MULTITHREAD &

THREAD SYNCHRONIZATION
Instructor:

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Table of contents
◊ Multithread
 Multi-Thread vs. Multitasking
 Practical time
◊ Thread Synchronization

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Learning Approach
Noting down the
key concepts in
the class
Completion of the Analyze all the
project on time inclusive
of individual and group
examples / code
activities snippets provided

Strongly suggested
for a better learning
Study and and understanding Study and
understand all of this course: understand the
the artifacts self study topics

Completion of the self Completion and

review questions in the submission of all the
lab guide assignments, on time

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 Section 1

MULTITHREADING

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Multitasking
 Multitasking is the ability of the operating system to
perform two or more tasks concurrently.
 Multitasking can be process-based or thread-based.

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Thread & Multi-threading
 A thread performs a certain task and is the smallest unit
of executable code in a program.
 Multithreading can be defined as the concurrent running
of the two or more parts of the same program.

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Multithreading vs. Multitasking-process based

Multithreading Multitasking process based

In a multithreaded program two or more In a multitasking environment two or
threads can run concurrently. more processes run concurrently.
Multithreading requires less overhead[chi phí]. Multitasking requires more overhead.

Threads are lightweight processes. Processes are heavyweight tasks that

require their own address space.

Threads can share same address space and Interprocess communication is very
inter-thread communication is less expensive expensive and the context switching
than inter-process communication. from one process to another is costly

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Need for Multithreading
 To increase performance of single-processor systems, as
it reduces the CPU idle time.
 Faster execution of a program when compared to an
application with multiple processes.
 Parallel processing of multiple threads in an application
which services a huge number of users.

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Practical time
 To illustrate creation of multiple threads in a program performing
concurrent operations, let us consider the processing of the following
mathematical equation:

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 Section 2
THREAD SYNCHRONIZATION

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Overview
 What happens when two different threads have access to a
single instance of a class, and both threads invoke methods
on that object…and those methods modify the state of the
object?
 Example,
 Imagine that two people each have a checkbook for a single checking
account (or two people each have ATM cards, but both cards are linked
to only one account).
 We have a class called Account that represents a bank account. This
account starts with a balance of 50, and can be used only for
withdrawals. The withdrawal will be accepted even if there isn't enough
money in the account to cover it.
 Imagine what would happen if Lucy checks the balance and sees that
there's just exactly enough in the account, 10. But before she makes the
withdrawal, Fred checks the balance and also sees that there's enough for
his withdrawal.
 This problem is known as a "race condition,"
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Thread synchronization
 Several threads may simultaneously try to update the same
resource, such as a file. This leaves the resource in an
undefined or inconsistent[không nhất quán] state. This is called race
condition.
 In general, race conditions in a program occur when
o Two or more threads share the same data between them.

o Two or more threads try to read and write the shared data
simultaneously.

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Technical
 So how do you protect the data? You must do two
things:
 Mark the variables private.
 Synchronize the code that modifies the variables.

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Synchronized method
 Synchronized method is used to lock an object for any shared
resource.
 When a thread invokes a synchronized method, it
automatically acquires the lock for that object and releases it
when the thread completes its task.
Code snippet
public class Data {
synchronized void printData(int n) {
// synchronized method
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
System.out.println(n * i);
try {
Thread.sleep(400);
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println(e);
}
}
}
}
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Synchronized block
 Synchronized blocks are used to prevent the race conditions.
 A lock allow only one thread at a time to access the code.
 Points to remember for Synchronized block:
 Synchronized block is used to lock an object for any shared resource.
 Scope of synchronized block is smaller than the method.
 Syntax:
synchronized (object reference expression) {
//code block
}
 Example: see TestSynchronizedBlock.java

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Wait-notify mechanism
 Ensures smooth transition of a
particular resource between 2
competitive thread.
 Allowed to wait for the lock of a-
synchronized block of resource
currently used by another
thread.
 Notified to end its waiting state and get the lock of that
synchronized block of resource.

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wait() and notify() methods
 They are methods of Object class:
 wait(): methods provide a way for a shared object to
pause a thread when it becomes unavailable to that thread
and the calling thread gives up the CPU and lock
 notify(): methods provide a way for a shared object to
allow the thread to continue when appropriate.
 wait – notify mechanism: Demo

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wait – notify mechanism
Exercise

 Sử dụng wait() và notify()

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interrupt() Method
 An interrupt is an indication to a thread that it should stop
what it is doing and do something else.
 An interrupted thread can die, wait for another task or go to
next step depending on the requirement of the application:
 If any thread is in sleeping or waiting state (i.e. sleep() or wait() is
invoked), calling the interrupt() method on the thread, breaks out
the sleeping or waiting state throwing InterruptedException (die
or wait case).
 If the thread is not in the sleeping or waiting state, calling the
interrupt() method performs normal behavior (go to next step).

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interrupt() Method
Example 1

 Interrupting a thread that stops working:

Code snippet
public class InterruptSample1 extends Thread {
public void run() {
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
System.out.println(“Task");
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException("Thread interrupted..." +e);
}
}
public static void main(String args[]) {
InterruptSample1 t1 = new InterruptSample1();
t1.start();
try {
t1.interrupt();
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Exception handled " + e);
}
}
}

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interrupt() Method
Example 2

 Interrupting a thread that doesn’t stops working:

Code snippet
public class InterruptSample2 extends Thread {
public void run() {
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
System.out.println("task");
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
System.out.println("Exception handled " + e);
}
System.out.println("thread is running...");
}
public static void main(String args[]) {
InterruptSample2 t2 = new InterruptSample2();
t2.start();
t2.interrupt();
}
}

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interrupt() Method
Example 3

 Interrupting thread that behaves normally:

public class InterruptSample3 extends Thread {
public void run() {
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++)
System.out.println(i);
}

public static void main(String args[]) {

InterruptSample3 t3 = new InterruptSample3();
t3.start();
t3.interrupt();
}}

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Deadlock
 Deadlock describes a situation where two or more
threads are block forever, waiting for the other to release
a resource.

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Overcoming of Deadlock
Prevention of deadlock :
 Avoid acquiring more than one lock at a time.
 Ensure that in a Java program, you acquire multiple locks
in a consistent and defined order.

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Overcoming of Deadlock
 If a thread holds a lock and goes in sleeping state, it
does not loose the lock. However, when a thread
goes in the blocked state, it releases the lock. This
eliminates potential deadlock situations.
 Java does not provide any mechanism for detection
or control of potential deadlock situations. The
programmer is responsible for avoiding them.

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Lesson summary
◊ Multithreading
Multithread vs. Multitasking
Practical time

◊ Thread synchronization
Synchronized method
Synchronized block
Wait/Notify mechanism

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 Thank you

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