DATA :

discrete
only specific (counting)
->
value

continuous
measuring gaps between data points
--
no
,

Measures central
of tendency
and measures
of spread .

Central measures
Spread measures
temorency
:

arithmetic mean
range
-
-

median interawantile
range
-
-

mode
Standard deviation
-

-
varience

1 . ARiTHMeTic MEAN .
3 MEDIAN

Xe X2 Xs Xn centrol value
, , .......,

x 1
+

Xzt ..
+
Xn
5
4
..

1 1 2 2 2 b 4 5
X = , , , , , , , , ,
n -
2
↳ mean .
5
(median)
2 MODE ascending
decending order
.
or

Most
frequent value

1 2 2 . 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 5
, , , , , , , , , ,

E
-

5
mode =
3 --

if two doto items

appear with the

it is
same
frequency
and the
highest
there are < modes ,
There can't be

more than 2 modes

1 ,
2 or no modes
 X
I :

1 17 mod - 6
-

2 ↳ arithmetic mean
-

b 24 452
- B 67
-3
=

18
.

4
-
5 16
median -
4
-
6/29
X f :
Xf
1 17 17

2 20 40

322 69

4 18 72

I 16 80

6 28 174
f
123

7 4
=

xf 452
=

Measures
of Dato Spread/dispension
Measures items
how
far dato are one
from another

range
-

interawantile
range
-

- Standard deviation
-variance

RANGE

Difference between the

highest and lowest value in the set .

3 1 5 9 15 1
, , , , ,

range 15-1 14
=

INTERQUARTILE RANGE
①1
lower avartile the value such that 25 % doto items is smaller or
of
-

equal 75 % doto items is than it

and
of larger
Q3
quartile---Il-
uppor
75% -
11
-

25y - Il -
 ①1
. 5- medion
3 devidles into 2
groups
-
↑

I
1 , 2 3 3 3 4 5 6 6 7
, , , , , , ,
,

1
· ab
lower UPIDer
Quartile Quartile

interquartile
range
IQR =
a -
a
1
=
6 -

3 =
3 FaR

40-
6 5
25
biles
.

2 I
21 , ,a
I
nauer upper
Quartile I a wartile

Q 1 =
2 5
.
& 3 =

6 5 .

IQR =
4

median
1⑧
0
????
6 7
7 7 8 10
, , , , ,
-
- - & -

&1 =

2 Q

standar deviction -

stat edit stal colc evars

o =

varience
 GROUP-FREQUENCY TABLE

1 5 .

-
11 . 8.

/ I 10/07
17 5 * 52X x 15 157 x 0
.
· 17 .

8
6 .
1 . 12 .
1 .

L # III H
9 4 5
8 7 .
. 15 .

f 8 4
19 .
0 .
14 .
0

6 5 . · 8 . 8 USED FOR

1 discrete
-

2 16 0
doto
big
. .

- ↑
I

3 .
6 · 11 . 2
& continuous date
5 1 .
& 4 3 .
S

7 5 Estimate
for the
group f table
.
↑
9 0 .
the arithmetic mean

9 7

* I 2 x 120/22x<30/30x240
.

1010
.

15 8 11
->2
Mid volue 5 15 25 35 ->
1

Mid-interval value
for an interval acxcb is
ab ->
STAT-> edit

colc 1-vars
->
STAT

- 20 6
X - .

CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY
22
↑
estimate
number data items in set
of your
justified
it to
is
that smaller equal the given value X
velwy
are or to
so
show it
only 25 .

f so

X
fa could be 0
2

fc -cumulative
0 0
frequency &x = 10 6 .

~11
107

20 22
8 x
=
Var(x)
30 b

0 0x
2
Var(X)
the
41
highest cumulative
frequency
=

40 ->

Var(X) 112
-sample size (u)
 cumulative
grequency graph
cumulative
IA if
give
use
frequency ·
graph you

me
4
stroright-line
-

segments

30 -
IB recommend
using a

Smooth curve

↓
&

i
⑧

--
cummulative

frequency curve

Co -

.............
7 ⑧

-
⑳
I I I I -X
I estimatino

1
:

N 20 30 40 - S

L -
median

Quartiles
-

I aR

range
-
ESTIMATING MEDIAN AND QUARTILES FROM THE CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY CURVE

<30
temp [C] 51+210 10 45 151+210201 <25 251
+ +
+

4398 126 21
frequency
67

Temp [C] Cumulative

0
frequency
b

Median
corresponding
10 43 -
the X-value to

15 141 cnaximal value

- + 355 =
178

267 &
20 1
1
-

x 455 =

88
25 334

30 355 &3 -

- x 355
=

266

Cumulative exercises
frequency

At percentive is the value such that Ky the population takes values less than ar excel
of
to it

Q1 =
25t percentive x Min = o percentive

median= 50t - - x Max

=

root" percentive

& 3
=
75+ -

estimate the value 40th percentile

of
40 % 160 64 - 137 5h
of
=
.

40 % the (64 people) worked than 38h

of population no
longer

How worked than 30

many people no
longer bow people

x 100 18 8 = 19th percentive

-
=
.
 cumulative
frequency
n
25
5 0

10 2

so
30

no 80 mode-> two model

7
dosses and

[
50 130 30 <n = 40

60 150 # 02 n =
50

70 160

I 10 1
n 5< n = 10 10 <n<20 LOCuLb0 both ho 40Cn250 50(n=60 60(n270

=
8 - 2 ↳ So 20

mil 7 5 .
/ 15 1 2 135/4555
1 65

Il
S =

160
-

W
70 -5=65
range
=

standard diviation

0x 12 5
histogram
= .

Draw dator
a
for the

A
varience
frequency
155

↑
=

50
-

I
4 -

20 -

dator is

The
skewed
slightly reft
20 -
O

108
- &

N
O

2 2

I
⑧ IIT >
to to to so do Es
⑤
=°π@.
see
-
-

I in numbers
[n]
hours
of
 left skwed right skwed -
dato- symetric

3 median
mode mode -
mode
media median

mean mean
mean

v .

slightly left skewed

I
11 I I

⑤ is is ab no so s to Number [n]
of hours

St
->
-
A

0
//
3-10 December IA first drogt

28 . 09 6 A , B, C descriptive statistics

X
c8
10 0

30 by

50 85
70 121

90 139

146
4
110
x 146
↳ * 146
3

grauen
Y 146
-

L
150 -

140

↑
-

140-

10
-

1 - . . . . . . . . . . - -

100
-

90
-

80 -

-
-......................
70

60 -

so
-

no

i
...................
37

30-

20-

10 -

I I I >
10 so an 44 50 as o 98
in
wandidates
med=44 ① 1
=
32 0 3 =
63
number
of
 160

. . . . . .

I
. . .

60 ⑤

: 8

10
↑
· -↑

a) c) 30th
160 percentive 60 % 100 60
-
=

b 100 %
-
300 97% 60 students
X% -

290

300X
2900
//0 d) Q1 4 x 300 =

75
x
-

/
30 0

X-
X-97%

10 .
a) &1
=

1 med =

2 a =
3

b) 2

2) 7 out hier

d)

#
I

O
↓ I

outlier doto-value that

significantly differs from other value
-
data

I
boundary)
that is lower
value than
(lower outlier
lower outlier ->
& -1 51QR .

criterior

upper
outier - volue that is higher
than
(upper boundary)
Q 3 +
1 5 IQR
.
 TEST 28 . 09

STATISTICS

GA-
sampling concepts

& simple random sample

* convenience
sampling
*
systematic sampling (regular intervals)
*
stratified sampling (1st relevant
groups ,
then random
sampling)
* Quota
sampling (1st relevant
groups ,
then convenience
sampling)

GB
summarizing dator
-

measures central
of tenoercy
:

arithmetic &
mean
(estimating from a
frequency
table needs a mid-point value (
-

- median

- mode

an =

I of all date samples

Q2 I of
obs date samples IQR & Q
=
= -

an
I
all date samples
of
-

outliers

is
X outlier
if
:
an

X < &1 -
1 5 . FaR

x >
Q3 +
1 .
5/QR
 GC-presenting data

histograms-base on
frequency table

cummulative
frequency (highest cummulative sample size)
graphs
frequency
:

box and whiskers diogram (min ,

an
,
Q2 , Q2 , max)

10 /22 <30/30
x 10 x x <40

* 15 8 11
->2
Mid volue 5 15 25 35 ->
1

a
+
b
Mid-interval <xc b is
value
for intervel a STAT-> edit ->
an STAT
I
-> colc 1-vars

X ~20 6 .

& 22
I estimate

justified
it to
is
for lywe
it
show
only
6"b
2 so

could be 2

&x = 10 6 .

~11

8 x
=
Var(x)

0x
2
Var(X) =

Var(X) 112

At percentive is the value such that Ky the population takes values less than ar excel
of
to it

Q1 =
25t percentive x Min = o percentive

median= 50t - - x Max

=

root" percentive

& 3
=
75+ -