keyed Noles Math 20 1B 2028)- Ba Unit 1: Quadratic Functions & Equations a a * Review a 0 One CS Wortheel 2— Reva of Raacos o randy 1 Worsheet 3 Revew of Foca facta : PeCaET Betts ac + Invoducton io Quadate Functions Bons shane 1 | 2 Son Guscas Equation by Capting Smo’ Row Pani onpover 4 ones Ho, 1, 16,25 32, 9,44 48, 5 Bh sorte ds eet Coa 81.2 O p.157 # 1-4 (ac), 10, 11, 23 + Trasomaton of Quota Funtons 2 © Tracking a Point ea Ae) 3 Wersheet 4 Tnsfomaon and ere PECaETT * Properties of a Quadratic Function in Standard | O p.157 #5, 7, 8, 9, 12, 21, 24 ; ae 5 |e Sete Bit westinee + Nambersberumcatscfe dusts runten | Masiraver 1 1 imng Gvastate Fonedonon Standard arm” | Le s0% 25, 4,4, 5, 9,61, 68,70, 72, 1 ‘eae Cp n8d 4812.23, 25, 29,9, 44,50 + Sove Quasi quaions by Factoene 29, 98, 44 45,58, 2 | 5 Seng guedaie cs B01 8408, 15, 71,78 Gh Oba 80 Worksheet 5 Special Cases | oor « Compaing ne Saute pecae t 6 | 2 Save quate Equtons by Completing te ; Sete Bb 42 6,105 25 2 p.241 #6-7(cd) [- e ‘MathPower 17 Tre 412,15, 20,2627, 99,20, 4, 7 | 2 TheDlctnent She Newe otRoos | £0.69,82:88 2 ee 0,9, 16, 18,22 26,80 33,3, “ Sao ial enoe = Pre-Calc 17 : Opies #1548 2 |» Anpeaton of usta Functns Spieo goo Opies #151 dePre-Cale 17 p.230 #12, 14, 18,23, 28 10 | © Applications of Quadratic Equations Dp2i6 #7, Dp.2a2 #11, 13 Dp.254 #8-40, 12-48 14 | «synthesis of Applications of Quadratios 1D Worksheet 6 ~ Synthesis Ti Worksheet 7 —More on Discriminant Worksheet 8 — Sum & Product of Roots 12 | & Sum Product of Roots + Complex Number Skills MathPower 11 1D p.185 #5, 10, 18, 23, 30, 32, 96, 97, 46, 53, 90, 93 MathPower 17 Cl p.186 # 59, 65, 71, 72, 78, 84, 87, 96 Complex Roots . 74, 72, : . Complex Equations Bie ee 1 Worksheet 9 — Complex Numbers 14 | + Quiz/ Quadratic Regression Dl Worksheet 10 — Regression WathPower 11 Cp.144 #6, 10, 12, 18, 21, 27, 90, 96, 39, 41,47, 85, 59, 64 : 1p.232 #9, 11, 15, 18, 23, 27, 90, 92, 43, 2 ee 47, 53, 59, 63, 67, 72, 79, 80, 84 Dl Worksheet 11 ~ Quad Functions Review Worksheet 12 — Quad Equations Review 4g _ | Unit Test Date: (no graphing calculator)Review A. Functions / Domain and Range / Function Notation ‘A function is a relation such that no two y-coordinates have the same x-coordinate. In other words, for every x, there is only one corresponding y. Graphically, this can be seen by the vertical line test. If no vertical line can touch the graph at more than one point, then the graph represents a function. Not : Every fun a relation, but not every relation is a function. Recall that the domain of a function is the set of possible values of the independent variable (x) and the range is the set of possible values for the dependent variable (y). Remember DOMAIN is x and RANGE is y Set Notation: Doel ae R: {y| ye } Interval Notation: D: xe (ayb J Cajp) Rye Bb] Cajb> ) d An example of a function is y = 3x? -2x +1. This can be written in function notation as #(x) =3x? -2x +1. This notation is pronounced “f of x" or “Fat x", and does NOT mean fmultiplied by x. Function notation is useful when working with more than one function as they can have different names such as f(x) and g(x) This notation also allows us to see both an x value and a y value at the same time. For example, consider y=3x+2. If x =3, whatis the value of y?__\ y= 3(3)+2 = In function notation, we can start with {x)=3x +2, then write f(3)=11. This tells us that the point Bap lies on the graph of f(x) = 3x +2 x! Rw 3 Example 1: Write 2 w? +6w+10 in function notation = L (Co*tbw +10) Aieae £wr*+3w +S Example 2: Given g(x)=2(x-3/' +1 and f(x)=x? +1, evaluate Vfe-D= GAIN — )9@ = 2EQ-—H 9 -Fe) + 290 £(x-D= 22x 4Q ala)=3 a- (xk) 42L ar 3y4t | 2H KLAN OMED FR | 44K BY K+ BE = 3X 24x43 FExample 3: Given that k(r)=—2*1 , determine the exact value of k(-2). [ NOTE: | Ya All answers must be given | as EXACT VALUES!!! No =- decimals in your final | a | a Example 4: State the domain and range, and state whether or not each relation is a function ¢) d) 2x+1 Lisear Function - t= p, XE Cen, 00) “ | Riye Ca, Eunchien ANON ee a Cancion Not a 4) 7 vx\|xer p: xe Fl, dD. (elwee3 oil Rye E427 gicylyetyeRs Ridylyers B. Finding X and Y Intercepts : “4 Graphically: ‘The x-intercept is the point where the graph crosses the x-axis, G x eS) The y-intercept is the point where the graph crosses the y-axis. Xone OG Algebraically: yt (4) To find the x-intercept, set the value of y to 0 and solve for x. To find the y-intercept, set the value of x to 0 and solve for y. Example 5: Determine the x and y intercepts of the linear function 6x—y+12=0 a) graphically (with your graphing calculator) b) algebraically YXoant: 6X ~Ot\2=0 Y=oxtIQ 6xe-l2 Glc: FA, 4, = 6x42, od ast wird [Geaph) Xe-d | ya Boh and Trace, Value, €-1, 05 c 2% X20 y=IQ Mant! GCo)-ytlezo a One a ‘ ae Corey ey Xavat 9° Tence, ero Co, 1a) wae 2,0)C. Radicals A radical is in simplest form when the radicand contains no perfect square factors. To convert a radical to simplest form, we need to write the radical as the product of a perfect square and another number. We want the perfect square to be the largest possible perfect square that is a factor of the original radical. We can also perform prime factorization (write the radical as a product of its prime factors). Example 6: Simplify each of the following radicals. Unsimpiified Converting Simplified v72 362 62 30,24 3014/6 = 30(2) V6 ov6 15V49 15(7) 105 | ae la Oka = lac. ae -x2 = -5G Example 7: Simplify each of the following radicals, Unsimplified Converting fey ary _ neo oe _| a FB for wo TG | 107" To simplify a fraction which contains radicals in the denominator, you must rationalize the denominator. In most cases, this means you must multiply both the numerator and denominator by the radical in the denominator. Your final answer will NOT have a radical in the denominator. Example 8: Rationalize each of the following denominators. GAR) (88) = 1S DGE) Cees ees) So Bo AG) + 20N6 151-0) 4646 e 3 es a Wel) = FS) = 2616-61 sD. Factoring Factoring: To factor means to write an expression as a product. The instruction ‘factor’ means the same thing as ‘factor completely’. | + COMMON FACTORING: This means to divide each term by the GCF (greatest common factor). | Example 9: Factor completely. | | | a) 8a*b* —6ab* + 4ab* b) 14x°(y + —2taly +A) +420 +1)? | | | = 2ab* (4ab-3+ab) 2 Pxlye)® LRP By) +68 GAT] * FACTORING BY GROUPING: [If there is not a common factor in all of the terms, we can factor by | grouping terms that do have a common factor. This is often seen in polynomials of four terms. | Example 10: Factor completely. a) ac tbe +ad + bd b) 2x? 44x —3xy -8Y = clad) + A (ath) = Ax(x+a) —3y (xt a) = Cath) (e+d) = (X+2) C2x-3y) * TRINOMIAL FACTORING: To factor trinomials of the form x* +bx +c, look for two numbers that add to b and multiply to ¢ to build the factors. Check for common factors first! To factor trinomials ‘of the form ax? +bx+c, where a #1, you can use guess and check or decomposition or slide and divide. Example 11; Factor completely. a) x? 47x-44 b) -a?+9a+10 ¢) 2x*+6x*-20 =(x-4Xx 411) 2 7 (a®_4aq-10) = 2(xt+ Bx*-lo) 2-(artMa-l0) 2 ame aVlxr +S) = LOAD +B) (x7 4S) d) 3x?-5x+2 e) 8x? ~22x+12 f) (6m) +8(6m)+7 Let Ome = l3x-ax-t) QUAN AIG) cal Fart Sa(yxdr-a) =(a+DGtH) = (omtFEmt!) @) (4x+yf-8(4xry)+15 Let AsUty hy 4(m+7)'—-114(m47)+6 Lek act? . ae eH4arxllat+e = la-2@-S = o = (Ya-3)Ca- 2) = (444 BLAM SD “e( dene) 3) Crt 9) = (4m 425) (+5)+ DIFFERENCE OF SQUARES: A special case where x*~y*=(x+y)(x-y) Example 12: Factor completely. a) 8x16 b) 8x?-72 ©) 9xt44 @ (4x4) (Ax24+4) = BAND Not factoreble. = (Bx 2LBxtd) CARH) = BOI OHD ) (x-2)?-16 @) dxy-ty ) x-16 = (%K- ayer) 2 ee) WILoare 7 : aes = (x-b)(x+a) =y (3x “baySr$3) + PERFECT SQUARE aad ‘A special case where Pa ray ty? = (xt Wxty=(xty? or x? = 2xy + P= (x-Y(x-y) = Example 13: Factor completely. feck a) x°+8x+16 Euace b) 12-36x +27x? c) x?-8x+16-y? Ge POT BHA KY = B(ARW lant) (CO-W-y]LO-4) 14] cas Ca-y-4) Cety 4) We can factor expressions that have negative or rational exponents. The same method as above for common factoring is used. Divide out the lowest power of the variable. v Example 14: Factor completely. a) 8x41242x7 b) x= x4 45x 7% 2 Sxtlat Be ce Ltent 5] > ebysactd Len K4 5S sp x5) Se Feeggy ©) 8x? +64 ae 16x" e+ 8) . x? (ax Ib) 2 EKHAE™ On) = ECG 4) = K (Bx-O(Bx+ 2) (IX)You Try #1: The factoring methods we have covered are listed below: Common Factoring Trinomial Factoring (a=1) Guess and Check with trinomials Decomposition with trinomials Difference of Squares Perfect Square Trinomial mmoom> For each of the following polynomials, write the letter of the best method to use. Do NOT factor. 4. 16x? 25 2) a7 4 5. 9x? +24x +16 6. 2x?-x-1 7. 20x? -27x-8 8. 16(3x-y)?-81y? (angwor €,B,E,A. F.C, DE) You Try #2: State the domain and range, and state whether or not each relation is a function. (answer: Ds ( ( /\ 2 ex draneous gince 2 7O is modelled by the function (n) =100+15n—n? where n represents the change in the selling price of a dress, You Try #1: A clothing company makes dresses. Its pro! PI Determine the price change that would result in no profit? P¢ y= O =n +15n + 100 = (hic. len) O= ~(a= 20+ 5) (answer: 20 price changes (nza0 | ecite angesTransformations of Quadratic Functions / Tracking a Point ‘Transfomations To transform a function means to change a number in the equation which results in a change to the appearance of the graph. The numbers that we change in the equation are called parameters. In the equation y =a(x—p)* +q, there are 3 parameters: a, p and q. As we change each parameter, we will see a change in the graph. Use your graphing calculator to complete the following. Part A: The effects of aon y= ax” 1 1. Sketch the graph of y= ax® where a=1, 4,-3,— ;. yet” : yedx ° ° Jee 2. a. Does changing “a” change the position of the vertex of y= x?? No v b. In general, what effect does “a” have on the graph? ) Stretches Whe gro phy YEH Colley (widex ot Narrower c. As the size of “a” increases, the parabola A?!” graph ets narrower 4. If“a”is positive, the parabola opens_LLP and if “a” is negative, the parabola opens down dBA C Ee 3. The graphs of A. y=x’, B. y=3x?,C. y=04x’and D. y=5x* as well as the graphs of two other functions are shown Ae a. Label each one with its equation. b. Determine the equations of the other two parabolas. -19-Part B: The effects of pon y =(x—p)” 4. On the axes sketch the graph of y=x’, and y =(x~p)’ where p= 4, -2. ye aD y= 2. In general, what effect does “p” have on the graph? on the vertex? : — Horizontally, trans lakes te parabola = PM so the X-coord inte Ayre vertex 3. If‘p"is positive (p >0) [the equation will look like y =(x—p)’], the graph of y = x? is translated. Describe the translation p>o groph hoo Totty translated ctqht P uns 4. If"p" is negative (p <0) (the equation will look like y =(x +p)’ ], the graph of y = x? is. f Translated. Describe the translation ps0 Arp HT Ust eunrts 5. Determine the equation of each graph below. A 8 A Ye Cx tury BY = 6x19" | c Ye 7 Cx-u)> c NOTE: The value of p appears to be opposite the sign in the equation. That is because in the equation y =(x—p)’, the subtraction sign is part of the equation and not part of the value of p. -20- |Part C: The effects of gon y=x°+q 4. On the axes sketch the graph of y =x? and y= x*+q where q= 2. In general, what effect does “q” have on the graph? on the vertex? Verheatly translate, tHe paraladla - 7 f> Phe y-coorddrekte 6} vecle x 3. If'g"is positive (q >0) [the equation will look like y = x? +q], the graph of y Describe the translation. aro ve ck catty trang latad HP aaa wn 4. If'q" is negative (q <0) [the equation will look like y= Describe the translation Qso VT doen “@ enits x? is translated. ?—q ], the graph of y = x? is translated 5. Determine the equation of each graph below. Ae A Us ae a B ys yr ey c yer xe <2Part D: Graphing y =a(x-p)’ +q For the quadratic function y = 2(x +3) -4, we need to handle all three transformations: State the values of the parameters a, p and q. ee a) hs ee To graph y = 2(x+3)*—4, we must follow the correct order. In BEDMAS, multiplication occurs before addition and subtraction. So, multiplying by the parameter a (stretching and reflecting) occurs before the applying the parameters p and q (translating). In general, the correct order of transformations is SRT (Stretch, Reflect, Translate) on PEST? GG —-— om ayy = TS PG 3, a4) 1, First plot the key 2. Then westieaily stretch the graph of || 3. Then translate the graph points of y= x*using y =x? vertically by 2 by doubling the of y=2x? three units left the key points, a Mek | ya2x? y coordinates to sketch the graph of and four units down PartE: Practice! Practice! Practice! Example 1: Graph the function, y =2(x-1)'~4 and state . Values of the parameters a, p and aca, p=! = -4 . The tansformetions 7 V5 by Pactor 3, Right |, Dowd . Direction of opening UW . Coordinates of the een vdy-4) . Equation of the axis of symmetry x = | . Maximum ofminimun’yalue 4 -4y . X and Y Interca} : : Yrnt (0-2 Ah Oe 2-4 . domain and Nn ues 2 . ie < XE Ge, 00d aa 4 £-4,0) es ate (24,0) and (A241)2)Example 2: Describe the transformations to the function y = x? to obtain each of the following. State the direction of opening, maximum or minimum value, and the range for each a) y=4x? b) yande ° 2 stP—8 a=4 VS blo 4 a=-h Ve b6o4 wee X-axis a= ~2 VS blo roar SS x-anis opens UP Opens Down pet gt min, y 20 Max : Y=O 42-8, Downs V(o)0) V (0,0) axed Examile 3 “bomplete the table, VE ©) Ol tne) ae (jae Notati pctien wal Cquatton E me 8] tunction Notation unctfon uation of Axi (in terms of f(x) | (interms of x _| Vertex _| Max/Min Value nae mmetty a y=fx) ya (0,0) Min, y=0 x=0 y=fo+3) | ye Oe)” | (0r3)} um, Yeo | xX=O y=-2H(0-3)-4 fy -a(X-SD=4) G-y)|Max, go-4 | X=] ae calk-p¥ +4] (p,¢) A20,Hin, Y= y=alx—p)+q ]Y Pte O1% aco,May> 4%? P ‘Tracking a Point On the grid below, place the point (2,4) a) Vertically stretch the point about the x-axis by a factor of Write a general statement (mapping) that describes how the coordinates any point would change under this, transformation. What are the coordinates of the mapped point? PLAID P'Cx ay) PAW DP'C2, 8) IV@BOUR We-axis. Write the general and the coordinates of the mapped point. P'Cx,-9) b) Reflect the'p PAIMD> PLAY) > P!C2,-4) ) Horizontally translate the point 4 units to the left and vertically translate it 3 units up. Write the general mapping and the coordinates of the mapped point. Py) D> PLOY, yt) PM) PHA ors.The exercise we just completed is called tracking a point. We don't need to look at the entire graph to be able to track a point from its starting position to its final position. To track a point, simply perform the transformations on the x and/or y coordinates of that point. Example 4: The point (2, 4) is on the graph of y = x? ; state the coordinates of the image point on aa oy eee en Py) P C442, -Yy4 6) aso Rofoct nome eve Ce ee PCA IDIPCY = 10) a ya oC F=6 ,Upe Example 5: If y =Fx-3f 4-4 is transformed by moving the graph 5 units to the left and 2 units down, then state the new location of the vertex. \/ (x ,y)) SV! (x- 59-2) VC3,4) {V'Ca, 2) Example 6: A quadratic function contains the point (3, -2). After a vertical stretch by a factor of 2, reflection in the x-axis and translation 6 units up, the point maps to (m, n). Determine the value of m +n. Play PC -ay +b) P-d =[P., 0) M=3, n= 10 Brio =(37 ‘Summary of Tracking a Point = Transformation [_ Change to the Coordinates (x,y) _ Horizontal Translation right p units +p) Horizontal Translation left p units (py) Vertical Translation up q units (y+) | Vertical Translation down g units &wy-@) Vertical Stretch by a factor of a way) Reflection about the x-axis (a<0) wy | -24- | |Summarize what you know about the function y =a(x—py +q Direction of opening Ard , UP Q60, Dom Maximum or minimum aro mio, Y= ALO Many =T Equation of the axis of symmetry xP Coordinates of vertex VCP) Domain and Range Doun| interoe set 920 XE (-@,00) seems ie Xen: O=alk-pyap solve’ x yant ) Yealo-py4q seh x50 The value of a: + Vertical Stretch by a factor of a in the x-axis + Ifa>1, the graph appears narrower and taller * If 00, the graph shifts to the right + If p<0, the graph shifts to the left * Note that the value of p appears to be the opposite of the sign in the equation The value of g * Vertical Translation + If q>0, the graph shifts up + If q<0, the graph shifts down -25- x=e le 4 yeatohg,You Try #1: For each of the following quadratic functions: a. Describe the transformations. b. Determine the coordinates of the vertex. c. Use your knowledge of transformations to accurately draw the graph on the grid. (00 2 for solution) -26- Equation Description of Transformations Vertex Equation of Axis of symmetry ‘A. |y=-0.2(x-4)2+5 | parabola opens down, is wider than y=%7, translated right 4 units, translated | C4,S) | x= 4 up 5 units B y= oe Pacbela cpensdown appeacs nacower than (0,0) | X20 C. y= 2c +2)? porabola opens up appears narcoyer than ya y® (2,0) | X22 5 a7 translate d left Anite (rsh ratola cppensdoun pt > yea wp Duets | 6,2) E. |y=4(x- 17-2 Parabola Ope UP) appem nenowver then yen, | Ct-2) | X= | Regnt | unity down 2 units E graph Ao on calcedatr, Pict pts From tatole SpverluseYou Try #2: Complete the table. [Function y+ 9= «= 6F =0.25(x— 4? Vertex Max/Min Value Eqn. of Axis of Symmetry Domain Range a| answer Funcion FoR =8 S025 a Varies 6-9 a.0) Main Vale Win of Mint Eqn. of Aus of Syneay a6 a=4 aa neR 1eR Range ye ye0) You Try #3: Determine the x and y intercepts of the quadratic function y = + S10 (arewer:ylot= 13. —nts)= =F You Try #4: Describe what happens to the point (1,1) on the graph of ¥ 2(x— 3)? +5 * after a vertical stretch by a factor of 4, followed by a vertical translation of 7 units down. (answer It maps onto the point (3) You Try #5: If y=x? (x, y) on the transformed function (answer: P04 2.3y +7) 27+ is transformed to y =3(x~2)’+7,, write the coordinates of the image pointWorksheet 4 — Transformations and Tracking a Point Start with the function y = (x—3)? +4. The vertex of this graph V(__, __). Another point on this graph is P(5, __). Complete the following chart indicating the changes to the above equation. Transformation Vi(new vertex) | P (new point) New Function a) vertical translation of 3units down ) horizontal translation of 5 units left _ ©) vertical stretch by a factor of 2 Use the last function found in the above chart and state the: d) axis of symmetry @) direction of opening —_f) domain g) range h) max/min and its value —_i) x-intercepts }) yrintercept Start with the function y = (x +2)?—1. The vertex of this graph V(__, __). Another point on this graph is P(-4,__). Complete the following chart indicating the changes to the above function. Transformation Vi (new vertex) | P’(new point) New Function a) vertical translation of 3 units up b) horizontal translation of 5 units right ¢) reflection in the x-axis { l Use the last function found in the above chart and state the: d) axis of symmetry e) direction of opening —_f) domain g) range h) maximin and its value i) x-intercepts j) y-intercept The point P(3, 9) lies on the graph of f(x) = x*. Find the coordinates of the image point, P’, after the following sets of transformations. a) horizontal translation of 5 units left and a vertical translation of 8 units down ) vertical stretch by a factor of 1/3 and then a reflection in the x-axis ) reflection in the x-axis and then a horizontal translation of 10 units left d) vertical stretch by a factor of 3 and then a vertical translation of 8 units down and then a horizontal translation of 4 units right If point B(4, 16) lies on f(x) = x?, then find the coordinates of B' on the graph £@) = Yn e- 2 +4, If point A(2, 5) lies on the graph of g(x) = —2(x + 1)? + 23, then find A’if the graph has been vertically stretched by a factor of 1/4 , reflected in the x-axis, translated 3 units up and 5 units left. Ifthe point P(m, n) is on the graph f(x) on the graph f(x) = a(x —p)? +9. x?, determine the expression for the coordinates of P’ -28-Answers. 1. (3,4), POS, 8) Transformation | ae P’ (new point) New Function a) vertical translation of | V3, 1) P6.5) y=(-3) +1 3 units down b) horizontal translation V(-2, 4) P(0, 8) ya(et2y +4 of 5 units left ) vertical stretch bya | V3, 8) PIG, 16) y=2@—3y +8 factor of 2 a ) x=3 e)up f)x€R g) y>=8 h) minvalue=8 i) none j) y-int=26 2. V6-2,-1), P(-4, 3) Vnew Transformation vertex) _|P/(new point) New Function a) vertical translation of 3 | V(-2,2) | P'-4,6) y= (+2242 [units up b) horizontal translation | V(3,-1) | PUT, 3) y=@—3)-1 of 5 units right E ) reflection in the x-axis | V2.1) | P4,-3) y= -@t 2 FI d) x=-2 e) down f)x€R g) ys1_ h) maxvalue=1_ i) x-int={-3, -1} D yint=-3 3. a) P(-2,1) b) P'3,-3) 0) PL-7,-9) 4) PY, 19) 4. BIG, 12) 5. A(-3,7/4) 6. P\(m+p,an+q) -29-Properties of Quadratic Functions in y = a(x — p)' +q Form ; Number of X-Intercepts of a Quadratic Function | Writing a Quadratic Function in Standard Form Properties of Quadratic Functions Example 1: Sketch the graph of a quadratic function that has x-intercepts of 0 and 6 and a range of y >-8 What is the equation of the axis of symmetry? Write the equation of this graph in the form y=ax-p) +g. = vertex ino half xe q Gt) loetweten, ee oe 2a (6-398 a | % Or4a-8 aE YF Ex Example 2: Consider the graph of y = Sex +24 a) Write the transformations required to obtain this function from y See yc az-B vs bfo = Reflect xe rory Poa, Ugh & G-\ Orn) b) State the © Direction of opening — Down, ACO held of the vertex V ( ~ a = 'D . & f the axis of symmetry (Maximum oy minimum value |, _ © Dommain-% CK 3 Range yz ~| y-intercept ~ Ya-Zlotes- \ a ooo! X-ont', I Y= ~to-\ | y=-t bo-) =30-All of the properties of the graph can be determined from the equation, without a sketch, Example 3: Without graphing, state the following properties of y = -10(x -20)? +50 Direction of opening Equation of the axis of symmetry Down X=20 Coordinates of the vertex Maximum pr minimum value | Vv (20, So) Y= SO Domain Range xER 350 Y-intercept Xintercept 7 O=-lo(x-20*+ SO S = (x-2o)* x= [Sto 4(S420-x X= -(S420 Example 4: Two points on a parabola are (-3, ania § symma symmetry? : x x Number of X-Intercepts of a Quadratic Function Recall istence = 10 4 The graph of a quadratic function can have zero, Te on Hee Dime Lore and (7@). What rob awd xe axdo Symm' ¥. is the equation of the axis of Lies holfiuery between 19 =S units ie 54C3)52 Xe one OF WO x-intercepts, Zero x-intercepts One x-intercept Two x-intercepts “Eoeck Conditions on the parameters Conditions on the parameters Conditions on the parameters a, PF: a, PF. a, Pg 40 qo [aro aco aso aco ayo a0 aco Ca) GSO (Exints G0 [-x40+ Geo | O- emt. vWF) Vi-1,0) VG,-I1) Example 6: A quadratic function has a vertex at (5,-2) and passes through the point (1,-7). How many x-intercepts does the graph of the function have? ato 20 § Zero x-mt 4 J az a Quadratic Function in Standald’Form Example 7: Write an equation in the form y = a(x —p)’ +q for each of the following parabolas. a) vertex of (0, 3), passing through (4, -13) rs 2 ee Y= al(4-0) +3 -3= \oea +3 lly az-l we? f b) congruent to y = 2x’ , has a minimum value of -6 and an axis of symmetry of x =-5 a Two paabols ae oa 477 & Cona(tered tobe gongruent fra owstons ave he a. ue. This means v(-5,-6) = | = Settee te ees ee. ) y (x+s5)*-(G even if they open indifferent rectors 32+47° ©) tangent to ie x-axis with an axis of symmetry x = . with a y-intercept of (0,98) When a parabola is tangent Ma) Yea ty” A aes, to the x-axis, touches the : axis but does not cross a a(o-t)” through it. This would mean -% = 44a the vortex les onthe axis 4) x- a of (1, 0) aa ° 0) with a range of R aw) eee & & yo (x42 au if &e e3units Y(4,-2) 02 AW a- pe =lt3=4 ae wa 2 Ged e) passing through (2, 4) with y-intercept of 20 and axis of symmetry or ai ye Alx-3)*> 4+ FE e . subpr(4D: Hea(2-svrq. SHopt (Od)! Zo=A(o-3) ty ae ete systems, / day a Ae . Example 8: The parabola y = 3(x— 2)? +k passes through the aato,f 1t. + 5), 5 the value of k. subet US): 2 3(j-2) +e x3 4ay Ste Example 9: Write the equation or the quadratic function represented by the graph. VGH) yea (xtH>-4 Sule pt (0, 8/25) | &.2S= a (orF-Y4 [2282 49a. a Az 12.25 y=) (x49) -4 } 74 4 a= 4 Example 10: The function f(x) = —F@+ 3)? — 5 is transformed to become the function g(x) = 3(x — 1)? +2. Determine the transformations required. ~1OK) =38 | Pada psc! Gers Ss He 2 > : ) 6 (Brent 4 off VS oe >, 30 a A otis a aoeYou Try #1 You Try #2: You Try #3 You Try #4: Write an equation in the form y =a(x—p)* +q for a parabola congruent to y = ~5x* with a minimum of -6 and an axis of symmetry of x =2 fanswer: y= 4x2) -6) Determine the x and y intercepts of the quadratic function y = —2(x — 3)? +5 62 S10 2 (answer: yint = 13, inte) = Write an equation in the form y= a(x —p)* +q for a parabola with an axis of symmetry , yintercept of -2, passing through (6, 10) of x =fe-9-3) Determine the values of a and h for the parabola y = a(x ~h)?—5 given that the points (-3,-23) and (5,-7) are on the parabola. 1 1 a--1.n=9 ORa=-3,h=3 anny hed) 34Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring Special Quadratics Solving a Quadratic Equation by Factoring We have already seen how find x-intercepts of quadratic functions graphically and algebraically with square root principle. After reviewing factoring, we can now find x-intercepts of quadratic functions in the form yeavsbx+e. (General Form 5 xants = Zeros Example 1: Consider the function y = 3x? -5x ~2 fen the 2210S a) Determine theintercepts graphically. Myst Bx Sx-a ores, x2 4, X= b) Write the corresponding quadratic equation. O= 3BK~ Sx -d ©) Solve the quadratic equation algebraically by factoring. Om (3x4ICx-2) CZ a Ke 2 XQ. 4) What do you notice about the solutions? Same aoe x-WtS. Solving a Quadratic Equation by Factor * Make sure the quadratic equation is equal to 0, + Take out any common factors (GCF) + Use your knowledge of the different types of factoring to completely factor the quadratic equation: difference of squares, trinomial factoring, perfect square trinomials ‘+ Set each factor equal to 0 and solve for x. + The x-values are your solutions to the quadratic equation (zeros, roots, x-intercepts of the corresponding function) Example 2: Solve each of the following quadratic equations. a) 10x?+x-3=0 b) 2 ( Se -x-a-0) ax-1d= ee eh aK-8 20 Ls (x-4) Cx +2)= O) 494+8x(x-4) =x? 48x U4 4SxK*- DOK = X* 45% Ux%2ex #4920 (2x-4 e) 12(4x 1)? +1714 tet az Yx-| \eartiFa-S=0 (Ya -DCRa+s)=° Ll 3 e- + Ux-le + Example ate) ete) a roots of a) 7and-2 (A-OK) SO x= SK-1Y =O Special Quadratics (when b = 0): d) 327+5z=0 2 etS2O 220,-8 os f) 3x° = 27x Bx-DIK =O 3x (xe N= inleqer ve form y =ax? +bx +¢ with integral coefficients that has 1 3 b) > and -3 M3 Z C2x-1) (4%42)=20 JU -xKX-3BsO Example 4: Solve the following quadratic equations by factoring and clearly state your solution(s) a) x*-16-9 i) byiisolating the x? term x5258 b) 41° -48=0 Gee t* Io ii) by setting the equation = 0 and factoring X*_ 2520 Cx-S¥xK+tS)=O X=tS °) pn Ceey 3(3yh D= ° 3 ay TB yt = 7 -36-altyr-t-0) iz ae peek By 2 = (oy Bot B)=0 y= £ Special Quadratics: Squared Binomials Example §: Solve the following quadratic equations and clearly state your solution(s). ) 2+2)" 16 b) 4(y+3)?+3=10 on ye fab - ~ — Zz (a+2ys 6H arto +8 2 ¥8-2 a=6,-10 More Complex Equations Example 6: Solve the following equations algebraically and clearly state your solution(s) a) x*—14x? +28=0 a (2-7) =O 7 ae X4ax-1S= O (Ky 5\(x-3)=O 5 3 a x7=Ay) =15 xs. -2-3=0) Let ast yy 2 [email protected]|S2O 5 - 2x-BK=O0 (a-sylat+3)=O , : a 3x 42@x-S=O a=S RiYX- 52 OO KE YXAB=SO (3x4 5% -1)=0 -1)O = gOS MADD O-3O-D. sl xe-43, 1,5) 3 osYou Try #1: A stone is thrown upward in the air and travels according to the quadratic equation n(t) =-5t? -10t +40. Algebraically, determine when the stone will hit the ground. (answer: 2 seconds) You Try #2: Two numbers differ by 6. If the numbers are squared and then added, the result is 146, Determine the numbers algebraically. (answer, 11 and8 or Band 11) You Try #3: The hypotenuse of a right triangle measures 10 m. One leg of the triangle is 2 m longer than the other, Find the perimeter of the triangle. (answer: 24m) You Try #4: Determine the x and y-intercepts of the quadratic function f(x) = 3x? -6x -105. Use these to make a rough sketch of the function. (anewer: sateroops: 8 and 7, intercept: ~105) Worksheet 5 — Special Cases 5. (x2 + 2x)? — 2(x2 + 2x) -3=0 6. y")= Solve for x in each of the following equations 4, 2xt—5x24+2=0 2. xt— 13x? + 36 = 0 3. 2x2+5x1-3=0 4, x2 +4x1+3=0 at-2608096 4 y 2a 2. 3,-3,2,-2 3. 2,-1/3 undefined 5. -3,1,-1 6. -2,-3 -38-Completing the Square: Converting between y = ax +bx +c and y=a(x—p)' +q Solving Quadratic Equations by Completing the Square The parameters in general form of a quadratic function y = ax? +bx +c are a, b and c. The parameters in standard form of a quadratic function y = a(x —p)* +q are a, p and g. Recall: A perfect square trinomial is the result of squaring a binomial. For example: y=(X43" ‘X +3)(x +3) =x? +6x49 Factor y =x?—14x +49 Yo a Notice the pattern: For a perfect square trinomial_y =) peckcisprare, a>D Pa bxec,b=Q(Qe and c=pertect . SGrrd Completing the Square cro Note: The Standard form y=a(x~p)' +q is more useful for graphing. However, many quadratic functions are given in General Form y = ax? +bx +c. When a quadratic function is written in y= ax? +bx +c form, we know: + a ——> stretch/width and direction of opening of the parabola +c ——> y-intercept When a quadratic function is written in y =a(x—p)*+q form, we know: * a ——» stretchiwidth and direction of opening of the parabola * p,q ——» the coordinates of the vertex To convert from standard to general form is easy, just expand the brackets and collect like terms. Example 1: Write the function y =-3(x +1)? -5 in general form. From this, determine the y- intercept and direction of opening? aay owt C = 34 OAHS-S AO ee Ya -3Cxta exe -S 0 a Q-antf. y= -3loy- 60) —-& 5 QD Se G50 oe 1c i. 5 C-Vvalue wm generat tenThe method we use for converting an equation from general form to standard form is called Completing the Square. The process used requires creating a perfect square trinomial. Example 2: Write y = x° +6x +10 in the form y =a(x—p)’ +q by completing the square. _ Example 2: (essh) 92 Geren yere mem as ey = OED (0-9 —_ = > ys xt iu 20a ay +1) oqucvelent fo ye x r6x tO Example 3: Write y = x*-10x +12 in the form y =a(x-p)’ +q by completing the square. oe COHNOKY+NZ 4 (xte1ox +agytl2-28 [ye esr) Steps for Completing the Square for y= ax? +bx +c | | Step - Example y=11-24x + 4x? y=4K 24 x th Factor out a from the first 2 terms. If a=1, you can skip Yo (x “bx +t] this step. factors 4 aceted | Form a perfect square trinomial inside the brackets. a To do this ye F(x bx VN 4-|LI ‘+ divide the coefficient on x by 2 Write function in the form y = ax? +bx +c + square this value 7 + add and subtract the result inside the brackets Y= 4(x-3) + ll-4 @) + the first 3 terms inside the brackets form a perfect \ | square trinomial remo fe _ 4 factprse) 4 Move the fourth term outside the brackets. cece EEG, Tele $ 4 | Don't forget to multiply by a!!! yey (x-3) - aS You now have a perfect square trinomial inside the brackets. Factor it and write your function in the form a(x—p) +q 40covert nfo y= ale-ph re Example 4: Determine nevesetdace of symmetry of the CODE 1 ny == + 18x—20) Then make a ae So functior sketch oF thé function. Do NOT use your calculator! y= -3(x*— 6x) -2° ye -30x~ 6 x+9 —Jo- C34) Yo -3(x-3)" 44 opens dou aco v(3,%) Example 5: Without graphing, determine the domain and range of the function y = 3x? +2x—5. Be careful with all the fractions. Still no calculator! ADO openv vr . R RY XY D. KE YUE (2-244) Ye BOCEY) -S = 3 mes 2x +h) -5- 17) or 3(x+ LY te 3 t Example 6: Can you determine the roots of the following equations by factoring: a) x7-9x+20=0 by 7-8x+1=0 (x-4K-5) ¥ : 120 A (xt 4x) ty Ered euy re bD=0 Xe dt (FH = X = *uUy-B= 7 wae aac) Cx-2y" = (4) Xoyuxtt od » 2