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Lec02 Data Models

The document introduces the relational data model and SQL. It discusses key concepts like relational tables, rows and columns, primary keys, and SQL statements for creating, modifying, and querying database tables.

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Nguyễn Lê Huy Núp
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38 views17 pages

Lec02 Data Models

The document introduces the relational data model and SQL. It discusses key concepts like relational tables, rows and columns, primary keys, and SQL statements for creating, modifying, and querying database tables.

Uploaded by

Nguyễn Lê Huy Núp
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

Introduction to Data Management

CSE 414

Lecture 2: Data Models & SQL


(Ch. 2.1-2.3)

CSE 414 - Fall 2017 1


Announcements
• Office Hours are listed on the calendar
– one every Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday,
and Friday

CSE 414 - Fall 2017 2


Data Models
• language / notation for talking about data

• models we will use:


– relational: data is a collection of tables
– semi-structured: data is a tree

• other models:
– key-value pairs: used by NoSQL systems
– graph data model: used by RDF (semi-structured can also do)
– object oriented: often layered on relational, J2EE

CSE 414 - Fall 2017 3


Relational Model columns /
attributes /
fields
• Data is a collection of relations / tables:

Name Country Employees For_Profit


GizmoWorks USA 20000 True
rows /
Canon Japan 50000 True
tuples /
Hitachi Japan 30000 True
records
HappyCam Canada 500 False

• mathematically, relation is a set of tuples


– each tuple appears 0 or 1 times in the table
– order of the rows is unspecified
CSE 414 - Fall 2017 4
Relational Schema
• Each column has a “domain” (or type)
– SQL has Java-like types for numbers, strings, etc.
– domain is a constraint on the data allowed in the table
• Names and types part of the “schema” of the table:
Company(Name: string, Country: string,
Employees: int, For_Profit: boolean)

• Particular data is an “instance” of that relation


– data changes over time
– DBMS usually just stores the current instance

CSE 414 - Fall 2017 5


Keys
• Key = subset of columns that uniquely identifies tuple
• Another constraint on the table
– no two tuples can have the same values for those columns
• Examples:
– Movie(title, year, length, genre): key is (title, year)
– what is a good key for Company?
• Part of the schema (book notation is underline):
Company(Name: string, Country: string,
Employees: int, For_Profit: boolean)

CSE 414 - Fall 2017 6


Keys (cont.)
• Can have multiple keys for a table

• Only one of those keys may be “primary”


– DBMS often makes searches by primary key fastest
– other keys are called “secondary”

• “Foreign key” is a column (or columns) whose value


is a key of another table
– i.e., a reference to another row in another table

CSE 414 - Fall 2017 7


SQL (“sequel”)
• Standard query language for relational data
– used for databases in many different contexts
– inspires query languages for non-relational (e.g. SQL++)
• Everything not in quotes (‘…’) is case insensitive
• Provides standard types. Examples:
– numbers: INT, FLOAT, DECIMAL(p,s)
• DECIMAL(p,s): Exact numerical, precision p, scale s. Example:
decimal(5,2) is a number that has 3 digits before the decimal
and 2 digits after the decimal
– strings: CHAR(n), VARCHAR(n)
• CHAR(n): Fixed-length n
• VARCHAR(n): Variable length. Maximum length n

CSE 414 - Fall 2017 8


SQL (“sequel”) – Cont.

• Provides standard types. Examples:


– BOOLEAN
– DATE, TIME, TIMESTAMP
• DATE: Stores year, month, and day values
• TIME: Stores hour, minute, and second values
• TIMESTAMP: Stores year, month, day, hour, minute, and
second values
• Additional types differ by vendor:
– SQLite: http://www.sqlite.org/datatype3.html

CSE 414 - Fall 2017 9


SQL statements
• create table …
• drop table ...
• alter table ... add/remove ...
• insert into ... values ...
• delete from ... where ...
• update ... set ... where ...

CSE 414 - Fall 2017 10


create table …
CREATE TABLE Company(
name VARCHAR(20) PRIMARY KEY,
country VARCHAR(20),
employees INT,
for_profit CHAR(1));

CSE 414 - Fall 2017 11


drop table ...

DROP TABLE Company;

CSE 414 - Fall 2017 12


alter table ... add/remove ...

ALTER TABLE Company


ADD CEO VARCHAR(20);

CSE 414 - Fall 2017 13


insert into ... values ...

INSERT INTO Company VALUES


('GizmoWorks', 'USA', 20000, 'y');

CSE 414 - Fall 2017 14


delete from ... where ...

DELETE FROM Company


where name = 'GizmoWorks';

CSE 414 - Fall 2017 15


update ... set ... where ...

UPDATE Company
SET employees = employees + 120
where name = 'GizmoWorks';

CSE 414 - Fall 2017 16


Demo on Sqlite
• E.g., type sqlite3 in Cygwin
• .exit - exit from sqlite3

CSE 414 - Fall 2017 17

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