
individual View (from within a layout file) or to an entire Activity or application (from
within the manifest file).

Defining Styles
A style is defined in an XML resource that is separate from the XML that specifies the
layout. This XML file resides under res/values/ directory of your project and will
have <resources> as the root node which is mandatory for the style file. The name
of the XML file is arbitrary, but it must use the .xml extension.
You can define multiple styles per file using <style> tag but each style will have its
name that uniquely identifies the style. Android style attributes are set
using <item> tag as shown below −
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<resources>
<style name="CustomFontStyle">
<item name="android:layout_width">fill_parent</item>
<item name="android:layout_height">wrap_content</item>
<item name="android:capitalize">characters</item>
<item name="android:typeface">monospace</item>
<item name="android:textSize">12pt</item>
<item name="android:textColor">#00FF00</item>/>
</style>
</resources>
The value for the <item> can be a keyword string, a hex color, a reference to another
resource type, or other value depending on the style property.

Using Styles
Once your style is defined, you can use it in your XML Layout file using style attribute
as follows −
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="fill_parent"
android:orientation="vertical" >

</LinearLayout>
To understand the concept related to Android Style, you can check Style Demo
Example.

Style Inheritance
Android supports style Inheritance in very much similar way as cascading style sheet
in web design. You can use this to inherit properties from an existing style and then
define only the properties that you want to change or add.
To implement a custom theme create or edit MyAndroidApp/res/values/themes.xml
and add the following −
<resources>
...
<style name="MyCustomTheme" parent="android:style/Theme">
<item name="android:textColorPrimary">#ffff0000</item>
</style>
...
</resources>

In your AndroidManifest.xml apply the theme to the activities you want to style −
<activity
android:name="com.myapp.MyActivity"
...
android:theme="@style/MyCustomTheme"
/>

Your new theme will be applied to your activity, and text is now bright red.
Applying Colors to Theme Attributes
Your color resource can then be applied to some theme attributes, such as the
window background and the primary text color, by adding <item> elements to your
custom theme. These attributes are defined in your styles.xml file. For example, to
apply the custom color to the window background, add the following two <item>
elements to your custom theme, defined in MyAndroidApp/res/values/styles.xml file
−
<resources>
...
<style name="MyCustomTheme" ...>
<item
name="android:windowBackground">@color/my_custom_color</item>
<item
name="android:colorBackgroundCacheHint">@color/my_custom_color</i
tem>
</style>
...
</resources>

Using a Custom Nine-Patch With Buttons

A nine-patch drawable is a special kind of image which can be scaled in width and
height while maintaining its visual integrity. Nine-patches are the most common way
to specify the appearance of Android buttons, though any drawable type can be used.

a Sample of Nine-Patch button

Steps to create Nine-Patch Buttons

• Save this bitmap as /res/drawable/my_nine_patch.9.png

• Define a new style
• Apply the new button style to the buttonStyle attribute of your custom theme
Define a new Style
<resources>
...
<style name="MyCustomButton"
parent="android:Widget.Button">
<item
name="android:background">@drawable/my_nine_patch</item>
</style>
...
</resources>

Apply the theme

<resources>
...
<style name="MyCustomTheme" parent=...>
...
<item
name="android:buttonStyle">@style/MyCustomButton</item>
</style>
...
</resources>
Android Themes
Hope you understood the concept of Style, so now let's try to understand what is
a Theme. A theme is nothing but an Android style applied to an entire Activity or
application, rather than an individual View.
Thus, when a style is applied as a theme, every View in the Activity or application will
apply each style property that it supports. For example, you can apply the
same CustomFontStyle style as a theme for an Activity and then all text inside
that Activity will have green monospace font.
To set a theme for all the activities of your application, open
the AndroidManifest.xml file and edit the <application> tag to include
the android:theme attribute with the style name. For example −
<application android:theme="@style/CustomFontStyle">
But if you want a theme applied to just one Activity in your application, then add the
android:theme attribute to the <activity> tag only. For example −
<activity android:theme="@style/CustomFontStyle">
There are number of default themes defined by Android which you can use directly
or inherit them using parent attribute as follows −
<style name="CustomTheme" parent="android:Theme.Light">
...
</style>

To understand the concept related to Android Theme, you can check Theme Demo
Example.

Styling the colour palette

The layout design can implementable based on them based colours, for example as
following design is designed based on them colour(blue)

Above layout has designed based on style.xml file,Which has placed at res/values/
<resource>
<style name="AppTheme" parent="android:Theme.Material">
<item name ="android:color/primary">@color/primary</item>
<item name
="android:color/primaryDark">@color/primary_dark</item>
<item name
="android:colorAccent/primary">@color/accent</item>
</style>
<resource>

Default Styles & Themes

The Android platform provides a large collection of styles and themes that you can
use in your applications. You can find a reference of all available styles in
the R.style class. To use the styles listed here, replace all underscores in the style
name with a period. For example, you can apply the Theme_NoTitleBar theme with
"@android:style/Theme.NoTitleBar". You can see the following source code for
Android styles and themes −
• Android Styles (styles.xml)
• Android Themes (themes.xml)

Android - Custom Components

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Implementing own components in pre built-in components with extending subclass

with own defined class
Android offers a great list of pre-built widgets like Button, TextView, EditText,
ListView, CheckBox, RadioButton, Gallery, Spinner, AutoCompleteTextView etc.
which you can use directly in your Android application development, but there may
be a situation when you are not satisfied with existing functionality of any of the
available widgets. Android provides you with means of creating your own custom
components which you can customized to suit your needs.
If you only need to make small adjustments to an existing widget or layout, you can
simply subclass the widget or layout and override its methods which will give you
precise control over the appearance and function of a screen element.
This tutorial explains you how to create custom Views and use them in your
application using simple and easy steps.
Example of Custom Components in Custom View hierarchy

Creating a Simple Custom Component

Step Description

1 You will use Android studio IDE to create an Android application and name it
as myapplication under a package com.example.tutorialspoint7.myapplication as explained in
the Hello World Example chapter.

2 Create an XML res/values/attrs.xml file to define new attributes along with their data type.

3 Create src/mainactivity.java file and add the code to define your custom component

4 Modify res/layout/activity_main.xml file and add the code to create Colour compound view instance
along with few default attributes and new attributes.

5 Run the application to launch Android emulator and verify the result of the changes done in the
application.

Create the following attributes file called attrs.xml in your res/values folder.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<resources>
<declare-styleable name="TimeView">
<declare-styleable name="TimeView">
<attr name="title" format="string" />
<attr name="setColor" format="boolean"/>
</declare-styleable>
</declare-styleable>
</resources>

Change the layout file used by the activity to the following.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<RelativeLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
xmlns:custom="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity" >

<com.example.tutorialspoint7.myapplication.TimeView
android:id="@+id/timeView"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:textColor="#fff"
android:textSize="40sp"
custom:title="my time view"
custom:setColor="true" />

<TextView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/simple"
android:layout_below="@id/timeView"
android:layout_marginTop="10dp" />
</RelativeLayout>
Create the following java file called timeview for your compound view.
package com.example.tutorialspoint7.myapplication;
/**
* Created by TutorialsPoint7 on 9/14/2016.
*/
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Calendar;

import android.content.Context;
import android.content.res.TypedArray;

import android.graphics.Color;
import android.util.AttributeSet;
import android.widget.TextView;

public class TimeView extends TextView {

private String titleText;
private boolean color;
public TimeView(Context context) {
super(context);
setTimeView();
}

public TimeView(Context context, AttributeSet attrs) {

super(context, attrs);
// retrieved values correspond to the positions of the
attributes
TypedArray typedArray =
context.obtainStyledAttributes(attrs,
R.styleable.TimeView);
int count = typedArray.getIndexCount();
try{

for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {

int attr = typedArray.getIndex(i);

// the attr corresponds to the title attribute
if(attr == R.styleable.TimeView_title) {

// set the text from the layout

titleText = typedArray.getString(attr);
setTimeView();
} else if(attr == R.styleable.TimeView_setColor) {
// set the color of the attr "setColor"
color = typedArray.getBoolean(attr, false);
decorateText();
}
}
}

// the recycle() will be executed obligatorily

finally {
// for reuse
typedArray.recycle();
}
}

public TimeView(Context context, AttributeSet attrs, int

defStyle) {
super(context, attrs, defStyle);
setTimeView();
}

private void setTimeView() {

// has the format hour.minuits am/pm
SimpleDateFormat dateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat("hh.mm
aa");
String time =
dateFormat.format(Calendar.getInstance().getTime());
if(this.titleText != null )
setText(this.titleText+" "+time);
else
setText(time);
}

private void decorateText() {

// when we set setColor attribute to true in the XML layout
if(this.color == true){
// set the characteristics and the color of the shadow
setShadowLayer(4, 2, 2, Color.rgb(250, 00, 250));
setBackgroundColor(Color.CYAN);
} else {
setBackgroundColor(Color.RED);
}
}
}

Change your Main activity java file to the following code and run your application.
package com.example.tutorialspoint7.myapplication;

import android.os.Bundle;
import android.widget.TextView;
import android.app.Activity;

public class MainActivity extends Activity {

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

TextView simpleText = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.simple);

simpleText.setText("That is a simple TextView");
}
}

The running application should look like the following screen shot.
Android - Drag and Drop
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Android drag/drop framework allows your users to move data from one View to
another View in the current layout using a graphical drag and drop gesture. As of API
11 drag and drop of view onto other views or view groups is supported.The framework
includes following three important components to support drag & drop functionality −
• Drag event class.
• Drag listeners.
• Helper methods and classes.

The Drag/Drop Process

There are basically four steps or states in the drag and drop process −
• Started − This event occurs when you start dragging an item in a layout, your
application calls startDrag() method to tell the system to start a drag. The
arguments inside startDrag() method provide the data to be dragged,
metadata for this data, and a callback for drawing the drag shadow.
The system first responds by calling back to your application to get a drag
shadow. It then displays the drag shadow on the device.
Next, the system sends a drag event with action
type ACTION_DRAG_STARTED to the registered drag event listeners for all
the View objects in the current layout.
To continue to receive drag events, including a possible drop event, a drag
event listener must return true, If the drag event listener returns false, then it
will not receive drag events for the current operation until the system sends a
drag event with action type ACTION_DRAG_ENDED.
• Continuing − The user continues the drag. System sends
ACTION_DRAG_ENTERED action followed by ACTION_DRAG_LOCATION
action to the registered drag event listener for the View where dragging point
enters. The listener may choose to alter its View object's appearance in
response to the event or can react by highlighting its View.
The drag event listener receives a ACTION_DRAG_EXITED action after the
user has moved the drag shadow outside the bounding box of the View.
• Dropped − The user releases the dragged item within the bounding box of a
View. The system sends the View object's listener a drag event with action
type ACTION_DROP.
• Ended − Just after the action type ACTION_DROP, the system sends out a
drag event with action type ACTION_DRAG_ENDED to indicate that the drag
operation is over.

The DragEvent Class

The DragEvent represents an event that is sent out by the system at various times
during a drag and drop operation. This class provides few Constants and important
methods which we use during Drag/Drop process.
Constants
Following are all constants integers available as a part of DragEvent class.

Sr.No. Constants & Description

1 ACTION_DRAG_STARTED
Signals the start of a drag and drop operation.

ACTION_DRAG_ENTERED
2
Signals to a View that the drag point has entered the bounding box of the View.

ACTION_DRAG_LOCATION
3
Sent to a View after ACTION_DRAG_ENTERED if the drag shadow is still within the View
object's bounding box.

ACTION_DRAG_EXITED
4
Signals that the user has moved the drag shadow outside the bounding box of the View.

ACTION_DROP
5
Signals to a View that the user has released the drag shadow, and the drag point is within
the bounding box of the View.

ACTION_DRAG_ENDED
6
Signals to a View that the drag and drop operation has concluded.

Methods
Following are few important and most frequently used methods available as a part of
DragEvent class.

Sr.No. Constants & Description

1 int getAction()
Inspect the action value of this event..

ClipData getClipData()
2
Returns the ClipData object sent to the system as part of the call to startDrag().
ClipDescription getClipDescription()
3
Returns the ClipDescription object contained in the ClipData.

boolean getResult()
4
Returns an indication of the result of the drag and drop operation.

float getX()
5
Gets the X coordinate of the drag point.

float getY()
6
Gets the Y coordinate of the drag point.

String toString()
7
Returns a string representation of this DragEvent object.

Listening for Drag Event

If you want any of your views within a Layout should respond Drag event then your
view either implements View.OnDragListener or
setup onDragEvent(DragEvent) callback method. When the system calls the
method or listener, it passes to them a DragEvent object explained above. You can
have both a listener and a callback method for View object. If this occurs, the system
first calls the listener and then defined callback as long as listener returns true.
The combination of the onDragEvent(DragEvent) method
and View.OnDragListener is analogous to the combination of
the onTouchEvent() and View.OnTouchListener used with touch events in old
versions of Android.

Starting a Drag Event

You start with creating a ClipData and ClipData.Item for the data being moved. As
part of the ClipData object, supply metadata that is stored in
a ClipDescription object within the ClipData. For a drag and drop operation that
does not represent data movement, you may want to use null instead of an actual
object.
Next either you can extend extend View.DragShadowBuilder to create a drag
shadow for dragging the view or simply you can
use View.DragShadowBuilder(View) to create a default drag shadow that's the same
size as the View argument passed to it, with the touch point centered in the drag
shadow.
Example
Following example shows the functionality of a simple Drag & Drop
using View.setOnLongClickListener(), View.setOnTouchListener()and View.On
DragEventListener().

Step Description

1 You will use Android studio IDE to create an Android application and name it as My
Application under a package com.example.saira_000.myapplication.

2 Modify src/MainActivity.java file and add the code to define event listeners as well as a call back
methods for the logo image used in the example.

3 Copy image abc.png in res/drawable-* folders. You can use images with different resolution in case
you want to provide them for different devices.

4 Modify layout XML file res/layout/activity_main.xml to define default view of the logo images.

5 Run the application to launch Android emulator and verify the result of the changes done in the
application.

Following is the content of the modified main activity file src/MainActivity.java. This
file can include each of the fundamental lifecycle methods.
package com.example.saira_000.myapplication;

import android.app.Activity;

import android.content.ClipData;
import android.content.ClipDescription;

import android.support.v7.app.ActionBarActivity;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.util.Log;

import android.view.DragEvent;
import android.view.Menu;
import android.view.MenuItem;
import android.view.MotionEvent;
import android.view.View;

import android.widget.ImageView;
import android.widget.RelativeLayout;
public class MainActivity extends Activity {
ImageView img;
String msg;
private android.widget.RelativeLayout.LayoutParams
layoutParams;

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
img=(ImageView)findViewById(R.id.imageView);

img.setOnLongClickListener(new View.OnLongClickListener() {
@Override
public boolean onLongClick(View v) {
ClipData.Item item = new
ClipData.Item((CharSequence)v.getTag());
String[] mimeTypes =
{ClipDescription.MIMETYPE_TEXT_PLAIN};

ClipData dragData = new

ClipData(v.getTag().toString(),mimeTypes, item);
View.DragShadowBuilder myShadow = new
View.DragShadowBuilder(img);

v.startDrag(dragData,myShadow,null,0);
return true;
}
});

img.setOnDragListener(new View.OnDragListener() {
@Override
public boolean onDrag(View v, DragEvent event) {
switch(event.getAction()) {
case DragEvent.ACTION_DRAG_STARTED:
layoutParams =
(RelativeLayout.LayoutParams)v.getLayoutParams();
Log.d(msg, "Action is
DragEvent.ACTION_DRAG_STARTED");

// Do nothing
break;

case DragEvent.ACTION_DRAG_ENTERED:
Log.d(msg, "Action is
DragEvent.ACTION_DRAG_ENTERED");
int x_cord = (int) event.getX();
int y_cord = (int) event.getY();
break;

case DragEvent.ACTION_DRAG_EXITED :
Log.d(msg, "Action is
DragEvent.ACTION_DRAG_EXITED");
x_cord = (int) event.getX();
y_cord = (int) event.getY();
layoutParams.leftMargin = x_cord;
layoutParams.topMargin = y_cord;
v.setLayoutParams(layoutParams);
break;

case DragEvent.ACTION_DRAG_LOCATION :
Log.d(msg, "Action is
DragEvent.ACTION_DRAG_LOCATION");
x_cord = (int) event.getX();
y_cord = (int) event.getY();
break;

case DragEvent.ACTION_DRAG_ENDED :
Log.d(msg, "Action is
DragEvent.ACTION_DRAG_ENDED");

// Do nothing
break;

case DragEvent.ACTION_DROP:
Log.d(msg, "ACTION_DROP event");

// Do nothing
break;
default: break;
}
return true;
}
});

img.setOnTouchListener(new View.OnTouchListener() {
@Override
public boolean onTouch(View v, MotionEvent event) {
if (event.getAction() == MotionEvent.ACTION_DOWN) {
ClipData data = ClipData.newPlainText("", "");
View.DragShadowBuilder shadowBuilder = new
View.DragShadowBuilder(img);

img.startDrag(data, shadowBuilder, img, 0);

img.setVisibility(View.INVISIBLE);
return true;
} else {
return false;
}
}
});
}
}
Following will be the content of res/layout/activity_main.xml file −
In the following code abc indicates the logo of tutorialspoint.com

</RelativeLayout>

Following will be the content of res/values/strings.xml to define two new constants

−
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<resources>
<string name="app_name">My Application</string>
</resources>
Following is the default content of AndroidManifest.xml −
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
package="com.example.saira_000.myapplication" >

<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
<category
android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
</intent-filter>

</activity>

</application>
</manifest>

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A notification is a message you can display to the user outside of your application's
normal UI. When you tell the system to issue a notification, it first appears as an icon
in the notification area. To see the details of the notification, the user opens the
notification drawer. Both the notification area and the notification drawer are system-
controlled areas that the user can view at any time.
Android Toast class provides a handy way to show users alerts but problem is that
these alerts are not persistent which means alert flashes on the screen for a few
seconds and then disappears.

To see the details of the notification, you will have to select the icon which will display
notification drawer having detail about the notification. While working with emulator
with virtual device, you will have to click and drag down the status bar to expand it
which will give you detail as follows. This will be just 64 dp tall and called normal view.
Above expanded form can have a Big View which will have additional detail about
the notification. You can add upto six additional lines in the notification. The following
screen shot shows such notification.

Create and Send Notifications

You have simple way to create a notification. Follow the following steps in your
application to create a notification −
Step 1 - Create Notification Builder
As a first step is to create a notification builder
using NotificationCompat.Builder.build(). You will use Notification Builder to set
various Notification properties like its small and large icons, title, priority etc.
NotificationCompat.Builder mBuilder = new
NotificationCompat.Builder(this)
Step 2 - Setting Notification Properties
Once you have Builder object, you can set its Notification properties using Builder
object as per your requirement. But this is mandatory to set at least following −
• A small icon, set by setSmallIcon()
• A title, set by setContentTitle()
• Detail text, set by setContentText()
mBuilder.setSmallIcon(R.drawable.notification_icon);
mBuilder.setContentTitle("Notification Alert, Click Me!");
mBuilder.setContentText("Hi, This is Android Notification
Detail!");

You have plenty of optional properties which you can set for your notification. To learn
more about them, see the reference documentation for NotificationCompat.Builder.
Step 3 - Attach Actions
This is an optional part and required if you want to attach an action with the
notification. An action allows users to go directly from the notification to an Activity in
your application, where they can look at one or more events or do further work.
The action is defined by a PendingIntent containing an Intent that starts an Activity
in your application. To associate the PendingIntent with a gesture, call the appropriate
method of NotificationCompat.Builder. For example, if you want to start Activity when
the user clicks the notification text in the notification drawer, you add the
PendingIntent by calling setContentIntent().
A PendingIntent object helps you to perform an action on your applications behalf,
often at a later time, without caring of whether or not your application is running.
We take help of stack builder object which will contain an artificial back stack for the
started Activity. This ensures that navigating backward from the Activity leads out of
your application to the Home screen.
Intent resultIntent = new Intent(this, ResultActivity.class);
TaskStackBuilder stackBuilder = TaskStackBuilder.create(this);
stackBuilder.addParentStack(ResultActivity.class);

// Adds the Intent that starts the Activity to the top of the
stack
stackBuilder.addNextIntent(resultIntent);
PendingIntent resultPendingIntent =
stackBuilder.getPendingIntent(0,PendingIntent.FLAG_UPDATE_CURRENT
);
mBuilder.setContentIntent(resultPendingIntent);
Step 4 - Issue the notification
Finally, you pass the Notification object to the system by calling
NotificationManager.notify() to send your notification. Make sure you
call NotificationCompat.Builder.build() method on builder object before notifying it.
This method combines all of the options that have been set and return a
new Notification object.
NotificationManager mNotificationManager = (NotificationManager)
getSystemService(Context.NOTIFICATION_SERVICE);

// notificationID allows you to update the notification later on.

mNotificationManager.notify(notificationID, mBuilder.build());

The NotificationCompat.Builder Class

The NotificationCompat.Builder class allows easier control over all the flags, as well
as help constructing the typical notification layouts. Following are few important and
most frequently used methods available as a part of NotificationCompat.Builder class.

Sr.No. Constants & Description

1
Notification build()
Combine all of the options that have been set and return a new Notification object.

2
NotificationCompat.Builder setAutoCancel (boolean autoCancel)
Setting this flag will make it so the notification is automatically canceled when the user
clicks it in the panel.

3
NotificationCompat.Builder setContent (RemoteViews views)
Supply a custom RemoteViews to use instead of the standard one.

4
NotificationCompat.Builder setContentInfo (CharSequence info)
Set the large text at the right-hand side of the notification.
5
NotificationCompat.Builder setContentIntent (PendingIntent intent)
Supply a PendingIntent to send when the notification is clicked.

6
NotificationCompat.Builder setContentText (CharSequence text)
Set the text (second row) of the notification, in a standard notification.

7
NotificationCompat.Builder setContentTitle (CharSequence title)
Set the text (first row) of the notification, in a standard notification.

8
NotificationCompat.Builder setDefaults (int defaults)
Set the default notification options that will be used.

9
NotificationCompat.Builder setLargeIcon (Bitmap icon)
Set the large icon that is shown in the ticker and notification.

10
NotificationCompat.Builder setNumber (int number)
Set the large number at the right-hand side of the notification.

11
NotificationCompat.Builder setOngoing (boolean ongoing)
Set whether this is an ongoing notification.

12
NotificationCompat.Builder setSmallIcon (int icon)
Set the small icon to use in the notification layouts.

13
NotificationCompat.Builder setStyle (NotificationCompat.Style style)
Add a rich notification style to be applied at build time.

14
NotificationCompat.Builder setTicker (CharSequence tickerText)
Set the text that is displayed in the status bar when the notification first arrives.

15
NotificationCompat.Builder setVibrate (long[] pattern)
Set the vibration pattern to use.
16
NotificationCompat.Builder setWhen (long when)
Set the time that the event occurred. Notifications in the panel are sorted by this time.

Example
Following example shows the functionality of a Android notification using
a NotificationCompat.Builder Class which has been introduced in Android 4.1.

Step Description

1 You will use Android studio IDE to create an Android application and name it as tutorialspoint under
a package com.example.notificationdemo.

2 Modify src/MainActivity.java file and add the code to notify(""), if user click on the button,it will call
android notification service.

3 Create a new Java file src/NotificationView.java, which will be used to display new layout as a part
of new activity which will be started when user will click any of the notifications

4 Modify layout XML file res/layout/activity_main.xml to add Notification button in relative layout.

5 Create a new layout XML file res/layout/notification.xml. This will be used as layout file for new
activity which will start when user will click any of the notifications.

6 No need to change default string constants. Android studio takes care of default string constants

7 Run the application to launch Android emulator and verify the result of the changes done in the
application.

Following is the content of the modified main activity

file src/com.example.notificationdemo/MainActivity.java. This file can include
each of the fundamental lifecycle methods.
package com.example.notificationdemo;

import android.app.Activity;
import android.app.NotificationManager;
import android.app.PendingIntent;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.support.v4.app.NotificationCompat;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.Button;

public class MainActivity extends Activity {

Button b1;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

b1 = (Button)findViewById(R.id.button);
b1.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
addNotification();
}
});
}

private void addNotification() {

NotificationCompat.Builder builder =
new NotificationCompat.Builder(this)
.setSmallIcon(R.drawable.abc)
.setContentTitle("Notifications Example")
.setContentText("This is a test notification");

Intent notificationIntent = new Intent(this,

MainActivity.class);
PendingIntent contentIntent =
PendingIntent.getActivity(this, 0, notificationIntent,
PendingIntent.FLAG_UPDATE_CURRENT);
builder.setContentIntent(contentIntent);

// Add as notification
NotificationManager manager = (NotificationManager)
getSystemService(Context.NOTIFICATION_SERVICE);
manager.notify(0, builder.build());
}
}

Following will be the content of res/layout/notification.xml file −

Following is the content of the modified main activity

file src/com.example.notificationdemo/NotificationView.java.
package com.example.notificationdemo;

import android.os.Bundle;
import android.app.Activity;

public class NotificationView extends Activity{

@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState){
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.notification);
}
}

Following will be the content of res/layout/activity_main.xml file −

</RelativeLayout>

Following will be the content of res/values/strings.xml to define two new constants

−
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<resources>
<string name="action_settings">Settings</string>
<string name="app_name">tutorialspoint </string>
</resources>

Following is the default content of AndroidManifest.xml −

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
package="com.example.notificationdemo" >

<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
<category
android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
</intent-filter>

</activity>

</application>
</manifest>

Let's try to run your tutorialspoint application. I assume you had created
your AVD while doing environment set-up. To run the APP from Android Studio, open
one of your project's activity files and click Run icon from the toolbar. Android
Studio installs the app on your AVD and starts it and if everything is fine with your
setup and application, it will display following Emulator window −

Now click button, you will see at the top a message "New Message Alert!" will display
momentarily and after that you will have following screen having a small icon at the
top left corner.
Now lets expand the view, long click on the small icon, after a second it will display
date information and this is the time when you should drag status bar down without
releasing mouse. You will see status bar will expand and you will get following screen
−
Big View Notification
The following code snippet demonstrates how to alter the notification created in the
previous snippet to use the Inbox big view style. I'm going to update
displayNotification() modification method to show this functionality −
protected void displayNotification() {
Log.i("Start", "notification");

/* Invoking the default notification service */

NotificationCompat.Builder mBuilder = new
NotificationCompat.Builder(this);

mBuilder.setContentTitle("New Message");
mBuilder.setContentText("You've received new message.");
mBuilder.setTicker("New Message Alert!");
mBuilder.setSmallIcon(R.drawable.woman);

/* Increase notification number every time a new notification

arrives */
mBuilder.setNumber(++numMessages);

/* Add Big View Specific Configuration */

NotificationCompat.InboxStyle inboxStyle = new
NotificationCompat.InboxStyle();

String[] events = new String[6];

events[0] = new String("This is first line....");
events[1] = new String("This is second line...");
events[2] = new String("This is third line...");
events[3] = new String("This is 4th line...");
events[4] = new String("This is 5th line...");
events[5] = new String("This is 6th line...");

// Sets a title for the Inbox style big view

inboxStyle.setBigContentTitle("Big Title Details:");
// Moves events into the big view
for (int i=0; i < events.length; i++) {
inboxStyle.addLine(events[i]);
}

mBuilder.setStyle(inboxStyle);

/* Creates an explicit intent for an Activity in your app */

Intent resultIntent = new Intent(this,
NotificationView.class);

TaskStackBuilder stackBuilder = TaskStackBuilder.create(this);

stackBuilder.addParentStack(NotificationView.class);

/* Adds the Intent that starts the Activity to the top of the
stack */
stackBuilder.addNextIntent(resultIntent);
PendingIntent resultPendingIntent
=stackBuilder.getPendingIntent(0,PendingIntent.FLAG_UPDATE_CURREN
T);

mBuilder.setContentIntent(resultPendingIntent);
mNotificationManager = (NotificationManager)
getSystemService(Context.NOTIFICATION_SERVICE);

/* notificationID allows you to update the notification later

on. */
mNotificationManager.notify(notificationID, mBuilder.build());
}

Now if you will try to run your application then you will find following result in expanded
form of the view −
Android - Location Based Services
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Android location APIs make it easy for you to build location-aware applications,
without needing to focus on the details of the underlying location technology.
This becomes possible with the help of Google Play services, which facilitates
adding location awareness to your app with automated location tracking, geofencing,
and activity recognition.
This tutorial shows you how to use Location Services in your APP to get the current
location, get periodic location updates, look up addresses etc.

The Location Object

The Location object represents a geographic location which can consist of a latitude,
longitude, time stamp, and other information such as bearing, altitude and velocity.
There are following important methods which you can use with Location object to get
location specific information −

Sr.No. Method & Description

1
float distanceTo(Location dest)
Returns the approximate distance in meters between this location and the given location.

2
float getAccuracy()
Get the estimated accuracy of this location, in meters.

3
double getAltitude()
Get the altitude if available, in meters above sea level.

4
float getBearing()
Get the bearing, in degrees.

5
double getLatitude()
Get the latitude, in degrees.

6
double getLongitude()
Get the longitude, in degrees.

7
float getSpeed()
Get the speed if it is available, in meters/second over ground.

8
boolean hasAccuracy()
True if this location has an accuracy.

9
boolean hasAltitude()
True if this location has an altitude.

10
boolean hasBearing()
True if this location has a bearing.

11
boolean hasSpeed()
True if this location has a speed.

12
void reset()
Clears the contents of the location.

13
void setAccuracy(float accuracy)
Set the estimated accuracy of this location, meters.

14
void setAltitude(double altitude)
Set the altitude, in meters above sea level.

15
void setBearing(float bearing)
Set the bearing, in degrees.

16
void setLatitude(double latitude)
Set the latitude, in degrees.

17
void setLongitude(double longitude)
Set the longitude, in degrees.

18
void setSpeed(float speed)
Set the speed, in meters/second over ground.

19
String toString()
Returns a string containing a concise, human-readable description of this object.

Get the Current Location

To get the current location, create a location client which is LocationClient object,
connect it to Location Services using connect() method, and then call
its getLastLocation() method. This method returns the most recent location in the
form of Location object that contains latitude and longitude coordinates and other
information as explained above. To have location based functionality in your activity,
you will have to implement two interfaces −

• GooglePlayServicesClient.ConnectionCallbacks
• GooglePlayServicesClient.OnConnectionFailedListener
These interfaces provide following important callback methods, which you need to
implement in your activity class −

Sr.No. Callback Methods & Description

1
abstract void onConnected(Bundle connectionHint)
This callback method is called when location service is connected to the location client
successfully. You will use connect() method to connect to the location client.

2
abstract void onDisconnected()
This callback method is called when the client is disconnected. You will
use disconnect() method to disconnect from the location client.

3
abstract void onConnectionFailed(ConnectionResult result)
This callback method is called when there was an error connecting the client to the service.
You should create the location client in onCreate() method of your activity class, then
connect it in onStart(), so that Location Services maintains the current location while your
activity is fully visible. You should disconnect the client in onStop() method, so that when
your app is not visible, Location Services is not maintaining the current location. This helps
in saving battery power up-to a large extent.

Get the Updated Location

If you are willing to have location updates, then apart from above mentioned
interfaces, you will need to implement LocationListener interface as well. This
interface provide following callback method, which you need to implement in your
activity class −

Sr.No. Callback Method & Description

1
abstract void onLocationChanged(Location location)
This callback method is used for receiving notifications from the LocationClient when the
location has changed.

Location Quality of Service

The LocationRequest object is used to request a quality of service (QoS) for location
updates from the LocationClient. There are following useful setter methods which
you can use to handle QoS. There are equivalent getter methods available which you
can check in Android official documentation.

Sr.No. Method & Description

1
setExpirationDuration(long millis)
Set the duration of this request, in milliseconds.

2
setExpirationTime(long millis)
Set the request expiration time, in millisecond since boot.

3
setFastestInterval(long millis)
Explicitly set the fastest interval for location updates, in milliseconds.

4
setInterval(long millis)
Set the desired interval for active location updates, in milliseconds.
5
setNumUpdates(int numUpdates)
Set the number of location updates.

6
setPriority(int priority)
Set the priority of the request.

Now for example, if your application wants high accuracy location it should create a
location request with setPriority(int) set to PRIORITY_HIGH_ACCURACY
and setInterval(long) to 5 seconds. You can also use bigger interval and/or other
priorities like PRIORITY_LOW_POWER for to request "city" level accuracy or
PRIORITY_BALANCED_POWER_ACCURACY for "block" level accuracy.
Activities should strongly consider removing all location request when entering the
background (for example at onPause()), or at least swap the request to a larger interval and
lower quality to save power consumption.

Displaying a Location Address

Once you have Location object, you can
use Geocoder.getFromLocation() method to get an address for a given latitude and
longitude. This method is synchronous, and may take a long time to do its work, so
you should call the method from the doInBackground() method of
an AsyncTask class.
The AsyncTask must be subclassed to be used and the subclass will
override doInBackground(Params...) method to perform a task in the background
and onPostExecute(Result) method is invoked on the UI thread after the
background computation finishes and at the time to display the result. There is one
more important method available in AyncTask which is execute(Params... params),
this method executes the task with the specified parameters.

Example
Following example shows you in practical how to to use Location Services in your
app to get the current location and its equivalent addresses etc.
To experiment with this example, you will need actual Mobile device equipped with latest
Android OS, otherwise you will have to struggle with emulator which may not work.

Create Android Application

Step Description

1 You will use Android studio IDE to create an Android application and name it
as Tutorialspoint under a package com.example.tutorialspoint7.myapplication.
2 add src/GPSTracker.java file and add required code.

3 Modify src/MainActivity.java file and add required code as shown below to take care of getting
current location and its equivalent address.

4 Modify layout XML file res/layout/activity_main.xml to add all GUI components which include three
buttons and two text views to show location/address.

5 Modify res/values/strings.xml to define required constant values

6 Modify AndroidManifest.xml as shown below

7 Run the application to launch Android emulator and verify the result of the changes done in the
application.

Following is the content of the modified main activity file MainActivity.java.

package com.example.tutorialspoint7.myapplication;

import android.Manifest;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.v4.app.ActivityCompat;
import android.test.mock.MockPackageManager;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.Toast;

public class MainActivity extends Activity {

Button btnShowLocation;
private static final int REQUEST_CODE_PERMISSION = 2;
String mPermission = Manifest.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION;

// GPSTracker class
GPSTracker gps;

@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

try {
if (ActivityCompat.checkSelfPermission(this,
mPermission)
!= MockPackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(this, new
String[]{mPermission},
REQUEST_CODE_PERMISSION);

// If any permission above not allowed by user, this

condition will
execute every time, else your else part will work
}
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}

btnShowLocation = (Button) findViewById(R.id.button);

// show location button click event

btnShowLocation.setOnClickListener(new
View.OnClickListener() {

@Override
public void onClick(View arg0) {
// create class object
gps = new GPSTracker(MainActivity.this);

// check if GPS enabled

if(gps.canGetLocation()){

double latitude = gps.getLatitude();

double longitude = gps.getLongitude();

// \n is for new line

Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "Your
Location is - \nLat: "
+ latitude + "\nLong: " + longitude,
Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
}else{
// can't get location
// GPS or Network is not enabled
// Ask user to enable GPS/network in settings
gps.showSettingsAlert();
}

}
});
}
}

Following is the content of the modified main activity file GPSTracker.java.

package com.example.tutorialspoint7.myapplication;

import android.app.AlertDialog;
import android.app.Service;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.DialogInterface;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.location.Location;
import android.location.LocationListener;
import android.location.LocationManager;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.os.IBinder;
import android.provider.Settings;
import android.util.Log;

public class GPSTracker extends Service implements

LocationListener {

private final Context mContext;

// flag for GPS status

boolean isGPSEnabled = false;

// flag for network status

boolean isNetworkEnabled = false;

// flag for GPS status

boolean canGetLocation = false;

Location location; // location

double latitude; // latitude
double longitude; // longitude

// The minimum distance to change Updates in meters

private static final long MIN_DISTANCE_CHANGE_FOR_UPDATES =
10; // 10 meters

// The minimum time between updates in milliseconds

private static final long MIN_TIME_BW_UPDATES = 1000 * 60 * 1;
// 1 minute

// Declaring a Location Manager

protected LocationManager locationManager;

public GPSTracker(Context context) {

this.mContext = context;
getLocation();
}

public Location getLocation() {

try {
locationManager = (LocationManager)
mContext.getSystemService(LOCATION_SERVICE);

// getting GPS status

isGPSEnabled =
locationManager.isProviderEnabled(LocationManager.GPS_PROVIDER);
// getting network status
isNetworkEnabled = locationManager
.isProviderEnabled(LocationManager.NETWORK_PROVIDER);

if (!isGPSEnabled && !isNetworkEnabled) {

// no network provider is enabled
} else {
this.canGetLocation = true;
// First get location from Network Provider
if (isNetworkEnabled) {
locationManager.requestLocationUpdates(
LocationManager.NETWORK_PROVIDER,
MIN_TIME_BW_UPDATES,
MIN_DISTANCE_CHANGE_FOR_UPDATES, this);

Log.d("Network", "Network");
if (locationManager != null) {
location = locationManager

.getLastKnownLocation(LocationManager.NETWORK_PROVIDER);

if (location != null) {
latitude = location.getLatitude();
longitude = location.getLongitude();
}
}
}

// if GPS Enabled get lat/long using GPS Services

if (isGPSEnabled) {
if (location == null) {
locationManager.requestLocationUpdates(
LocationManager.GPS_PROVIDER,
MIN_TIME_BW_UPDATES,
MIN_DISTANCE_CHANGE_FOR_UPDATES, this);

Log.d("GPS Enabled", "GPS Enabled");

if (locationManager != null) {
location = locationManager

.getLastKnownLocation(LocationManager.GPS_PROVIDER);

if (location != null) {
latitude = location.getLatitude();
longitude = location.getLongitude();
}
}
}
}
}

} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}

return location;
}

/**
* Stop using GPS listener
* Calling this function will stop using GPS in your app
* */

public void stopUsingGPS(){

if(locationManager != null){
locationManager.removeUpdates(GPSTracker.this);
}
}

/**
* Function to get latitude
* */

public double getLatitude(){

if(location != null){
latitude = location.getLatitude();
}

// return latitude
return latitude;
}

/**
* Function to get longitude
* */

public double getLongitude(){

if(location != null){
longitude = location.getLongitude();
}

// return longitude
return longitude;
}

/**
* Function to check GPS/wifi enabled
* @return boolean
* */

public boolean canGetLocation() {

return this.canGetLocation;
}

/**
* Function to show settings alert dialog
* On pressing Settings button will lauch Settings Options
* */

public void showSettingsAlert(){

AlertDialog.Builder alertDialog = new
AlertDialog.Builder(mContext);

// Setting Dialog Title

alertDialog.setTitle("GPS is settings");

// Setting Dialog Message

alertDialog.setMessage("GPS is not enabled. Do you want to
go to settings menu?");

// On pressing Settings button

alertDialog.setPositiveButton("Settings", new
DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {
public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog,int which) {
Intent intent = new
Intent(Settings.ACTION_LOCATION_SOURCE_SETTINGS);
mContext.startActivity(intent);
}
});

// on pressing cancel button

alertDialog.setNegativeButton("Cancel", new
DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {
public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int which) {
dialog.cancel();
}
});

// Showing Alert Message

alertDialog.show();
}

@Override
public void onLocationChanged(Location location) {
}

@Override
public void onProviderDisabled(String provider) {
}

@Override
public void onProviderEnabled(String provider) {
}

@Override
public void onStatusChanged(String provider, int status,
Bundle extras) {
}
@Override
public IBinder onBind(Intent arg0) {
return null;
}
}
Following will be the content of res/layout/activity_main.xml file −
<?xml version = "1.0" encoding = "utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android =
"http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width = "fill_parent"
android:layout_height = "fill_parent"
android:orientation = "vertical" >

</LinearLayout>

Following will be the content of res/values/strings.xml to define two new constants

−
<?xml version = "1.0" encoding = "utf-8"?>
<resources>
<string name = "app_name">Tutorialspoint</string>
</resources>

Following is the default content of AndroidManifest.xml −

<?xml version = "1.0" encoding = "utf-8"?>
<manifest xmlns:android =
"http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
package = "com.example.tutorialspoint7.myapplication">
<uses-permission android:name =
"android.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION" />
<uses-permission android:name = "android.permission.INTERNET"
/>
<application
android:allowBackup = "true"
android:icon = "@mipmap/ic_launcher"
android:label = "@string/app_name"
android:supportsRtl = "true"
android:theme = "@style/AppTheme">

<activity android:name = ".MainActivity">

<intent-filter>
<action android:name = "android.intent.action.MAIN"
/>
<category android:name =
"android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
</intent-filter>
</activity>
</application>

</manifest>

Let's try to run your Tutorialspoint application. I assume that, you have connected
your actual Android Mobile device with your computer. To run the app from Android
Studio, open one of your project's activity files and click Run icon from the toolbar.
Before starting your application, Android studio installer will display following window
to select an option where you want to run your Android application.

Now to see location select Get Location Button which will display location information
as follows −
Android - Sending Email
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Email is messages distributed by electronic means from one system user to one or
more recipients via a network.
Before starting Email Activity, You must know Email functionality with intent, Intent is
carrying data from one component to another component with-in the application or
outside the application.
To send an email from your application, you don’t have to implement an email client
from the beginning, but you can use an existing one like the default Email app
provided from Android, Gmail, Outlook, K-9 Mail etc. For this purpose, we need to
write an Activity that launches an email client, using an implicit Intent with the right
action and data. In this example, we are going to send an email from our app by using
an Intent object that launches existing email clients.
Following section explains different parts of our Intent object required to send an
email.

Intent Object - Action to send Email

You will use ACTION_SEND action to launch an email client installed on your
Android device. Following is simple syntax to create an intent with ACTION_SEND
action.
Intent emailIntent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_SEND);

Intent Object - Data/Type to send Email

To send an email you need to specify mailto: as URI using setData() method and
data type will be to text/plain using setType() method as follows −
emailIntent.setData(Uri.parse("mailto:"));
emailIntent.setType("text/plain");

Intent Object - Extra to send Email

Android has built-in support to add TO, SUBJECT, CC, TEXT etc. fields which can
be attached to the intent before sending the intent to a target email client. You can
use following extra fields in your email −

Sr.No. Extra Data & Description

1
EXTRA_BCC
A String[] holding e-mail addresses that should be blind carbon copied.

2
EXTRA_CC
A String[] holding e-mail addresses that should be carbon copied.

3
EXTRA_EMAIL
A String[] holding e-mail addresses that should be delivered to.

4
EXTRA_HTML_TEXT
A constant String that is associated with the Intent, used with ACTION_SEND to supply
an alternative to EXTRA_TEXT as HTML formatted text.

5
EXTRA_SUBJECT
A constant string holding the desired subject line of a message.

6
EXTRA_TEXT
A constant CharSequence that is associated with the Intent, used with ACTION_SEND to
supply the literal data to be sent.

7
EXTRA_TITLE
A CharSequence dialog title to provide to the user when used with a ACTION_CHOOSER.

Here is an example showing you how to assign extra data to your intent −
emailIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_EMAIL , new
String[]{"Recipient"});
emailIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_SUBJECT, "subject");
emailIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_TEXT , "Message Body");
The out-put of above code is as below shown an image
Email Example

Example
Following example shows you in practical how to use Intent object to launch Email
client to send an Email to the given recipients.
To Email experiment with this example, you will need actual Mobile device equipped with
latest Android OS, otherwise you might get struggle with emulator which may not work
properly. Second you will need to have an Email client like GMail(By default every android
version having Gmail client App) or K9mail installed on your device.

Step Description

1 You will use Android studio to create an Android application and name it as Tutorialspoint under a
package com.example.tutorialspoint.

2 Modify src/MainActivity.java file and add required code to take care of sending email.

3 Modify layout XML file res/layout/activity_main.xml add any GUI component if required. I'm adding
a simple button to launch Email Client.

4 Modify res/values/strings.xml to define required constant values

5 Modify AndroidManifest.xml as shown below

6 Run the application to launch Android emulator and verify the result of the changes done in the
application.

Following is the content of the modified main activity

file src/com.example.Tutorialspoint/MainActivity.java.
package com.example.tutorialspoint;

import android.net.Uri;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.util.Log;
import android.view.Menu;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.Toast;
public class MainActivity extends Activity {
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

Button startBtn = (Button) findViewById(R.id.sendEmail);

startBtn.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
public void onClick(View view) {
sendEmail();
}
});
}

protected void sendEmail() {

Log.i("Send email", "");
String[] TO = {""};
String[] CC = {""};
Intent emailIntent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_SEND);

emailIntent.setData(Uri.parse("mailto:"));
emailIntent.setType("text/plain");
emailIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_EMAIL, TO);
emailIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_CC, CC);
emailIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_SUBJECT, "Your subject");
emailIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_TEXT, "Email message goes
here");

try {
startActivity(Intent.createChooser(emailIntent, "Send
mail..."));
finish();
Log.i("Finished sending email...", "");
} catch (android.content.ActivityNotFoundException ex) {
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "There is no email
client installed.", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
}
}

Following will be the content of res/layout/activity_main.xml file −

Here abc indicates about tutorialspoint logo

</LinearLayout>

Following will be the content of res/values/strings.xml to define two new constants

−
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<resources>
<string name="app_name">Tutorialspoint</string>
<string name="compose_email">Compose Email</string>
</resources>

Following is the default content of AndroidManifest.xml −

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
package="com.example.Tutorialspoint" >

<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
<category
android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
</intent-filter>

</activity>

</application>
</manifest>

Let's try to run your tutorialspoint application. I assume you have connected your
actual Android Mobile device with your computer. To run the app from Android Studio,
open one of your project's activity files and click Run icon from the toolbar. Before
starting your application, Android studio installer will display following window to
select an option where you want to run your Android application.Select your mobile
device as an option and then check your mobile device which will display following
screen −

Now use Compose Email button to list down all the installed email clients. From the
list, you can choose one of email clients to send your email. I'm going to use Gmail
client to send my email which will have all the provided defaults fields available as
shown below. Here From: will be default email ID you have registered for your
Android device.

You can modify either of the given default fields and finally use send email button to
send your email to the mentioned recipients.

Android - Sending SMS

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In Android, you can use SmsManager API or devices Built-in SMS application to send
SMS's. In this tutorial, we shows you two basic examples to send SMS message −
SmsManager API
SmsManager smsManager = SmsManager.getDefault();
smsManager.sendTextMessage("phoneNo", null, "sms message", null,
null);
Built-in SMS application
Intent sendIntent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_VIEW);
sendIntent.putExtra("sms_body", "default content");
sendIntent.setType("vnd.android-dir/mms-sms");
startActivity(sendIntent);
Of course, both need SEND_SMS permission.
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.SEND_SMS" />
Apart from the above method, there are few other important functions available in
SmsManager class. These methods are listed below −

Sr.No. Method & Description

1
ArrayList<String> divideMessage(String text)
This method divides a message text into several fragments, none bigger than the
maximum SMS message size.

2
static SmsManager getDefault()
This method is used to get the default instance of the SmsManager

3
void sendDataMessage(String destinationAddress, String scAddress, short
destinationPort, byte[] data, PendingIntent sentIntent, PendingIntent deliveryIntent)
This method is used to send a data based SMS to a specific application port.

4
void sendMultipartTextMessage(String destinationAddress, String scAddress,
ArrayList<String> parts, ArrayList<PendingIntent> sentIntents,
ArrayList<PendingIntent> deliveryIntents)
Send a multi-part text based SMS.

5
void sendTextMessage(String destinationAddress, String scAddress, String text,
PendingIntent sentIntent, PendingIntent deliveryIntent)
Send a text based SMS.

Example
Following example shows you in practical how to use SmsManager object to send an
SMS to the given mobile number.
To experiment with this example, you will need actual Mobile device equipped with latest
Android OS, otherwise you will have to struggle with emulator which may not work.

Step Description

1 You will use Android Studio IDE to create an Android application and name it
as tutorialspoint under a package com.example.tutorialspoint.

2 Modify src/MainActivity.java file and add required code to take care of sending sms.

3 Modify layout XML file res/layout/activity_main.xml add any GUI component if required. I'm adding
a simple GUI to take mobile number and SMS text to be sent and a simple button to send SMS.

4 No need to define default string constants at res/values/strings.xml. Android studio takes care of
default constants.

5 Modify AndroidManifest.xml as shown below

6 Run the application to launch Android emulator and verify the result of the changes done in the
application.

Following is the content of the modified main activity

file src/com.example.tutorialspoint/MainActivity.java.
package com.example.tutorialspoint;

import android.Manifest;
import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.app.Activity;

import android.support.v4.app.ActivityCompat;
import android.support.v4.content.ContextCompat;
import android.telephony.SmsManager;

import android.util.Log;
import android.view.Menu;
import android.view.View;

import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.EditText;
import android.widget.Toast;
public class MainActivity extends Activity {
private static final int MY_PERMISSIONS_REQUEST_SEND_SMS =0 ;
Button sendBtn;
EditText txtphoneNo;
EditText txtMessage;
String phoneNo;
String message;

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

sendBtn = (Button) findViewById(R.id.btnSendSMS);

txtphoneNo = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.editText);
txtMessage = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.editText2);

sendBtn.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
public void onClick(View view) {
sendSMSMessage();
}
});
}

protected void sendSMSMessage() {

phoneNo = txtphoneNo.getText().toString();
message = txtMessage.getText().toString();

if (ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(this,
Manifest.permission.SEND_SMS)
!= PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
if
(ActivityCompat.shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale(this,
Manifest.permission.SEND_SMS)) {
} else {
ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(this,
new String[]{Manifest.permission.SEND_SMS},
MY_PERMISSIONS_REQUEST_SEND_SMS);
}
}
}

@Override
public void onRequestPermissionsResult(int requestCode,String
permissions[], int[] grantResults) {
switch (requestCode) {
case MY_PERMISSIONS_REQUEST_SEND_SMS: {
if (grantResults.length > 0
&& grantResults[0] ==
PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
SmsManager smsManager =
SmsManager.getDefault();
smsManager.sendTextMessage(phoneNo, null,
message, null, null);
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "SMS
sent.",
Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
} else {
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),
"SMS faild, please try again.",
Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
return;
}
}
}

}
}

Following will be the content of res/layout/activity_main.xml file −

Here abc indicates about tutorialspoint logo

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<EditText
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/editText"
android:hint="Enter Phone Number"
android:phoneNumber="true"

android:textColorHint="@color/abc_primary_text_material_dark"
android:layout_below="@+id/imageButton"
android:layout_centerHorizontal="true" />

<EditText
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/editText2"
android:layout_below="@+id/editText"
android:layout_alignLeft="@+id/editText"
android:layout_alignStart="@+id/editText"

android:textColorHint="@color/abc_primary_text_material_dark"
android:layout_alignRight="@+id/imageButton"
android:layout_alignEnd="@+id/imageButton"
android:hint="Enter SMS" />

</RelativeLayout>

Following will be the content of res/values/strings.xml to define two new constants

−
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<resources>
<string name="app_name">tutorialspoint</string>
</resources>

Following is the default content of AndroidManifest.xml −

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
package="com.example.tutorialspoint" >

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.SEND_SMS" />

<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
<category
android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
</intent-filter>

</activity>

</application>
</manifest>

Let's try to run your tutorialspoint application. I assume you have connected your
actual Android Mobile device with your computer. To run the app from Android studio,
open one of your project's activity files and click Run icon from the toolbar. Before
starting your application, Android studio installer will display following window to
select an option where you want to run your Android application.
Now you can enter a desired mobile number and a text message to be sent on that
number. Finally click on Send SMS button to send your SMS. Make sure your
GSM/CDMA connection is working fine to deliver your SMS to its recipient.
You can take a number of SMS separated by comma and then inside your program
you will have to parse them into an array string and finally you can use a loop to send
message to all the given numbers. That's how you can write your own SMS client.
Next section will show you how to use existing SMS client to send SMS.

Using Built-in Intent to send SMS

You can use Android Intent to send SMS by calling built-in SMS functionality of the
Android. Following section explains different parts of our Intent object required to
send an SMS.

Intent Object - Action to send SMS

You will use ACTION_VIEW action to launch an SMS client installed on your Android
device. Following is simple syntax to create an intent with ACTION_VIEW action.
Intent smsIntent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_VIEW);

Intent Object - Data/Type to send SMS

To send an SMS you need to specify smsto: as URI using setData() method and
data type will be to vnd.android-dir/mms-sms using setType() method as follows −
smsIntent.setData(Uri.parse("smsto:"));
smsIntent.setType("vnd.android-dir/mms-sms");

Intent Object - Extra to send SMS

Android has built-in support to add phone number and text message to send an SMS
as follows −
smsIntent.putExtra("address" , new
String("0123456789;3393993300"));
smsIntent.putExtra("sms_body" , "Test SMS to Angilla");
Here address and sms_body are case sensitive and should be specified in small characters
only. You can specify more than one number in single string but separated by semi-colon (;).

Example
Following example shows you in practical how to use Intent object to launch SMS
client to send an SMS to the given recipients.
To experiment with this example, you will need actual Mobile device equipped with latest
Android OS, otherwise you will have to struggle with emulator which may not work.

Step Description

1 You will use Android studio IDE to create an Android application and name it as tutorialspoint under
a package com.example.tutorialspoint.

2 Modify src/MainActivity.java file and add required code to take care of sending SMS.

3 Modify layout XML file res/layout/activity_main.xml add any GUI component if required. I'm adding
a simple button to launch SMS Client.

4 No need to define default constants.Android studio takes care of default constants.

5 Modify AndroidManifest.xml as shown below

6 Run the application to launch Android emulator and verify the result of the changes done in the
application.

Following is the content of the modified main activity

file src/com.example.tutorialspoint/MainActivity.java.
package com.example.tutorialspoint;

public class MainActivity extends Activity {

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

Button startBtn = (Button) findViewById(R.id.button);

startBtn.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
public void onClick(View view) {
sendSMS();
}
});
}

protected void sendSMS() {

Log.i("Send SMS", "");
Intent smsIntent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_VIEW);

smsIntent.setData(Uri.parse("smsto:"));
smsIntent.setType("vnd.android-dir/mms-sms");
smsIntent.putExtra("address" , new String ("01234"));
smsIntent.putExtra("sms_body" , "Test ");

try {
startActivity(smsIntent);
finish();
Log.i("Finished sending SMS...", "");
} catch (android.content.ActivityNotFoundException ex) {
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this,
"SMS faild, please try again later.",
Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
}

@Override
public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) {
// Inflate the menu; this adds items to the action bar if
it is present.
getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.main, menu);
return true;
}
}

Following will be the content of res/layout/activity_main.xml file −

Here abc indicates about tutorialspoint logo

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

</RelativeLayout>
Following will be the content of res/values/strings.xml to define two new constants
−
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<resources>
<string name="app_name">tutorialspoint</string>
</resources>

Following is the default content of AndroidManifest.xml −

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
package="com.example.tutorialspoint" >

<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
<category
android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
</intent-filter>

</activity>

</application>
</manifest>

Let's try to run your tutorialspoint application. I assume you have connected your
actual Android Mobile device with your computer. To run the app from Android studio,
open one of your project's activity files and click Run icon from the toolbar. Before
starting your application, Android studio will display following window to select an
option where you want to run your Android application.
Select your mobile device as an option and then check your mobile device which will
display following screen −
Now use Compose SMS button to launch Android built-in SMS clients which is
shown below −
You can modify either of the given default fields and finally use send SMS button to
send your SMS to the mentioned recipient.

Android - Phone Calls

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Android provides Built-in applications for phone calls, in some occasions we may
need to make a phone call through our application. This could easily be done by using
implicit Intent with appropriate actions. Also, we can use PhoneStateListener and
TelephonyManager classes, in order to monitor the changes in some telephony states
on the device.
This chapter lists down all the simple steps to create an application which can be
used to make a Phone Call. You can use Android Intent to make phone call by calling
built-in Phone Call functionality of the Android. Following section explains different
parts of our Intent object required to make a call.

Intent Object - Action to make Phone Call

You will use ACTION_CALL action to trigger built-in phone call functionality available
in Android device. Following is simple syntax to create an intent with ACTION_CALL
action
Intent phoneIntent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_CALL);
You can use ACTION_DIAL action instead of ACTION_CALL, in that case you will
have option to modify hardcoded phone number before making a call instead of
making a direct call.

Intent Object - Data/Type to make Phone Call

To make a phone call at a given number 91-000-000-0000, you need to specify tel: as
URI using setData() method as follows −
phoneIntent.setData(Uri.parse("tel:91-000-000-0000"));

The interesting point is that, to make a phone call, you do not need to specify any
extra data or data type.

Example
Following example shows you in practical how to use Android Intent to make phone
call to the given mobile number.
To experiment with this example, you will need actual Mobile device equipped with latest
Android OS, otherwise you will have to struggle with emulator which may not work.

Step Description
1 You will use Android studio IDE to create an Android application and name it as My
Application under a package com.example.saira_000.myapplication.

2 Modify src/MainActivity.java file and add required code to take care of making a call.

3 Modify layout XML file res/layout/activity_main.xml add any GUI component if required. I'm adding
a simple button to Call 91-000-000-0000 number

4 No need to define default string constants.Android studio takes care of default constants.

5 Modify AndroidManifest.xml as shown below

6 Run the application to launch Android emulator and verify the result of the changes done in the
application.

Following is the content of the modified main activity file src/MainActivity.java.

package com.example.saira_000.myapplication;

import android.Manifest;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
import android.net.Uri;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.v4.app.ActivityCompat;
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.Button;

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

private Button button;

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
button = (Button) findViewById(R.id.buttonCall);

button.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
public void onClick(View arg0) {
Intent callIntent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_CALL);
callIntent.setData(Uri.parse("tel:0377778888"));

if
(ActivityCompat.checkSelfPermission(MainActivity.this,
Manifest.permission.CALL_PHONE) !=
PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
return;
}
startActivity(callIntent);
}
});

}
}

Following will be the content of res/layout/activity_main.xml file −

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="fill_parent"
android:orientation="vertical" >

</LinearLayout>

Following will be the content of res/values/strings.xml to define two new constants

−
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<resources>
<string name="app_name">My Application</string>
</resources>

Following is the default content of AndroidManifest.xml −

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
package="com.example.saira_000.myapplication" >

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.CALL_PHONE"
/>

<activity

android:name="com.example.saira_000.myapplication.MainActivity"
android:label="@string/app_name" >

<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
<category
android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
</intent-filter>

</activity>

</application>
</manifest>

Let's try to run your My Application application. I assume you have connected your
actual Android Mobile device with your computer. To run the app from Android studio,
open one of your project's activity files and click Run icon from the toolbar.Select
your mobile device as an option and then check your mobile device which will display
following screen −
Now use Call button to make phone call as shown below −

Publishing Android Application

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Android application publishing is a process that makes your Android applications
available to users. Infect, publishing is the last phase of the Android application
development process.

Android development life cycle

Once you developed and fully tested your Android Application, you can start selling
or distributing free using Google Play (A famous Android marketplace). You can also
release your applications by sending them directly to users or by letting users
download them from your own website.
You can check a detailed publishing process at Android official website, but this
tutorial will take you through simple steps to launch your application on Google Play.
Here is a simplified check list which will help you in launching your Android application
−

Step Activity

1 Regression Testing Before you publish your application, you need to make sure that its meeting
the basic quality expectations for all Android apps, on all of the devices that you are targeting. So
perform all the required testing on different devices including phone and tablets.

2 Application Rating When you will publish your application at Google Play, you will have to specify
a content rating for your app, which informs Google Play users of its maturity level. Currently
available ratings are (a) Everyone (b) Low maturity (c) Medium maturity (d) High maturity.
3 Targeted Regions Google Play lets you control what countries and territories where your
application will be sold. Accordingly you must take care of setting up time zone, localization or any
other specific requirement as per the targeted region.

4 Application Size Currently, the maximum size for an APK published on Google Play is 50 MB. If
your app exceeds that size, or if you want to offer a secondary download, you can use APK
Expansion Files, which Google Play will host for free on its server infrastructure and automatically
handle the download to devices.

5 SDK and Screen Compatibility It is important to make sure that your app is designed to run
properly on the Android platform versions and device screen sizes that you want to target.

6 Application Pricing Deciding whether you app will be free or paid is important because, on Google
Play, free app's must remain free. If you want to sell your application then you will have to specify
its price in different currencies.

7 Promotional Content It is a good marketing practice to supply a variety of high-quality graphic

assets to showcase your app or brand. After you publish, these appear on your product details
page, in store listings and search results, and elsewhere.

8 Build and Upload release-ready APK The release-ready APK is what you you will upload to the
Developer Console and distribute to users. You can check complete detail on how to create a
release-ready version of your app: Preparing for Release.

9 Finalize Application Detail Google Play gives you a variety of ways to promote your app and
engage with users on your product details page, from colourful graphics, screen shots, and videos
to localized descriptions, release details, and links to your other apps. So you can decorate your
application page and provide as much as clear crisp detail you can provide.

Export Android Application Process

Apk development process
Before exporting the apps, you must some of tools
• Dx tools(Dalvik executable tools ): It going to convert .class file to .dex file. it
has useful for memory optimization and reduce the boot-up speed time
• AAPT(Android assistance packaging tool):it has useful to convert .Dex
file to.Apk
• APK(Android packaging kit): The final stage of deployment process is called
as .apk.
You will need to export your application as an APK (Android Package) file before you
upload it Google Play marketplace.
To export an application, just open that application project in Android studio and
select Build → Generate Signed APK from your Android studio and follow the
simple steps to export your application −
Next select, Generate Signed APK option as shown in the above screen shot and
then click it so that you get following screen where you will choose Create new
keystore to store your application.

Enter your key store path,key store password,key alias and key password to protect
your application and click on Next button once again. It will display following screen
to let you create an application −

Once you filled up all the information,like app destination,build type and flavours
click finish button While creating an application it will show as below

Finally, it will generate your Android Application as APK formate File which will be
uploaded at Google Play marketplace.

Google Play Registration

The most important step is to register with Google Play using Google Play
Marketplace. You can use your existing google ID if you have any otherwise you can
create a new Google ID and then register with the marketplace. You will have
following screen to accept terms and condition.

You can use Continue to payment button to proceed to make a payment of $25 as
a registration fee and finally to complete your account detail.
Once you are a registered user at Google Play, you can upload release-ready
APK for your application and finally you will complete application detail using
application detail page as mentioned in step 9 of the above mentioned checklist.

Signing Your App Manually

You do not need Android Studio to sign your app. You can sign your app from the
command line using standard tools from the Android SDK and the JDK. To sign an
app in release mode from the command line −

• Generate a private key using keytool

$ keytool -genkey -v -keystore my-release-key.keystore
-alias alias_name -keyalg RSA -keysize 2048 -validity 10000

• Compile your app in release mode to obtain an unsigned APK

• Sign your app with your private key using jarsigner
$ jarsigner -verbose -sigalg SHA1withRSA -digestalg SHA1
-keystore my-release-key.keystore my_application.apk alias_name

• Verify that your APK is signed. For example −

$ jarsigner -verify -verbose -certs my_application.apk
• Align the final APK package using zipalign.
$ zipalign -v 4 your_project_name-unaligned.apk
your_project_name.apk

Some of App markets

Google play

phoload

•
APTOiDE

Amazon AppStore

1mobile

•
Insyde Market

Yandex store

F-Droid

Samsung Galaxy AppStore

Android - Emulator
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The Android SDK includes a virtual mobile device emulator that runs on your
computer. The emulator lets you prototype, develop and test Android applications
without using a physical device.
In this chapter we are going to explore different functionalities in the emulator that are
present in the real android device.

Creating AVD
If you want to emulate a real device, first crate an AVD with the same device
configurations as real device, then launch this AVD from AVD manager.

Changing Orientation
Usually by default when you launch the emulator, its orientation is vertical, but you
can change it orientation by pressing Ctrl+F11 key from keyboard.
First launch the emulator. It is shown in the picture below −
Once it is launched, press Ctrl+F11 key to change its orientation. It is shown below
−
Emulator Commands.
Apart from just orientation commands, there are other very useful commands of
emulator that you should keep in mind while using emulator. They are listed below −

Sr.No Command & description

1
Home
Shifts to main screen

2
F2
Toggles context sensitive menu

3
F3
Bring out call log

4
F4
End call

5
F5
Search

6
F6
Toggle trackball mode

7
F7
Power button

8
F8
Toggle data network

9
Ctrl+F5
Ring Volume up

10
Ctrl+F6
Ring Volume down

Emulator - Sending SMS

You can emulate sending SMS to your emulator. There are two ways to do that. You
can do that from DDMS which can be found in Android studio, or from Telnet.(Network
utility found in windows).
Sending SMS through Telnet.
Telnet is not enabled by default in windows. You have to enable it to use it. Once
enabled you can go to command prompt and start telnet by typing telnet.
In order to send SMS , note down the AVD number which can be found on the title
bar of the emulator. It could be like this 5554 e.t.c. Once noted , type this command
in command prompt.
telnet localhost 5554
Press enter when you type the command. It is shown below in the figure.

You will see that you are now connected to your emulator. Now type this command
to send message.
sms send 1234 "hello"
Once you type this command , hit enter. Now look at the AVD. You will receive a
notification displaying that you got a new text message. It is shown below −
Emulator - Making Call
You can easily make phone calls to your emulator using telent client. You need to
connect to your emulator from telnet. It is discussed in the sending sms topic above.
After that you will type this command in the telent window to make a call. Its syntax
is given below −
gsm call 1234
Once you type this command , hit enter. Now look at the AVD. You will receive a call
from the number your put in the command. It is shown below −

Emulator - Transferring files

You can easily transfer files into the emulator and vice versa. In order to do that, you
need to select the DDMS utility in Android studio. After that select the file explorer
tab. It is shown below −
Browse through the explorer and make new folder , view existing contents e.t.c.

Android - Google Maps

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Android allows us to integrate google maps in our application. You can show any
location on the map , or can show different routes on the map e.t.c. You can also
customize the map according to your choices.
Google Map - Layout file
Now you have to add the map fragment into xml layout file. Its syntax is given below
−
<fragment
android:id="@+id/map"
android:name="com.google.android.gms.maps.MapFragment"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"/>
Google Map - AndroidManifest file
The next thing you need to do is to add some permissions along with the Google Map
API key in the AndroidManifest.XML file. Its syntax is given below −

<uses-permission
android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE" />
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET" />
<uses-permission
android:name="com.google.android.providers.gsf.permission.
READ_GSERVICES" />
<uses-permission
android:name="android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE" />

Customizing Google Map

You can easily customize google map from its default view , and change it according
to your demand.
Adding Marker
You can place a maker with some text over it displaying your location on the map. It
can be done by via addMarker() method. Its syntax is given below −
final LatLng TutorialsPoint = new LatLng(21 , 57);
Marker TP = googleMap.addMarker(new MarkerOptions()
.position(TutorialsPoint).title("TutorialsPoint"));
Changing Map Type
You can also change the type of the MAP. There are four different types of map and
each give a different view of the map. These types are Normal,Hybrid,Satellite and
terrain. You can use them as below
googleMap.setMapType(GoogleMap.MAP_TYPE_NORMAL);
googleMap.setMapType(GoogleMap.MAP_TYPE_HYBRID);
googleMap.setMapType(GoogleMap.MAP_TYPE_SATELLITE);
googleMap.setMapType(GoogleMap.MAP_TYPE_TERRAIN);
Enable/Disable zoom
You can also enable or disable the zoom gestures in the map by calling
the setZoomControlsEnabled(boolean) method. Its syntax is given below −
googleMap.getUiSettings().setZoomGesturesEnabled(true);
Apart from these customization, there are other methods available in the GoogleMap
class , that helps you more customize the map. They are listed below −

Sr.No Method & description

1 addCircle(CircleOptions options)
This method add a circle to the map

addPolygon(PolygonOptions options)
2
This method add a polygon to the map

addTileOverlay(TileOverlayOptions options)
3
This method add tile overlay to the map

animateCamera(CameraUpdate update)
4
This method Moves the map according to the update with an animation

clear()
5
This method removes everything from the map.

getMyLocation()
6
This method returns the currently displayed user location.

moveCamera(CameraUpdate update)
7
This method repositions the camera according to the instructions defined in the update

setTrafficEnabled(boolean enabled)
8
This method Toggles the traffic layer on or off.

snapshot(GoogleMap.SnapshotReadyCallback callback)
9
This method Takes a snapshot of the map

stopAnimation()
10
This method stops the camera animation if there is one in progress

Example
Here is an example demonstrating the use of GoogleMap class. It creates a basic M
application that allows you to navigate through the map.
To experiment with this example , you can run this on an actual device or in an
emulator.
Create a project with google maps activity as shown below −

It will open the following screen and copy the console url for API Key as shown below
−

Copy this and paste it to your browser. It will give the following screen −
Click on continue and click on Create API Key then it will show the following screen

Here is the content of activity_main.xml.

<fragment
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:map="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:id="@+id/map"
android:name="com.google.android.gms.maps.SupportMapFragment"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"

tools:context="com.example.tutorialspoint7.myapplication.MapsActi
vity" />

Here is the content of MapActivity.java.

In the below code we have given sample latitude and longitude details

package com.example.tutorialspoint7.myapplication;

import android.support.v4.app.FragmentActivity;
import android.os.Bundle;

import com.google.android.gms.maps.CameraUpdateFactory;
import com.google.android.gms.maps.GoogleMap;
import com.google.android.gms.maps.OnMapReadyCallback;
import com.google.android.gms.maps.SupportMapFragment;
import com.google.android.gms.maps.model.LatLng;
import com.google.android.gms.maps.model.MarkerOptions;

public class MapsActivity extends FragmentActivity implements

OnMapReadyCallback {

private GoogleMap mMap;

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_maps);
// Obtain the SupportMapFragment and get notified when the
map is ready to be used.
SupportMapFragment mapFragment = (SupportMapFragment)
getSupportFragmentManager()
.findFragmentById(R.id.map);
mapFragment.getMapAsync(this);
}

/**
* Manipulates the map once available.
* This callback is triggered when the map is ready to be
used.
* This is where we can add markers or lines, add listeners
or move the camera.
* In this case, we just add a marker near Sydney,
Australia.
* If Google Play services is not installed on the device.
* This method will only be triggered once the user has
installed
Google Play services and returned to the app.
*/

@Override
public void onMapReady(GoogleMap googleMap) {
mMap = googleMap;
// Add a marker in Sydney and move the camera
LatLng TutorialsPoint = new LatLng(21, 57);
mMap.addMarker(new

MarkerOptions().position(TutorialsPoint).title("Tutorialspoint.co
m"));

mMap.moveCamera(CameraUpdateFactory.newLatLng(TutorialsPoint));
}
}

Following is the content of AndroidManifest.xml file.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
package="com.example.tutorialspoint7.myapplication">

<uses-permission
android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION" />
<uses-permission
android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION" />
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET" />
<application
android:allowBackup="true"
android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"
android:label="@string/app_name"
android:supportsRtl="true"
android:theme="@style/AppTheme">

Output should be like this −

Android - Login Screen

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A login application is the screen asking your credentials to login to some particular
application. You might have seen it when logging into facebook,twitter e.t.c
This chapter explains, how to create a login screen and how to manage security when
false attempts are made.
First you have to define two TextView asking username and password of the user.
The password TextView must have inputType set to password. Its syntax is given
below −
<EditText
android:id = "@+id/editText2"
android:layout_width = "wrap_content"
android:layout_height = "wrap_content"
android:inputType = "textPassword" />

Define a button with login text and set its onClick Property. After that define the
function mentioned in the onClick property in the java file.
<Button
android:id = "@+id/button1"
android:layout_width = "wrap_content"
android:layout_height = "wrap_content"
android:onClick = "login"
android:text = "@string/Login"
/>
In the java file, inside the method of onClick get the username and passwords text
using getText() and toString() method and match it with the text
using equals() function.
EditText username = (EditText)findViewById(R.id.editText1);
EditText password = (EditText)findViewById(R.id.editText2);

public void login(View view){

if(username.getText().toString().equals("admin") &&
password.getText().toString().equals("admin")){

//correcct password
}else{
//wrong password
}

The last thing you need to do is to provide a security mechanism, so that unwanted
attempts should be avoided. For this initialize a variable and on each false attempt,
decrement it. And when it reaches to 0, disable the login button.
int counter = 3;
counter--;

if(counter==0){
//disble the button, close the application e.t.c
}

Example
Here is an example demonstrating a login application. It creates a basic application
that gives you only three attempts to login to an application.
To experiment with this example, you can run this on an actual device or in an
emulator.

Steps Description

1 You will use Android studio to create an Android application under a package
com.example.sairamkrishna.myapplication.

3 Modify src/MainActivity.java file to add necessary code.

4 Modify the res/layout/activity_main to add respective XML components

5 Run the application and choose a running android device and install the application on it and
verify the results

Following is the content of the modified main activity file src/MainActivity.java.

package com.example.sairamkrishna.myapplication;

import android.app.Activity;
import android.graphics.Color;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;

import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.EditText;
import android.widget.TextView;
import android.widget.Toast;

public class MainActivity extends Activity {

Button b1,b2;
EditText ed1,ed2;

TextView tx1;
int counter = 3;

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

b1 = (Button)findViewById(R.id.button);
ed1 = (EditText)findViewById(R.id.editText);
ed2 = (EditText)findViewById(R.id.editText2);

b2 = (Button)findViewById(R.id.button2);
tx1 = (TextView)findViewById(R.id.textView3);
tx1.setVisibility(View.GONE);

b1.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
if(ed1.getText().toString().equals("admin") &&
ed2.getText().toString().equals("admin")) {
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),
"Redirecting...",Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}else{
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "Wrong
Credentials",Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();

tx1.setVisibility(View.VISIBLE);
tx1.setBackgroundColor(Color.RED);
counter--;
tx1.setText(Integer.toString(counter));

if (counter == 0) {
b1.setEnabled(false);
}
}
}
});

b2.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
finish();
}
});
}
}

Following is the modified content of the xml res/layout/activity_main.xml.

In the following code abc indicates about logo of tutorialspoint.com

<?xml version = "1.0" encoding = "utf-8"?>

<TextView android:text = "Login"

android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height = "wrap_content"
android:id = "@+id/textview"
android:textSize = "35dp"
android:layout_alignParentTop = "true"
android:layout_centerHorizontal = "true" />

</RelativeLayout>
Following is the content of the res/values/string.xml.
<resources>
<string name="app_name">My Application</string>
</resources>

Following is the content of AndroidManifest.xml file.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
package="com.example.sairamkrishna.myapplication" >

<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
<category
android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
</intent-filter>

</activity>

</application>
</manifest>

Let's try to run our application we just modified. I assume you had created
your AVD while doing environment setup. To run the app from Android studio, open
one of your project's activity files and click Run icon from the toolbar. Android
studio installs the app on your AVD and starts it and if everything is fine with your
setup and application, it will display following Emulator window −
Type anything in the username and password field, and then press the login button.
I put abc in the username field and abc in the password field. I got failed attempt. This
is shown below −
Do this two more time, and you will see that you have 0 login attempts left and your
login button is disabled.
Now open the application again, and this time enter correct username as admin and
password as admin and click on login. You will be successfully login.
If user press on cancel button, it will close an application of login screen.

Android - PHP/MYSQL
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In this chapter , we are going to explain, how you can integrate PHP and MYSQL with
your android application. This is very useful in case you have a webserver, and you
want to access its data on your android application.
MYSQL is used as a database at the webserver and PHP is used to fetch data from
the database. Our application will communicate with the PHP page with necessary
parameters and PHP will contact MYSQL database and will fetch the result and return
the results to us.

PHP - MYSQL
Creating Database
MYSQL database can be created easily using this simple script. The CREATE
DATABASE statement creates the database.
<?php
$con=mysqli_connect("example.com","username","password");
$sql="CREATE DATABASE my_db";
if (mysqli_query($con,$sql)) {
echo "Database my_db created successfully";
}
?>
Creating Tables
Once database is created, its time to create some tables in the database.
The CREATE TABLE statement creates the database.
<?php

$con=mysqli_connect("example.com","username","password","my_db");
$sql="CREATE TABLE table1(Username CHAR(30),Password
CHAR(30),Role CHAR(30))";
if (mysqli_query($con,$sql)) {
echo "Table have been created successfully";
}
?>
Inserting Values in tables
When the database and tables are created. Now its time to insert some data into the
tables. The Insert Into statement creates the database.
<?php

$con=mysqli_connect("example.com","username","password","my_db");
$sql="INSERT INTO table1 (FirstName, LastName, Age) VALUES
('admin', 'admin','adminstrator')";
if (mysqli_query($con,$sql)) {
echo "Values have been inserted successfully";
}
?>
PHP - GET and POST methods
PHP is also used to fetch the record from the mysql database once it is created. In
order to fetch record some information must be passed to PHP page regarding what
record to be fetched.
The first method to pass information is through GET method in
which $_GET command is used. The variables are passed in the url and the record
is fetched. Its syntax is given below −
<?php

$con=mysqli_connect("example.com","username","password","database
name");

if (mysqli_connect_errno($con)) {
echo "Failed to connect to MySQL: " .
mysqli_connect_error();
}

$username = $_GET['username'];
$password = $_GET['password'];
$result = mysqli_query($con,"SELECT Role FROM table1 where
Username='$username'
and Password='$password'");
$row = mysqli_fetch_array($result);
$data = $row[0];

if($data){
echo $data;
}
mysqli_close($con);
?>

The second method is to use POST method. The only change in the above script is
to replace $_GET with $_POST. In Post method, the variables are not passed
through URL.

Android - Connecting MYSQL

Connecting Via Get Method
There are two ways to connect to MYSQL via PHP page. The first one is called Get
method. We will use HttpGet and HttpClient class to connect. Their syntax is given
below −
URL url = new URL(link);
HttpClient client = new DefaultHttpClient();
HttpGet request = new HttpGet();
request.setURI(new URI(link));

After that you need to call execute method of HttpClient class and receive it in a
HttpResponse object. After that you need to open streams to receive the data.
HttpResponse response = client.execute(request);
BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader
(new InputStreamReader(response.getEntity().getContent()));
Connecting Via Post Method
In the Post method, the URLEncoder,URLConnection class will be used. The
urlencoder will encode the information of the passing variables. It's syntax is given
below −
URL url = new URL(link);
String data = URLEncoder.encode("username", "UTF-8")
+ "=" + URLEncoder.encode(username, "UTF-8");
data += "&" + URLEncoder.encode("password", "UTF-8")
+ "=" + URLEncoder.encode(password, "UTF-8");
URLConnection conn = url.openConnection();

The last thing you need to do is to write this data to the link. After writing, you need
to open stream to receive the responded data.
OutputStreamWriter wr = new
OutputStreamWriter(conn.getOutputStream());
wr.write( data );
BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(conn.getInputStream()));

Example
The below example is a complete example of connecting your android application
with MYSQL database via PHP page. It creates a basic application that allows you to
login using GET and POST method.
PHP - MYSQL part
In this example a database with the name of temp has been created at
000webhost.com. In that database, a table has been created with the name of table1.
This table has three fields. (Username, Password, Role). The table has only one
record which is ("admin","admin","administrator").
The php page has been given below which takes parameters by post method.
<?php

$con=mysqli_connect("mysql10.000webhost.com","username","password
","db_name");

if (mysqli_connect_errno($con)) {
echo "Failed to connect to MySQL: " .
mysqli_connect_error();
}

$username = $_POST['username'];
$password = $_POST['password'];
$result = mysqli_query($con,"SELECT Role FROM table1 where
Username='$username' and Password='$password'");
$row = mysqli_fetch_array($result);
$data = $row[0];

if($data){
echo $data;
}

mysqli_close($con);
?>
Android Part
To experiment with this example , you need to run this on an actual device on which
wifi internet is connected.

Steps Description

1 You will use Android studio IDE to create an Android application and name it as PHPMYSQL
under a package com.example.phpmysql.

2 Modify src/MainActivity.java file to add Activity code.

3 Create src/SiginActivity.java file to add PHPMYSQL code.

4 Modify layout XML file res/layout/activity_main.xml add any GUI component if required.

5 Modify res/values/string.xml file and add necessary string components.

6 Modify AndroidManifest.xml to add necessary permissions.

7 Run the application and choose a running android device and install the application on it and
verify the results.

Here is the content of src/com.example.phpmysql/MainActivity.java.

package com.example.phpmysql;

import android.app.Activity;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.EditText;
import android.widget.TextView;

public class MainActivity extends Activity {

private EditText usernameField,passwordField;
private TextView status,role,method;

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

usernameField = (EditText)findViewById(R.id.editText1);
passwordField = (EditText)findViewById(R.id.editText2);

status = (TextView)findViewById(R.id.textView6);
role = (TextView)findViewById(R.id.textView7);
method = (TextView)findViewById(R.id.textView9);
}

public void login(View view){

String username = usernameField.getText().toString();
String password = passwordField.getText().toString();
method.setText("Get Method");
new
SigninActivity(this,status,role,0).execute(username,password);

public void loginPost(View view){

String username = usernameField.getText().toString();
String password = passwordField.getText().toString();
method.setText("Post Method");
new
SigninActivity(this,status,role,1).execute(username,password);
}
}

Here is the content of src/com.example.phpmysql/SigninActivity.java.

package com.example.phpmysql;

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.io.OutputStreamWriter;
import java.net.URI;
import java.net.URL;
import java.net.URLConnection;
import java.net.URLEncoder;

import org.apache.http.HttpResponse;
import org.apache.http.client.HttpClient;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.DefaultHttpClient;

import android.content.Context;
import android.os.AsyncTask;
import android.widget.TextView;

public class SigninActivity extends AsyncTask{

private TextView statusField,roleField;
private Context context;
private int byGetOrPost = 0;

//flag 0 means get and 1 means post.(By default it is get.)

public SigninActivity(Context context,TextView
statusField,TextView roleField,int flag) {
this.context = context;
this.statusField = statusField;
this.roleField = roleField;
byGetOrPost = flag;
}

protected void onPreExecute(){

}

@Override
protected String doInBackground(String... arg0) {
if(byGetOrPost == 0){ //means by Get Method

try{
String username = (String)arg0[0];
String password = (String)arg0[1];
String link =
"http://myphpmysqlweb.hostei.com/login.php?username="+username+"&
password="+password;

URL url = new URL(link);

HttpClient client = new DefaultHttpClient();
HttpGet request = new HttpGet();
request.setURI(new URI(link));
HttpResponse response = client.execute(request);
BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new

InputStreamReader(response.getEntity().getContent()));

StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("");

String line="";

while ((line = in.readLine()) != null) {

sb.append(line);
break;
}

in.close();
return sb.toString();
} catch(Exception e){
return new String("Exception: " + e.getMessage());
}
} else{
try{
String username = (String)arg0[0];
String password = (String)arg0[1];

String
link="http://myphpmysqlweb.hostei.com/loginpost.php";
String data = URLEncoder.encode("username", "UTF-8")
+ "=" +
URLEncoder.encode(username, "UTF-8");
data += "&" + URLEncoder.encode("password", "UTF-8")
+ "=" +
URLEncoder.encode(password, "UTF-8");

URL url = new URL(link);

URLConnection conn = url.openConnection();

conn.setDoOutput(true);
OutputStreamWriter wr = new
OutputStreamWriter(conn.getOutputStream());

wr.write( data );
wr.flush();

BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new

InputStreamReader(conn.getInputStream()));

StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();

String line = null;

// Read Server Response

while((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
sb.append(line);
break;
}

return sb.toString();
} catch(Exception e){
return new String("Exception: " + e.getMessage());
}
}
}

@Override
protected void onPostExecute(String result){
this.statusField.setText("Login Successful");
this.roleField.setText(result);
}
}

Add the following content to build.gradle and rebuild the whole project.
android {
useLibrary 'org.apache.http.legacy'
}

Here is the content of activity_main.xml.

<requestFocus android:layout_width="wrap_content" />

</EditText>

</RelativeLayout>

Here is the content of Strings.xml.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<resources>

<string name="app_name">PHPMYSQL</string>
<string name="action_settings">Settings</string>
<string name="hello_world">Hello world!</string>
<string name="Username">Username</string>
<string name="Password">Password</string>
<string name="LoginGet">Login - Get</string>
<string name="LoginPost">Login - Post</string>
<string name="App">Login Application</string>
<string name="LoginStatus">Login Status</string>
<string name="LoginRole">Login Role</string>
<string name="Status">Not login</string>
<string name="Role">Not assigned</string>
<string name="method">Login Method</string>
<string name="Choose">Choose Method</string>

</resources>
Here is the content of AndroidManifest.xml.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
package="com.example.phpmysql" >

<uses-permission
android:name="android.permission.INTERNET"/>
<uses-permission
android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE" />

<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
<category
android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
</intent-filter>

</activity>

</application>
</manifest>

Let's try to run your PHPMYSQL application. I assume you have connected your
actual Android Mobile device with your computer. To run the app from Android studio,
open one of your project's activity files and click Run icon from the tool bar. Before
starting your application, Android studio will display following window to select an
option where you want to run your Android application.
Select your mobile device as an option and then check your mobile device which will
display following screen −
Now just type in your username and password. In my case i am typing admin as
username and password. It is shown in the figure −
Now press the Get button and wait a few seconds and response will be downloaded
and will be shown to you. In this case, the response is the ROLE that is fetched in
case of admin as username and password.It is shown in the figure below −
Now again press the POST button and same result would appear. It is shown in the
figure below −

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