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C++ Imp. Question Unit 2

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17 views

C++ Imp. Question Unit 2

Uploaded by

te96476
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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C++

Major chances of theory is 10 – 15 marks, coding


part approx may be 5-10 marks

2.1
1. What are the fundamental components of data structures and their basic
terminology?

Answer: Data structures consist of elements or nodes, each having a unique


identifier and holding some data. These elements are interconnected through various
relationships or links. Basic terminology includes:

• Element/Node: The individual unit containing data.


• Link/Pointer: Connections between elements.
• Traversal: Accessing or visiting each element in a data structure.
• Insertion: Adding new elements into the data structure.
• Deletion: Removing elements from the data structure.
• Search: Finding specific elements within the data structure.
• Update: Modifying the data contained within elements.
• Sorting: Arranging elements in a specific order.

2. Why do we need data structures in programming?

Answer: Data structures provide efficient ways to organize and manage data in
computer programs. They facilitate operations like insertion, deletion, searching, and
sorting, which are essential for implementing algorithms efficiently. Without proper
data structures, managing data becomes inefficient, leading to slower execution
times and increased resource usage.

3. What are the advantages of using data structures in programming?

Answer:
• Efficient Data Organization: Data structures enable efficient organization
and management of data, leading to faster access and manipulation.
• Optimized Algorithms: Properly chosen data structures can significantly
improve algorithm efficiency, reducing time and space complexity.
• Resource Optimization: By optimizing memory usage and minimizing
overhead, data structures help in efficient resource utilization.
• Enhanced Code Readability and Maintainability: Well-defined data
structures lead to cleaner, more organized code, making it easier to
understand and maintain.
• Scalability: Data structures allow programs to handle large datasets and scale
effectively as requirements grow.

4. How are data structures classified based on their organization?

Answer: Data structures can be classified into various categories based on their
organization, including:

• Linear Data Structures: Elements are arranged sequentially, such as arrays,


linked lists, stacks, and queues.
• Non-linear Data Structures: Elements are interconnected in a non-sequential
manner, such as trees and graphs.
• Homogeneous Data Structures: All elements have the same data type.
• Heterogeneous Data Structures: Elements can have different data types.

5. What are the common operations performed on data structures?

Answer:

• Insertion: Adding new elements to the data structure.


• Deletion: Removing existing elements from the data structure.
• Traversal: Accessing and processing each element in the data structure.
• Search: Finding a specific element within the data structure.
• Sorting: Arranging elements in a specific order.
• Merging: Combining two or more data structures into one.
• Updating: Modifying the data contained within elements.
• Accessing: Retrieving data from specific positions within the data structure.
• Sorting: Arranging elements in a specific order.
2.2 and 2.3
1. What is an array and what are its basic characteristics?

Answer: An array is a data structure that stores a fixed-size sequential collection of


elements of the same type. It provides indexed access to its elements, allowing
efficient retrieval, insertion, and deletion operations. Arrays in most programming
languages are contiguous blocks of memory.

2. What are the fundamental operations performed on arrays?

Answer: Basic operations on arrays include:

• Accessing: Retrieving the value of an element at a specific index.


• Insertion: Adding a new element into the array at a specified position.
• Deletion: Removing an element from the array at a specified position.
• Traversal: Iterating through all elements of the array sequentially.

3. What is sorting, and why is it important in programming?

Answer: Sorting is the process of arranging elements in a specific order, such as


ascending or descending. It is crucial in programming for tasks like searching, data
analysis, and maintaining organized data structures. Sorting algorithms ensure that
data can be accessed efficiently and effectively.

4. Explain the different types of sorting algorithms.

Answer: There are various types of sorting algorithms, including:

• Bubble Sort: Iteratively compares adjacent elements and swaps them if they
are in the wrong order.
• Selection Sort: Repeatedly selects the minimum element from the unsorted
portion of the array and places it at the beginning.
• Insertion Sort: Builds the sorted array one element at a time by repeatedly
taking the next element and inserting it into its correct position.
• Merge Sort: Divides the array into smaller subarrays, sorts them recursively,
and then merges them back together.
• Quick Sort: Chooses a pivot element and partitions the array into two
subarrays such that elements less than the pivot are on its left and elements
greater than the pivot are on its right.

5. What are 2D arrays, and how are they different from 1D arrays?

Answer: 2D arrays, or two-dimensional arrays, are arrays of arrays. They store data in
rows and columns, forming a grid-like structure. Unlike 1D arrays, which store
elements sequentially, 2D arrays allow for the organization of data in a two-
dimensional space, suitable for representing matrices, tables, and grids.

6. What are pointers in C++, and how do they work?

Answer: Pointers in C++ are variables that store memory addresses as their values.
They allow direct manipulation of memory, enabling dynamic memory allocation and
efficient memory management. Pointers are essential for tasks like dynamic memory
allocation, passing parameters by reference, and implementing data structures like
linked lists and trees.

7. How can you change the value pointed by a pointer in C++?

Answer: To change the value pointed by a pointer in C++, you can use the
dereference operator (*) to access the value at the memory address stored in the
pointer variable and then assign a new value to it. For example:

int num = 5;
int *ptr = # // ptr points to the memory
address of num
*ptr = 10; // Changing the value of num
through ptr

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