Unity University 2023

Chapter One – Introduction

1.1 Project Overview

Background
The tourism sector has long been a significant contributor to the global economy, offering
opportunities for cultural exchange and economic development. However, the traditional model
of tourism has often led to environmental degradation, cultural dilution, and a negative impact on
local communities. Sustainable tourism aims to counter these issues by promoting practices that
respect the natural environment, local cultures, and economies.

Existing Problems

 Environmental Impact: Conventional tourism often leads to pollution, waste, and

overuse of natural resources.
 Cultural Erosion: An influx of tourists can dilute local traditions and cultures.
 Economic Disparity: Benefits of tourism are not always equitably distributed among
local communities.
 Overcrowding: Popular destinations suffer from over-tourism, leading to a decline in
the quality of the visitor experience and local life.
 Lack of Awareness: Many travelers are unaware of the negative impacts their travel
can have or how to mitigate them.

Main Problems to Solve

 Promote Eco-Friendly Practices: Encourage travelers to engage in activities that have

minimal environmental impact.
 Support Local Communities: Ensure that tourism benefits are shared with local
businesses and residents.
 Cultural Preservation: Help tourists understand and respect the cultures they are visiting.
 Spread Tourism: Distribute tourist traffic more evenly across different destinations to
prevent over-tourism.

Travel and tour planning tourism Page 1

 Unity University 2023

 Educate Travelers: Provide information on sustainable travel practices and the

importance of preserving destinations for future generations.

1.2 Target Audience Analysis

Target Audiences

 Eco-Conscious Travelers: Individuals who prioritize the environment and wish to travel
sustainably.
 Cultural Enthusiasts: Those interested in authentic cultural experiences and supporting
local heritage.
 Adventure Seekers: Travelers looking for unique and off-the-beaten-path experiences.
 Families: Groups seeking safe and educational travel experiences that are sustainable.
 Retirees: Older adults with time and resources who are conscious of their travel's impact.

Demographic Categorization

 Age: All age groups, with tailored suggestions for activities suitable for different life
stages.
 Gender: Inclusive to all genders, with no specific targeting based on gender.
 Education: Both educational and non-educational travelers, with resources available to
inform and guide.
 Technical Proficiency: User-friendly interface for non-technical users, with advanced
options for tech-savvy travelers.
 Living Standard: Offering a range of sustainable travel options to cater to various
income levels.

1.3 Objectives

1.3.1 General Objective

The general objective of the Customized Travel Planning Portal for Sustainable Tourism is to
provide a user-friendly platform that promotes sustainable travel experiences by offering
personalized itineraries, eco-friendly accommodation options, and educational resources. The

Travel and tour planning tourism Page 2

 Unity University 2023

goal is to empower travelers to make informed decisions that minimize their environmental
impact, support local communities, and preserve cultural heritage.

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

 Provide personalized travel itineraries that prioritize sustainable and eco-friendly

activities and accommodations.
 Offer educational resources and guides to raise awareness about sustainable travel
practices and their positive impact.
 Facilitate the discovery of off-the-beaten-path destinations and experiences that support
local communities and minimize over-tourism.
 Enable users to make informed decisions about their travel plans by providing transparent
information about the environmental and social impact of their choices.

1.4 Scope of the Project

 Inclusions

 Personalized travel itineraries with a focus on sustainability and eco-friendly options.

 Educational resources and guides to promote awareness of sustainable travel practices.
 Discovery of unique and off-the-beaten-path destinations and experiences.
 Transparent information about the environmental and social impact of travel choices.

 Exclusions

 Booking and reservation functionalities for accommodations and transportation.

 Direct management of travel logistics such as ticketing and scheduling.
 Real-time environmental impact tracking during travel.

 Limitations

 The system will rely on the accuracy and availability of external data sources for
environmental and social impact information.

Travel and tour planning tourism Page 3

 Unity University 2023

 The platform will not be responsible for the actual implementation of sustainable
practices during travel; it will only provide guidance and information.

1.5 Tools and Methodologies

1.5.1 Document Preparation Tools

 Tools: Microsoft Word, Google Docs

 Why: These tools provide a user-friendly interface for creating and formatting
documents. They also support collaboration and sharing, allowing for seamless document
preparation and review.

1.5.2 System Design Tools

 Tools: Lucidchart, Draw.io

 Why: These tools offer a range of design elements and templates for creating system
architecture diagrams, user interface wireframes, and flowcharts. They facilitate visual
representation of the system's structure and functionality.

1.5.3 System Development Tools

 Tools: Visual Studio Code, Sublime

 Why: These integrated development environments (IDEs) provide robust features for
coding, debugging, and version control. They support a wide range of programming
languages and offer extensions for web development, data analysis, and more.

1.5.4 System Development Languages

 Languages: JavaScript, HTML, CSS,MSSQL,PHP,XAMMP,APACHE

 Why: versatile and well-suited for web development, data processing, and system
automation. JavaScript, HTML, and CSS are essential for front-end web development,
enabling interactive and responsive user interfaces.

Travel and tour planning tourism Page 4

 Unity University 2023

1.6 Beneficiaries

The beneficiaries of this system include:

 Travelers: Gain access to personalized, sustainable travel itineraries and educational

resources to make informed decisions that align with their values.
 Local Communities: Benefit from reduced over-tourism and increased support for
authentic cultural experiences, leading to economic and cultural preservation.
 Environmental Conservation Efforts: Experience reduced environmental impact
through the promotion of eco-friendly travel practices and responsible tourism.
 Tourism Industry: Encouraged to adopt sustainable practices and cater to the growing
demand for responsible travel experiences.

Travel and tour planning tourism Page 5

Unity University 2023

Chapter Two – Managerial Processes

2.1 Meetings

 Frequency: Bi-weekly meetings, plus we have class so its easy for us to meet
 When: it varies and depend on our class time
 How: Virtual meetings via video conferencing zoom or another and in person
 Objectives:
o Review project progress
o Discuss any challenges or roadblocks
o Plan upcoming tasks and assignments
o Ensure alignment with project goals and timelines

2.2 Project Organization

 Hierarchical Structure:
o Project Manager :
o Team Leader
o Team Members:

2.3 Roles and Responsibilities

 Project Manager: Overall project coordination, stakeholder communication, and

strategic decision-making.
 Team Leader: Task allocation, progress tracking, and team coordination.
 Team Members: Task execution, reporting, and collaboration.

2.4 Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) Outline

1. Project Management
o Initiation

Travel and tour planning tourism Page 6

Unity University 2023

o Planning
o Execution
o Monitoring and Control
o Closure
2. Website Development
o Requirements Analysis
o System Design
o Front-end Development
o Back-end Development
o Testing
o Deployment
3. Content Creation
o Research and Data Collection
o Writing and Editing
o Multimedia Content Development
4. Marketing and Outreach
o Marketing Strategy Development
o Digital Marketing Campaigns
o Partnership Outreach
5. Sustainability Integration
o Sustainable Practices Research
o Integration of Eco-friendly Features
o Educational Resource Development
6. User Experience Design
o User Research
o Interface Design
o User Testing and Feedback
7. Quality Assurance
o Test Plan Development
o Functional Testing

Travel and tour planning tourism Page 7

Unity University 2023

o Performance Testing

8. Launch and Post-Launch Activities

o Launch Planning
o User Training and Support
o Post-Launch Monitoring

Travel and tour planning tourism Page 8

 Portfolio PFL-01 Portfolio PFL-05

Unity University Portfolio PFL-02 Portfolio PFL-06

2023
Portfolio PFL- 03 Portfolio PFL-07
WBS (Work Breakdown Structure) Portfolio PFL-04 PortfolioPFL-08

Travel and tour planning tourism Page 9

Unity University 2023

System Service Request(SSR)

 The first deliverable of IS project Consists:

 Requester company, dept name, date, location, address

 Type and urgency of request
 Short problem statement
 Service request statement
 Sponsor
 Request approval/rejection
 Assigned to
 Starting date
 Signatures

Travel and tour planning tourism Page 10

 Unity University 2023

2.5 Schedule

 we will create a time frame for the whole project and individual tasks, ensuring a realistic
and achievable schedule.

2.6 Budget

 we will estimate the overall budget for the project, ensuring a fair and comprehensive
estimation based on the project's scope and requirements.

We will be using Microsoft project for Schedule and Budget and display Gnat chart

Travel and tour planning tourism Page 11

 Unity University 2023

ID Task Task Name Duration Start Finish Predecessors

Resource Names Cost
Mode
Oct 29, '23 Nov 12, '23 Nov 26, '23 Dec 10, '23 Dec 24, '23 Jan 7, '24 Jan 21, '24
T T S F W M S T T S F W M S T T S
0 Project 88 days? Thu Mon $49,970.00
Management for 11/23/23 3/25/24
MS Website
1 Initiating 7.5 days Thu 11/23/23Mon 12/4/23 $4,483.00
2 Develop 3.5 days Thu Tue $1,588.00
Project 11/23/23 11/28/23
3 Charter
Identify 1 day Thu Thu Project $180.00 Project Director
Goals and 11/23/23 11/23/23 Director
4 Objectives
Develop 1 day Fri Fri 3 Project $180.00 Project Director
Strategies 11/24/23 11/24/23 Director
and Plans
5 Research 1 day Mon Mon 4 Project $482.00 Project Manager
Previous 11/27/23 11/27/23 Manager
Experience
6 Develop 0.5 days Tue Tue 5 Project $746.00 Project Manager,Acceptor
Project 11/28/23 11/28/23 Manager,Acceptor
7 Charter
Develop 4 days Tue Mon 2 $2,895.00
Preliminary 11/28/23 12/4/23
Project Scope
8 Statement
Conduct 1 day Tue Wed Project $180.00 Project Director
Planning 11/28/23 11/29/23 Director
Workshop
9 Document 0.5 days Wed Wed 8 Application $1,005.00 Application Architect,Technical Architect,Project Manager
Project 11/29/23 11/29/23 Architect,Technical
Costs and Architect,Project
10 Benefits
Develop 1 day Thu Thu 9 Manager
Project $482.00 Project Manager
High Level 11/30/23 11/30/23 Manager
Work
Breakdown
11 Structure
Conduct 1 day Fri 12/1/23 Fri 12/1/23 10 Project $482.00 Project Manager
Peer Manager
12 Review
Prepare 0.5 days Mon Mon 11 Project $746.00 Project Manager,Acceptor
Preliminary 12/4/23 12/4/23 Manager,Acceptor
Project
Scope
13 Statement
Planning 31 days Mon 12/4/23Tue 1/16/241 $20,376.00
14 Set Up Project 4 days Mon Fri 12/8/23 $2,047.00
Environment 12/4/23
15 Prepare 1 day Mon Tue Project $482.00 Project Manager
Facilities 12/4/23 12/5/23 Manager
16 Set Up 1 day Tue Wed 15Quality $601.00 Quality Assurance Manager
Project 12/5/23 12/6/23 Assurance
Standards Manager
17 and
Set Up 1 day Wed Thu 16 Project $482.00 Project Manager
Project 12/6/23 12/7/23 Manager
Management
18 Tools
Set Up 1 day Thu Fri 12/8/23 17 Project $482.00 Project Manager
Project 12/7/23 Manager
19 BookScope 4 days
Define Fri 12/8/23 Thu 12/14/2314 $1,928.00
20 Document 1 day Fri 12/8/23 Mon Project $482.00 Project Manager
Scope 12/11/23 Manager
Management
21 Plan
Specify 1 day Mon Tue 20 Project $482.00 Project Manager
Deliverables 12/11/23 12/12/23 Manager
and
Acceptance
22 CriteriaScope1 day
Define Tue 12/12/23Wed 12/13/23
21 Project Manager $482.00 Project Manager
23 Document 1 day Wed Thu 22 Project $482.00 Project Manager
Assumptions 12/13/23 12/14/23 Manager
24 Develop 5 days Thu Thu 19 $2,410.00
Project 12/14/23 12/21/23
25 Schedule
Build Work 1 day Thu Fri Project $482.00 Project Manager
Breakdown 12/14/23 12/15/23 Manager
Structure
26 Develop 1 day Fri Mon 25 Project $482.00 Project Manager
Resource 12/15/23 12/18/23 Manager
27 Plans
Prepare 1 day Mon Tue 26 Project $482.00 Project Manager
Project 12/18/23 12/19/23 Manager
28 Estimates 1 day
Define Tue Wed 27 Project $482.00 Project Manager
Dependencies 12/19/23 12/20/23 Manager
and
Develop
29 Project
Document 1 day Wed Thu 28 Project $482.00 Project Manager
Assumptions 12/20/23 12/21/23 Manager
30 Develop Risk Plans
4 days Thu 12/21/23Wed 12/27/23
24 $3,048.00
31 Document 1 day Thu Fri Project $1,042.00 Project Manager,Acceptor
Risk 12/21/23 12/22/23 Manager,Acceptor
Travel and tour planning tourism
Management
Plan
Page 12
 Unity University 2023

ID Task Name Duration Start Finish Predecessors

Resource Names Cost

Oct 29, '23 Nov 12, '23 Nov 26, '23 Dec 10, '23 Dec 24, '23 Jan 7, '24 Jan 21, '24
T T S F W M S T T S F W M S T T S
15 Prepare 1 day Mon Tue Project $482.00 Project Manager
Facilities 12/4/23 12/5/23 Manager
16 Set Up 1 day Tue Wed 15 Quality $601.00 Quality Assurance Manager
Project 12/5/23 12/6/23 Assurance
Standards Manager
17 and
Set Up 1 day Wed Thu 16 Project $482.00 Project Manager
Project 12/6/23 12/7/23 Manager
Management
18 Tools
Set Up 1 day Thu Fri 12/8/23 17 Project $482.00 Project Manager
Project 12/7/23 Manager
19 BookScope 4 days
Define Fri 12/8/23 Thu 12/14/2314 $1,928.00
20 Document 1 day Fri 12/8/23 Mon Project $482.00 Project Manager
Scope 12/11/23 Manager
Management
21 Plan
Specify 1 day Mon Tue 20 Project $482.00 Project Manager
Deliverables 12/11/23 12/12/23 Manager
and
Acceptance
22 CriteriaScope1 day
Define Tue 12/12/23Wed 12/13/23
21 Project Manager $482.00 Project Manager
23 Document 1 day Wed Thu 22 Project $482.00 Project Manager
Assumptions 12/13/23 12/14/23 Manager
24 Develop 5 days Thu Thu 19 $2,410.00
Project 12/14/23 12/21/23
25 Schedule
Build Work 1 day Thu Fri Project $482.00 Project Manager
Breakdown 12/14/23 12/15/23 Manager
Structure
26 Develop 1 day Fri Mon 25 Project $482.00 Project Manager
Resource 12/15/23 12/18/23 Manager
27 Plans
Prepare 1 day Mon Tue 26 Project $482.00 Project Manager
Project 12/18/23 12/19/23 Manager
28 Estimates
Define 1 day Tue Wed 27 Project $482.00 Project Manager
Dependencies 12/19/23 12/20/23 Manager
and
Develop
29 Project
Document 1 day Wed Thu 28 Project $482.00 Project Manager
Assumptions 12/20/23 12/21/23 Manager
30 Develop Risk Plans
4 days Thu 12/21/23Wed 12/27/23
24 $3,048.00
31 Document 1 day Thu Fri Project $1,042.00 Project Manager,Acceptor
Risk 12/21/23 12/22/23 Manager,Acceptor
Management
32 Plan
Identify Risks1 day Fri 12/22/23Mon 12/25/2331 Project Manager $482.00 Project Manager
33 Analyze Risks1 day Mon 12/25/23Tue 12/26/2332 Project Manager $482.00 Project Manager
34 Document 1 day Tue Wed 33 Project $1,042.00 Project Manager,Acceptor
Risk 12/26/23 12/27/23 Manager,Acceptor
Management
35 Plans
Plan for Quality1 day Wed 12/27/23
Thu 12/28/2330 $1,161.00
36 Document 1 day Wed Thu Quality $1,161.00 Quality Assurance Manager,Acceptor
Quality 12/27/23 12/28/23 Assurance
Management Manager,Acceptor
Plan
37 Organize 2 days Thu Mon 1/1/2435 $360.00
Project 12/28/23
38 Resources
Develop 1 day Thu Fri Project $180.00 Project Director
Organization 12/28/23 12/29/23 Director
Structure
39 Develop 1 day Fri Mon 1/1/24 38 Project $180.00 Project Director
Staffi ng 12/29/23 Director
40 Plan
Develop 5 days Mon 1/1/24Mon 1/8/2437 $4,290.00
Procurement
41 Plans
Determine 1 day Mon 1/1/24 Tue 1/2/24 Contracts $746.00 Contracts Manager
Procurement Manager
Requirements
42 Define 1 day Tue 1/2/24 Wed 1/3/24 41 Contracts $746.00 Contracts Manager
Subcontractor Manager
Scope
43 Identify 1 day Wed 1/3/24 Thu 1/4/24 42 Contracts $746.00 Contracts Manager
Potential Manager
Subcontractors
44 Identify 1 day Thu 1/4/24 Fri 1/5/24 43 Contracts $746.00 Contracts Manager
Subcontract Manager
Type
45 Document 1 day Fri 1/5/24 Mon 1/8/24 44 Contracts $1,306.00 Contracts Manager,Acceptor
Subcontractor Manager,Acceptor
Management
Plan
Travel and tour planning tourism Page 13
 Unity University 2023

ID Task Task Name Duration Start Finish Predecessors

Resource Names Cost
Mode
Oct 29, '23 Nov 12, '23 Nov 26, '23 Dec 10, '23 Dec 24, '23 Jan 7, '24 Jan 21, '24
T T S F W M S T T S F W M S T T S
29 Document 1 day Wed Thu 28 Project $482.00 Project Manager
Assumptions 12/20/23 12/21/23 Manager
30 Develop Risk Plans
4 days Thu 12/21/23W ed 12/27/23
24 $3,048.00
31 Document 1 day Thu Fri Project $1,042.00 Project Manager,Acceptor
Risk 12/21/23 12/22/23 Manager,Acceptor
Management
32 Plan
Identify Risks1 day Fri 12/22/23Mon 12/25/2331 Project Manager $482.00 Project Manager
33 Analyze Risks1 day Mon 12/25/23Tue 12/26/2332 Project Manager $482.00 Project Manager
34 Document 1 day Tue Wed 33 Project $1,042.00 Project Manager,Acceptor
Risk 12/26/23 12/27/23 Manager,Acceptor
Management
35 Plans
Plan for Quality1 day Wed 12/27/23
Thu 12/28/2330 $1,161.00
36 Document 1 day Wed Thu Quality $1,161.00 Quality Assurance Manager,Acceptor
Quality 12/27/23 12/28/23 Assurance
Management Manager,Acceptor
Plan
37 Organize 2 days Thu Mon 1/1/24 35 $360.00
Project 12/28/23
38 Resources
Develop 1 day Thu Fri Project $180.00 Project Director
Organization 12/28/23 12/29/23 Director
Structure
39 Develop 1 day Fri Mon 1/1/24 38 Project $180.00 Project Director
Staffi ng 12/29/23 Director
40 Plan
Develop 5 days Mon 1/1/24 Mon 1/8/24 37 $4,290.00
Procurement
41 Plans
Determine 1 day Mon 1/1/24 Tue 1/2/24 Contracts $746.00 Contracts Manager
Procurement Manager
Requirements
42 Define 1 day Tue 1/2/24 Wed 1/3/24 41 Contracts $746.00 Contracts Manager
Subcontractor Manager
Scope
43 Identify 1 day Wed 1/3/24 Thu 1/4/24 42 Contracts $746.00 Contracts Manager
Potential Manager
Subcontractors
44 Identify 1 day Thu 1/4/24 Fri 1/5/24 43 Contracts $746.00 Contracts Manager
Subcontract Manager
Type
45 Document 1 day Fri 1/5/24 Mon 1/8/24 44 Contracts $1,306.00 Contracts Manager,Acceptor
Subcontractor Manager,Acceptor
Management
Plan
46 Develop 2 days Mon 1/8/24 Wed 40 $964.00
Financial Plan 1/10/24
47 Prepare 1 day Mon 1/8/24 Tue 1/9/24 Project $482.00 Project Manager
Financial Manager
48 Plan
Document 1 day Tue 1/9/24 Wed 47 Project $482.00 Project Manager
Assumptions 1/10/24 Manager
49 Develop 3 days Wed Mon 46 $3,126.00
Project 1/10/24 1/15/24
50 Support
DocumentPlans 1 day Wed Thu Project $1,042.00 Project Manager,Acceptor
Communications 1/10/24 1/11/24 Manager,Acceptor
Management
Plan
51 Document 1 day Thu Fri 1/12/24 50 Project $1,042.00 Project Manager,Acceptor
Configuration 1/11/24 Manager,Acceptor
Management
Plan
52 Document 1 day Fri 1/12/24 Mon 51 Project $1,042.00 Project Manager,Acceptor
Data 1/15/24 Manager,Acceptor
Management
53 Plan
Develop 1 day Mon Tue 49 $1,042.00
Project 1/15/24 1/16/24
54 Management
Document 1 day Mon Tue Project $1,042.00 Project Manager,Acceptor
Project 1/15/24 1/16/24 Manager,Acceptor
Management
Plan
55 Executing 18 days Tue 1/16/24Fri 2/9/24 13 $8,736.00
56 Acquire 3 days Tue Fri 1/19/24 $842.00
Project Team 1/16/24
57 Obtain 1 day Tue Wed Project $180.00 Project Director
Resources 1/16/24 1/17/24 Director
58 Conduct 1 day Wed Thu 57 Project $180.00 Project Director
Team 1/17/24 1/18/24 Director
59 Orientation 1 day
Assign Thu Fri 1/19/24 58 Project $482.00 Project Manager
Responsibilities 1/18/24 Manager
60 Direct and 5 days Fri 1/19/24 Fri 1/26/24 56 $2,410.00
Manage
61 Project
Manage 1 day Fri 1/19/24 Mon Project $482.00 Project Manager
Data Items 1/22/24 Manager
62 Manage 1 day Mon Tue 61 Project $482.00 Project Manager
Configuration 1/22/24 1/23/24 Manager
Items
63 Manage 1 day Tue Wed 62 Project $482.00 Project Manager
Process 1/23/24 1/24/24 Manager
64 Data
Provide 1 day Wed Thu 63 Project $482.00 Project Manager
General 1/24/24 1/25/24 Manager
65 Offi ce
Administer 1 day Thu Fri 1/26/24 64 Project $482.00 Project Manager
Project 1/25/24 Manager
Security
Processes

Travel and tour planning tourism Page 14

 Unity University 2023

ID Task Name Duration Start Finish Predecessors

Resource Names Cost

Oct 29, '23 Nov 12, '23 Nov 26, '23 Dec 10, '23 Dec 24, '23 Jan 7, '24 Jan 21, '24
T T S F W M S T T S F W M S T T S
54 Document 1 day Mon Tue Project $1,042.00 Project Manager,Acceptor
Project 1/15/24 1/16/24 Manager,Acceptor
Management
Plan
55 Executing 18 days Tue 1/16/24Fri 2/9/24 13 $8,736.00
56 Acquire 3 days Tue Fri 1/19/24 $842.00
Project Team 1/16/24
57 Obtain 1 day Tue Wed Project $180.00 Project Director
Resources 1/16/24 1/17/24 Director
58 Conduct 1 day Wed Thu 57 Project $180.00 Project Director
Team 1/17/24 1/18/24 Director
59 Orientation 1 day
Assign Thu Fri 1/19/24 58 Project $482.00 Project Manager
Responsibilities 1/18/24 Manager
60 Direct and 5 days Fri 1/19/24 Fri 1/26/24 56 $2,410.00
Manage
61 Project
Manage 1 day Fri 1/19/24 Mon Project $482.00 Project Manager
Data Items 1/22/24 Manager
62 Manage 1 day Mon Tue 61 Project $482.00 Project Manager
Configuration 1/22/24 1/23/24 Manager
Items
63 Manage 1 day Tue Wed 62 Project $482.00 Project Manager
Process 1/23/24 1/24/24 Manager
64 Data
Provide 1 day Wed Thu 63 Project $482.00 Project Manager
General 1/24/24 1/25/24 Manager
65 Offi ce
Administer 1 day Thu Fri 1/26/24 64 Project $482.00 Project Manager
Project 1/25/24 Manager
Security
66 Processes
Manage Team 2 days Fri 1/26/24 Tue 60 $662.00
Performance 1/30/24
67 Provide 1 day Fri 1/26/24 Mon Project $482.00 Project Manager
Team 1/29/24 Manager
68 Training
Recognize 1 day Mon Tue 67 Project $180.00 Project Director
Success 1/29/24 1/30/24 Director
69 Assure Quality 4 days Tue 1/30/24Mon 2/5/2466 $2,404.00
70 Participate 1 day Tue Wed Quality $601.00 Quality Assurance Man
in 1/30/24 1/31/24 Assurance
Walk-throughs Manager
71 and
Conduct 1 day Wed Thu 2/1/24 70 Quality $601.00 Quality Assurance Ma
Inspections 1/31/24 Assurance
and Audits Manager
72 Conduct 1 day Thu 2/1/24 Fri 2/2/24 71 Quality $601.00 Quality Assurance M
Project Assurance
73 Reviews
Facilitate 1 day Manager
Fri 2/2/24 Mon 2/5/24 72 Quality $601.00 Quality Assurance
Continuous Assurance
Improvement Manager
74 Manage 1 day Mon 2/5/24Tue 2/6/24 69 $180.00
Project
75 Communication
Review Progress
1 day Mon 2/5/24 Tue 2/6/24 Project Director $180.00 Project Director
76 Contracting 3 days Tue 2/6/24 Fri 2/9/24 74 $2,238.00
with
77 Subcontractors
Issue 1 day Tue 2/6/24 Wed 2/7/24 Contracts $746.00 Contracts Mana
Requisition Manager
Documents
78 Evaluate 1 day Wed 2/7/24Thu 2/8/24 77 Contracts $746.00 Contracts Mana
Responses Manager
79 Negotiate 1 day Thu 2/8/24 Fri 2/9/24 78 Contracts $746.00 Contracts Man
Subcontractor Manager
Contract
80 Monitoring and 25.5 days Fri 2/9/24 Fri 3/15/24 55 $13,219.00
Controlling
81 Monitor and 3 days Fri 2/9/24 Wed $1,446.00
Control 2/14/24
Project Work
82 Authorize Work
1 day Fri 2/9/24 Mon 2/12/24 Project Manager $482.00 Project Man
83 Manage 1 day Mon Tue 82 Project $482.00 Project Ma
Action 2/12/24 2/13/24 Manager
84 Items
Manage 1 day Tue Wed 83 Project $482.00 Project M
Project 2/13/24 2/14/24 Manager
85 Records
Integrated 4 days Wed Tue 81 $1,928.00
Change 2/14/24 2/20/24
86 Control
Manage Scope 1 day Wed 2/14/24Thu 2/15/24 Project Manager $482.00 Project M
87 Manage 1 day Thu Fri 2/16/24 86 Project $482.00 Project
Requirements 2/15/24 Manager
88 Control 1 day Fri 2/16/24 Mon 87 Project $482.00 Proje
Decisions 2/19/24 Manager

Travel and tour planning tourism Page 15

Unity University 2023

NETWORK DIGRAM

Acquire Project Team Obtain Resources Conduct Team Orientation Assign Responsibilities
Start: 1/16/24 ID: 56 Start: 1/16/24 ID: 57 Start: 1/17/24 ID: 58 Start: 1/18/24 ID: 59
Finish: 1/19/24 Dur: 3 days Finish: 1/17/24 Dur: 1 day Finish: 1/18/24 Dur: 1 day Finish: 1/19/24 Dur: 1 day
Comp: 0% Res: Project Director Res: Project Director Res: Project Manager

Direct and Manage Project Execution Manage Data Items Manage Configuration Items
Start: 1/19/24 ID: 60 Start: 1/19/24 ID: 61 Start: 1/22/24 ID: 62
Finish: 1/26/24 Dur: 5 days Finish: 1/22/24 Dur: 1 day Finish: 1/23/24 Dur: 1 day
Comp: 0% Res: Project Manager Res: Project Manager

Manage Team Performance Provide Team Training

Start: 1/26/24 ID: 66 Start: 1/26/24 ID: 67
Finish: 1/30/24 Dur: 2 days Finish: 1/29/24 Dur: 1 day
Comp: 0% Res: Project Manager

Assure Quality
Start: 1/30/24 ID: 69
Finish: 2/5/24 Dur: 4 days
Comp: 0%

Travel and tour planning tourism Page 16

 Unity University 2023

Rapid Application Development (RAD) is an agile software development methodology that

prioritizes rapid prototyping and quick feedback over extensive planning and testing. RAD is
typically characterized by iterative development and the construction of prototypes, with the goal
of producing a high-quality system to meet user requirements. The RAD process can be broken
down into several distinct phases:

1. Requirements Planning:
o In this phase, the project team collaborates with stakeholders to gather and define
the project requirements. The emphasis is on understanding user needs and
expectations. The goal is to create a comprehensive understanding of the project
scope and functionality.
2. User Design:

Travel and tour planning tourism Page 17

Unity University 2023

o The RAD model places a strong focus on user involvement. During the user
design phase, users and developers collaborate to create prototypes and mock-ups.
These prototypes serve as a visual representation of the end product, allowing
users to interact with and provide feedback on the system's design and
functionality.
3. Construction of Prototypes:
o In this phase, developers rapidly build prototypes based on the user feedback
received during the design phase. These prototypes may not have the full
functionality of the final product but serve as working models that allow users to
provide further feedback and refine requirements.
4. Iteration:
o RAD is an iterative process, and the development team cycles through the design,
prototype construction, and user feedback phases multiple times. Each iteration
brings the system closer to the final product, with continuous improvements based
on user input.
5. Implementation:
o Once the prototype is refined and validated through iterations, the actual system is
implemented. This involves translating the prototype into a complete, functional
software application. The emphasis is on speed and efficiency in coding and
development.
6. Testing and Deployment:
o Unlike traditional methodologies where testing is a separate phase, RAD
integrates testing throughout the development process. Continuous testing helps
identify and address issues early on. Once the system is stable and meets user
requirements, it is deployed for use.
7. Feedback and Maintenance:
o After deployment, users continue to provide feedback, and developers make
necessary adjustments. Maintenance and updates are ongoing as new features or
improvements are identified and implemented.

Travel and tour planning tourism Page 18

 Unity University 2023

The RAD model is well-suited for projects where requirements are not well understood at the
outset, and flexibility and speed are essential. Its iterative nature allows for quick adaptation to
changing needs, making it particularly effective in dynamic and rapidly evolving environments.

SCRUM ROLES:

Scrum is an agile project management framework that helps teams structure and manage
their work through a set of values, principles, and practices. It’s a scalable and team-based
approach to product development

Travel and tour planning tourism Page 19

Unity University 2023

2.7 Risk Management Plan:

Risk Description Likelihood Impact Risk Response Strategy

Level

Technical Issues High High High Regular system maintenance, quick

response to issues, and backup systems
to minimize downtime.
Insufficient User Moderate High Moderate Implement a robust marketing strategy,
Adoption gather user feedback for continuous
improvement, and provide incentives
for early adopters.
Data--Security Low High Moderate Implement robust encryption, conduct
Breach regular security audits, and collaborate
with cyber-security experts.
Inadequate Moderate Moderate Moderate Collaborate with reputable
Sustainability sustainability organizations, regularly
Information update content, and engage in user
education initiatives.
Changes in Low High Moderate Stay informed about regulatory
Regulatory changes, maintain legal counsel, and
Environment adapt the platform accordingly.
User Experience Moderate Moderate Moderate Regular user testing, feedback
Issues collection, and continuous UI/UX
improvements.
Integration Moderate Moderate Moderate Thorough testing of integrations,
Challenges with partnerships with reliable service
Third-party providers, and contingency plans for
Services service disruptions.
Market High Moderate High Continuous market analysis, strategic

Travel and tour planning tourism Page 20

Unity University 2023

Competition partnerships,

and differentiation through unique

features.
Natural Low High Moderate Implement a disaster recovery plan,
Disasters or collaborate with local authorities, and
Events provide clear communication to users.
Impacting
Travel
Financial Low High Moderate Diversify funding sources, maintain a
Instability or financial reserve, and explore
Funding sustainable revenue models.
Shortfall

Travel and tour planning tourism Page 21

 Unity University 2023

Chapter Three - Requirement Analysis

3.1 Introduction
The Requirement Analysis chapter is pivotal in the system development lifecycle. It lays the
groundwork for understanding the needs and constraints of the current system and how the
proposed system will address these. This chapter will cover the general idea behind the
requirement analysis, the current system's overview, and a detailed description of the proposed
system, including both functional and non-functional requirements.

3.2 Current System Overview

The current system for travel planning lacks a centralized and sustainable approach. Users often
rely on fragmented information from various sources, leading to challenges in selecting eco-
friendly accommodations, responsible transportation options, and sustainable activities. Manual
research and compilation of this information are time-consuming and may not provide a
comprehensive view of a destination's sustainability practices. The lack of a dedicated platform
hinders users' ability to efficiently customize their travel itineraries based on sustainability
preferences. The current system falls short in delivering a seamless and user-friendly experience
for travelers seeking eco-conscious options.

3.3 Proposed System Overview

The proposed Customized Travel Planning Portal for Sustainable Tourism aims to revolutionize
the travel planning experience. It will be a comprehensive online platform that leverages
technology to provide users with a one-stop solution for planning sustainable and personalized
travel experiences. The portal will offer an intuitive and user-friendly interface, allowing

Travel and tour planning tourism Page 22

 Unity University 2023

travelers to easily explore destinations, accommodations, transportation options, and activities

that align with sustainable practices. Users will have access to a wealth of information, including
sustainability certifications, user reviews, and detailed guides for each destination. The system
will employ advanced algorithms to assist users in creating customized itineraries that minimize
environmental impact. The integration of real-time feedback and continuous updates will ensure
that users have the latest information on sustainable travel options. Overall, the proposed system
seeks to empower users with the knowledge and tools needed to make informed decisions,
promoting responsible and enjoyable travel experiences.

3.3.1 Functional Requirements

 Personalized Itinerary Creation: Ability to generate travel plans based on user

preferences and sustainability criteria.
 Accommodation and Activity Recommendations: Provide eco-friendly lodging
and activity suggestions.
 Educational Resources: Offer information on sustainable tourism and its benefits.
 User Account Management: Enable users to create and manage their profiles.
 Feedback and Rating System: Allow users to rate and review their experiences.

3.3.2 Non-Functional Requirements

 Usability: The system should be user-friendly, with an intuitive interface.

 Performance: Fast response times and efficient processing of user requests.
 Scalability: Ability to handle an increasing number of users and data.
 Security: Protection of user data and privacy.
 Accessibility: The system should be accessible to users with disabilities.

Travel and tour planning tourism Page 23

Unity University 2023

Chapter Four - System Design

4.1 Sitemap

 Welcome to our Customized Travel Planning Portal for Sustainable Tourism, where we
are committed to revolutionizing the way you experience travel while prioritizing
environmental and cultural sustainability. Our website serves as a comprehensive hub for
conscientious travelers seeking personalized itineraries that not only cater to their unique
preferences but also align with principles of responsible tourism. Navigating through our
user-friendly interface, you'll discover a myriad of features designed to make your travel
experience both seamless and eco-friendly. From destination recommendations that
prioritize conservation efforts to accommodation options committed to sustainable
practices, our platform ensures that your journey contributes positively to the places you
explore. With our Customized Travel Planning Portal for Sustainable Tourism, embark
on a journey that not only satisfies your wanderlust but also leaves a positive impact on
the world.
 Explore the richness of our website through a detailed sitemap that reflects the diverse
offerings tailored to your sustainable travel needs. Begin your journey with the 'Home'
page, where you'll find an introduction to our mission and values. Navigate to
'Destinations' to discover a curated list of eco-conscious locales, each accompanied by
detailed insights into local conservation efforts and sustainable activities.
'Accommodations' showcases a range of eco-friendly lodging options, allowing you to
choose establishments that align with your commitment to responsible travel.
'Customized Itineraries' is where the magic happens — personalized travel plans crafted
with sustainability in mind. For a deeper understanding of sustainable tourism, head to
'Blog,' where we share insightful articles and tips. Finally, connect with like-minded
travelers in our 'Community' section, fostering a collective commitment to sustainable
exploration. Embrace a new era of travel with our Customized Travel Planning Portal for
Sustainable Tourism, where every adventure leaves a positive footprint.

Travel and tour planning tourism Page 24

 Unity University 2023

4.2 Wireframe

 Description: Wireframes for each page of the website will be created to outline the basic
layout and elements. These will serve as blueprints for the user interface design,
illustrating the placement of text, images, navigation menus, and other interactive
elements.

Home Page:

 Header: Includes the website logo, navigation menu (Home, Destinations,

Accommodations, Customized Itineraries, Blog, Community), and a user login/signup
option.
 Hero Section: A visually appealing section with an image or carousel highlighting
sustainable travel experiences, accompanied by a tagline that reflects the mission of the
platform.
 Mission Statement: A concise statement outlining the commitment to sustainable
tourism and responsible travel practices.
 Featured Destinations: A grid or carousel showcasing a selection of eco-conscious
destinations with brief descriptions.
 Call to Action: Prominent buttons encouraging users to explore destinations or create a
customized itinerary.
 Footer: Includes links to important pages, social media icons, and copyright information.

Destinations Page:

 Filter Options: A sidebar or dropdown menu allowing users to filter destinations based
on criteria such as eco-friendliness, activities, or region.
 Destination Cards: Each card features an image, brief description, and key
sustainability indicators for a particular destination.

Travel and tour planning tourism Page 25

Unity University 2023

 Detailed Information: Clicking on a destination card opens a detailed page with in-
depth information on the destination, including conservation initiatives, local sustainable
businesses, and recommended activities.
 Map Integration: An interactive map displaying the locations of featured destinations.
 Back to Top Button: Conveniently located for users to easily return to the top of the
page.

Accommodations Page:

 Search Bar: Enables users to search for eco-friendly accommodations based on

location, amenities, or sustainability certifications.
 Accommodation Cards: Each card includes images, a brief description, and icons
indicating sustainable features (e.g., energy-efficient, waste reduction, eco-certifications).
 Filter and Sort Options: Allows users to refine their search based on sustainability
criteria, price range, or user ratings.
 Booking Links: Direct links to book accommodations through sustainable booking
platforms.
 Review Section: User reviews and ratings for each accommodation option.

Customized Itineraries Page:

 User Profile/Login: Access to personalized itineraries requires user authentication.

 Itinerary Builder: A user-friendly interface where users can input preferences, travel
dates, and sustainability priorities to generate a customized itinerary.
 Preview: A preview section displaying a summary of the itinerary, including
destinations, activities, and accommodations.
 Edit and Save: Users can make adjustments to the generated itinerary and save it for
future reference.
 Share Options: Buttons to share the itinerary on social media or with fellow
community members.

Travel and tour planning tourism Page 26

Unity University 2023

Blog Page:

 Featured Articles: A grid of featured blog articles with images and catchy headlines.
 Category Filters: Allow users to explore articles based on categories such as
sustainable travel tips, destination highlights, or conservation stories.
 Individual Blog Posts: Clicking on a blog post opens a page with the full article,
images, and related posts.
 Author Information: Details about the author and social sharing options.
 Comments Section: An interactive space for users to engage with the content and share
their thoughts.

Community Page:

 User Forum: A platform for users to discuss sustainable travel experiences, share tips,
and ask questions.
 Featured Posts: Highlighting top community contributions or discussions.
 User Profiles: Information about community members and their sustainable travel
journeys.
 Community Guidelines: Clear guidelines for respectful and constructive engagement.
 Search Function: Allows users to search for specific topics or discussions within the
community.

Travel and tour planning tourism Page 27

 Unity University 2023

4.3 User Interface Design

1.Home Page:

 Header: Clean and compact with the logo, menu, and user login/signup buttons.
 Hero Section: Engaging visuals of sustainable travel experiences with a welcoming
tagline.
 Mission Statement: Presented in an elegant font with a subtle background to
emphasize the commitment to sustainability.
 Featured Destinations: A visually appealing grid with high-quality images and
concise descriptions.
 Call to Action: Vibrant buttons with clear text, inviting users to explore destinations or
create customized itineraries.
 Footer: Neatly organized links with a light background, ensuring visibility without
overwhelming the page.

2. Destinations Page:

 Filter Options: Intuitive dropdown menus and checkboxes with smooth transitions.
 Destination Cards: Consistent card design with subtle hover effects for interactive
engagement.
 Detailed Information: A clean and organized layout with visually appealing sections
for detailed destination exploration.
 Map Integration: An interactive map with a responsive design for seamless
exploration.
 Back to Top Button: A discreet button that smoothly scrolls the user back to the top.

3. Accommodations Page:

Travel and tour planning tourism Page 28

 Unity University 2023

 Search Bar: Prominent, with a modern design and auto-suggestions for an enhanced
user experience.
 Accommodation Cards: Consistent card layout with high-quality images,
sustainability badges, and a quick book option.
 Filter and Sort Options: User-friendly sliders and dropdowns for refining search
criteria.
 Booking Links: Clear call-to-action buttons leading to sustainable booking platforms.
 Review Section: An organized and visually appealing layout for user reviews.

4. Customized Itineraries Page:

 User Profile/Login: An elegant and unobtrusive login/signup form with a subtle

animation for engagement.
 Itinerary Builder: Intuitive form fields with interactive elements for a seamless
customization process.
 Preview: A visually striking preview section with dynamic graphics and easy-to-read
details.
 Edit and Save: Clearly labeled buttons with smooth transitions for a responsive feel.
 Share Options: Recognizable social media icons for easy itinerary sharing.

5. Blog Page:

 Featured Articles: A dynamic grid layout with eye-catching images and clear
headlines.
 Category Filters: Intuitive buttons or dropdowns for effortless exploration.
 Individual Blog Posts: Clean and readable typography with immersive layouts for an
enjoyable reading experience.
 Author Information: Visually appealing author sections with social media links for
community engagement.
 Comments Section: User-friendly comments with reply and upvote functionalities.

6. Community Page:
Travel and tour planning tourism Page 29
 Unity University 2023

 User Forum: Well-organized with distinct categories and visually appealing threads.
 Featured Posts: Highlighted posts with engaging visuals and clear distinctions.
 User Profiles: Consistent and visually appealing profiles with badges or achievements.
 Community Guidelines: A well-designed section with clear and concise guidelines.
 Search Function: Intuitive search bar with real-time suggestions for efficient
exploration.

This User Interface Design for the Customized Travel Planning Portal for Sustainable Tourism
focuses on delivering a visually pleasing, user-friendly, and seamless experience, ensuring that
users can effortlessly explore sustainable travel options across various devices and platforms.
The design principles prioritize aesthetics, clarity, and engagement to enhance the overall user
experience.

4.3 Database Design

Below is a simplified database schema:

Travel and tour planning tourism Page 30

 Unity University 2023

Entity-Relationship Diagram:

1. Users:

 Attributes: UserID (Primary Key), Username, Email, FirstName, LastName, Password,

RegistrationDate

2. Destinations:

 Attributes: DestinationID (Primary Key), DestinationName, Description, Region,

ConservationEfforts

3. Accommodations:

 Attributes: AccommodationID (Primary Key), Name, Description, Location,

SustainablePractices, Rating

4. Itineraries:

 Attributes: ItineraryID (Primary Key), UserID (Foreign Key), Title, Description,

CreationDate

5. ItineraryDetails:

 Attributes: DetailID (Primary Key), ItineraryID (Foreign Key), DestinationID (Foreign

Key), AccommodationID (Foreign Key), Day, Notes

6. BlogPosts:

 Attributes: PostID (Primary Key), UserID (Foreign Key), Title, Content, PublicationDate

7. Comments:

 Attributes: CommentID (Primary Key), PostID (Foreign Key), UserID (Foreign Key),
Content, CommentDate

Travel and tour planning tourism Page 31

Unity University 2023

8. Community:

 Attributes: UserID (Primary Key), CommunityID (Foreign Key), JoinDate

9. CommunityPosts:

 Attributes: PostID (Primary Key), UserID (Foreign Key), Title, Content, PostDate

10. CommunityComments:

 Attributes: CommentID (Primary Key), PostID (Foreign Key), UserID (Foreign Key),
Content, CommentDate

Explanation:

 Users Table: Stores information about portal users, including their personal details and
registration information.
 Destinations Table: Contains details about various destinations, including their name,
description, region, and conservation efforts.
 Accommodations Table: Stores information about different accommodations,
including their name, description, location, sustainable practices, and user ratings.
 Itineraries Table: Keeps track of user-created itineraries, including the title,
description, and creation date.
 ItineraryDetails Table: Contains the details of each itinerary, specifying the
destinations and accommodations for each day.
 BlogPosts Table: Stores blog posts created by users, including the title, content, and
publication date.
 Comments Table: Keeps track of user comments on blog posts, including the content
and comment date.
 Community Table: Manages information about users participating in the community,
including their join date.
 CommunityPosts Table: Stores community posts created by users, including the title,
content, and post date.
Travel and tour planning tourism Page 32
 Unity University 2023

 CommunityComments Table: Manages comments made by users on community

posts, including the content and comment date.

This database design provides a foundation for storing and retrieving information related to user
profiles, travel destinations, accommodations, custom itineraries, blog posts, and community
interactions on the Customized Travel Planning Portal for Sustainable Tourism. Depending on
specific requirements, additional tables or attributes may be necessary for a more comprehensive
database design.

Travel and tour planning tourism Page 33

 Unity University 2023

4-phases:

 Planning/Designing
 Coding
 Testing
 listening

4.3.1 E-R Diagram

 Description: The Entity-Relationship (E-R) Diagrams will visually represent the

database's entities, their relationships, and the constraints affecting the system. Both

Travel and tour planning tourism Page 34

 Unity University 2023

condensed and detailed E-R diagrams will be provided to illustrate the database's logical
structure.

Entities:

1. User:

Travel and tour planning tourism Page 35

 Unity University 2023

o Attributes: UserID (Primary Key), Name, Email, Password, ContactNumber,

Address.
2. Destination:
o Attributes: DestinationID (Primary Key), Name, Description, Location, Climate,
Sustainable Practices.
3. Accommodation:
o Attributes: AccommodationID (Primary Key), Name, Type, Location, Price,
Sustainable Practices.
4. Transportation:
o Attributes: TransportationID (Primary Key), Mode (e.g., Flight, Train, Bus),
DepartureLocation, DestinationLocation, Carbon Emission, Sustainable Practices.
5. Activity:
o Attributes: ActivityID (Primary Key), Name, Description, Location, Duration,
Sustainable Practices.
6. Itinerary:
o Attributes: ItineraryID (Primary Key), UserID (Foreign Key), DestinationID
(Foreign Key), AccommodationID (Foreign Key), TransportationID (Foreign
Key), ActivityID (Foreign Key), Date, Duration.
7. Review:
o Attributes: ReviewID (Primary Key), UserID (Foreign Key), DestinationID
(Foreign Key), Rating, Comments, Date.
8. Sustainability Certification:
o Attributes: CertificationID (Primary Key), Name, Description,
IssuingOrganization.

Relationships:

1. User-Itinerary Relationship:
Travel and tour planning tourism Page 36
Unity University 2023

o One-to-Many relationship between User and Itinerary (One user can have
multiple itineraries, but each itinerary belongs to only one user).
2. Destination-Itinerary Relationship:
o Many-to-Many relationship between Destination and Itinerary (A destination can
be part of multiple itineraries, and an itinerary can include multiple destinations).
3. Accommodation-Itinerary Relationship:
o Many-to-Many relationship between Accommodation and Itinerary (An
accommodation can be part of multiple itineraries, and an itinerary can include
multiple accommodations).
4. Transportation-Itinerary Relationship:
o Many-to-Many relationship between Transportation and Itinerary (A
transportation option can be part of multiple itineraries, and an itinerary can
include multiple transportation options).
5. Activity-Itinerary Relationship:
o Many-to-Many relationship between Activity and Itinerary (An activity can be
part of multiple itineraries, and an itinerary can include multiple activities).
6. Review-Destination Relationship:
o One-to-Many relationship between Review and Destination (One destination can
have multiple reviews, but each review is for only one destination).
7. Review-User Relationship:
o One-to-Many relationship between Review and User (One user can write multiple
reviews, but each review is written by only one user).
8. Destination-Certification Relationship:
o Many-to-Many relationship between Destination and Sustainability Certification
(A destination can have multiple certifications, and a certification can be
associated with multiple destinations).

Travel and tour planning tourism Page 37

Unity University 2023

Travel and tour planning tourism Page 38

 Unity University 2023

4.3.2 Normalization:

 Description: The normalization process will be documented to show the progression

through the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Normal Forms, ensuring the elimination of redundant data,
the reduction of data dependencies, and the improvement of data integrity. The final
normalized entities and attributes table will be presented with a descriptive paragraph
explaining the rationale behind the design decisions.

This conceptual outline serves as a foundation for the detailed system design phase. The actual
sitemap, wireframes, user interface, and database designs will be developed in accordance with
this framework, ensuring that the final product is well-organized, user-friendly, and supports the
goals of sustainable tourism.

Normalization is a database design process that organizes data to reduce redundancy and
dependency, leading to a more efficient and manageable database. Let's normalize the entities
and attributes for the "Customized Travel Planning Portal for Sustainable Tourism" website.

1st Normal Form (1NF): In the 1st Normal Form, each attribute in a table must contain only
atomic values, and there should be no repeating groups or arrays. For our portal, we might start
with a table like this:

Table: User

UserID Username Email Destinations

1 User 1 [email protected] ["Destination1","Destination2","Destination3"]

2 User 2 [email protected] ["Destination2", "Destination4"]

Travel and tour planning tourism Page 39

 Unity University 2023

To achieve 1NF, we need to remove the repeating group in the Destinations column.

Table: User (1NF)

UserID Username Email

1 User1 [email protected]
Table: User-Destinations (1NF)
2 User2 [email protected]

User ID Destination

1 Destination1

1 Destination2

1 Destination3

2 Destination2

2 Destination4

Travel and tour planning tourism Page 40

 Unity University 2023

2nd Normal Form (2NF): In the 2nd Normal Form, all non-prime attributes must be fully
functionally dependent on the primary key. In our case, the User-Destinations table already
satisfies 2NF.

3rd Normal Form (3NF): In the 3rd Normal Form, there should be no transitive dependencies.
The User table has a transitive dependency on Email through the Username, so we split the table.

Table: User (3NF)

UserID Username Email

1 User1 [email protected]

2 User2 [email protected]

Table: User-Details (3NF)

Travel and tour planning tourism Page 41

 Unity University 2023
UserID FirstName lastname

1 Kidus Michael

2 Abenezer G/kistos

Now, we have normalized our database tables into 3NF. The UserDetails table contains user-
specific details, eliminating transitive dependencies and making the database more efficient and
maintainable. This structured approach to normalization helps ensure data integrity and optimal
database performance for the Customized Travel Planning Portal for Sustainable Tourism.

Travel and tour planning tourism Page 42

Unity University 2023

Chapter Five - Conclusion and Recommendation

6.1 Conclusion

 Sector: The sustainable tourism sector presents a growing opportunity for responsible
travel practices and environmental conservation. The demand for sustainable travel
solutions is on the rise, and the sector is poised for significant growth.
 Organization: The organization is committed to promoting sustainable tourism and
providing travelers with the tools and resources to make informed, eco-friendly travel
decisions.
 Current System: The current travel planning solutions lack a comprehensive focus on
sustainable tourism and fail to provide personalized, eco-friendly travel itineraries and
educational resources.
 Proposed System: The proposed Customized Travel Planning Portal for Sustainable
Tourism addresses the shortcomings of the current system by offering personalized,
sustainable travel itineraries, eco-friendly recommendations, and educational resources to
support responsible travel practices.

Travel and tour planning tourism Page 43

Unity University 2023

6.2 Recommendation

 User Engagement: Implement strategies to engage users and encourage the adoption of
sustainable travel practices through incentives, rewards, and community engagement.

 Partnerships: Establish partnerships with eco-friendly accommodations, tour operators,

and local communities to expand the range of sustainable travel options available on the
platform.

 Continuous Improvement: Commit to ongoing research and development to stay

abreast of emerging sustainable tourism trends and technologies, ensuring that the
platform remains at the forefront of eco-friendly travel solutions.

 Education and Advocacy: Develop educational campaigns and advocacy initiatives to

raise awareness about sustainable tourism and its positive impact on local communities
and the environment.

Travel and tour planning tourism Page 44

Unity University 2023

References:

1. United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). (https://www.unwto.org/) -

The UNWTO provided valuable insights and data on sustainable tourism practices,
helping shape the foundation of our platform's commitment to environmental
responsibility.

2. Global Sustainable Tourism Council (GSTC). (https://www.gstcouncil.org/) - The

GSTC's guidelines and criteria for sustainable tourism served as a reference point
for developing the sustainability framework embedded in our planning portal.

3. "Sustainable Tourism: Business Development, Operations, and Management" by

David L. Edgell Sr. (https://www.routledge.com/Sustainable-Tourism-Business-
Development-Operations-and-Management/Edgell/p/book/9780367857692) - This
comprehensive book provided a theoretical and practical understanding of
sustainable tourism principles, influencing the conceptualization of our platform.

4. TripAdvisor. (https://www.tripadvisor.com/) - User reviews and feedback on

TripAdvisor were analyzed to understand user preferences, expectations, and

Travel and tour planning tourism Page 45

Unity University 2023

concerns related to sustainable travel, contributing to the user-centric design of our

portal.

5. Sustainable Travel International. (https://sustainabletravel.org/) - Sustainable

Travel International's resources and best practices were referenced to align our
portal with industry standards and ensure a holistic approach to sustainability.

6. National Geographic - Sustainable Travel.

(https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/sustainable/) - National Geographic's
sustainable travel section provided valuable insights into ecotourism, responsible
travel practices, and inspiring stories that influenced the storytelling aspect of our
portal.

7. Green Key Global. (https://www.greenkey.global/) - Green Key Global's

certification standards for eco-friendly accommodations were referenced to ensure
that our portal features and promotes accommodations with recognized
sustainability certifications.

8. World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC). (https://www.wttc.org/) - The WTTC's

research reports and industry insights were consulted to understand the broader
trends and challenges in the travel and tourism sector, helping us align our platform
with global sustainability goals.

9. "The Art of Community Organizing" by Michael Lipsky - This book, which delves
into community engagement strategies, inspired our approach to involving users in
the development process through feedback loops and iterative design.

10. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by the United Nations.

(https://sdgs.un.org/goals) - The United Nations' SDGs provided a framework for
aligning our platform's goals with broader global sustainability objectives, ensuring
a holistic and impactful approach to sustainable tourism.

11. Fundamental database and management lectures and Mr.Getahun

Travel and tour planning tourism Page 46

Unity University 2023

12. System Analysis and Design lectures

Travel and tour planning tourism Page 47

Unity University 2023

Travel and tour planning tourism Page 48

Unity University 2023

Travel and tour planning tourism Page 49

Unity University 2023

Travel and tour planning tourism Page 50

Unity University 2023

Travel and tour planning tourism Page 51