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L19

The document discusses double integrals over rectangles. It defines a double integral as the limit of approximating the volume under a surface over a rectangular region by partitioning the region into smaller rectangles and taking sample points. It also discusses evaluating double integrals using iterated integrals and how the order of integration may not affect the value but could impact ease of integration. Several examples are provided to illustrate these concepts.

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kienkien
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
19 views

L19

The document discusses double integrals over rectangles. It defines a double integral as the limit of approximating the volume under a surface over a rectangular region by partitioning the region into smaller rectangles and taking sample points. It also discusses evaluating double integrals using iterated integrals and how the order of integration may not affect the value but could impact ease of integration. Several examples are provided to illustrate these concepts.

Uploaded by

kienkien
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 19: Double Integrals over Rectangles

In Calculus 1, given a continuous function f (x) ≥ 0 on


an interval [a, b], we define the area under the curve as a
definite integral
Z b Xn
f (x) dx = lim f (xi)∆x
a n→∞
i=1

y = f (x)

a b

We wish to use a similar technique to motivate the definition


of a definite integral of a function of two variables:
Consider a continuous function f (x, y) ≥ 0 on a rectangular
region R = {(x, y)|a ≤ x ≤ b, c ≤ y ≤ d} = [a, b]×[c, d].
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Goal: Find the volume of the solid that lies above R and
under the surface z = f (x, y).

We divide the region R into small rectangle Rij and we


simplify the process by
1. partitioning the intervals equally,
b−a
a = x0 < x1 < · · · < xi < · · · < xm = b, ∆x =
m
d−c
c = y0 < y1 < · · · < yj < · · · < yn = d, ∆y =
n
and
2. choosing the upper right-hand corner point of the sub-
rectangle Rij as the sample point.

Then volume under the surface can be approximated by

V ≈
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Next, let both m and n go to infinity and we define the


volume of the solid under the surface f (x, y) and above the
rectangle R is

V =
if the limit exists.

Def. The double integral of f (x, y) over a rectangle R


is defined as
ZZ
f (x, y) dA =
R

If the limit exists, we say that f is integrable over R.


ZZ
ex. Evaluate (8 − 2y) dA, where R = [0, 3] × [0, 4].
R
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Iterated Integrals
To calculate the volume of the solid given in the definition
of double integral, we can take the solid, slice it into thin
sections perpendicular to the y-axis, and add the volumes
of the each slice.

Therefore, V =

ZZ Z dZ b
V = f (x, y) dA = f (x, y) dx dy
c a
R

The right-hand side of the equality is an iterated integral


and we work from inside out.
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ex. Evaluate the iterated integral


Z 9Z 4
1
√ dx dy
1 1 xy

Z 4Z 9
1
Try it later: √ dy dx = 8
1 1 xy
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Fubini’s Theorem
If f is continuous on the rectangle R = [a, b] × [c, d], then
ZZ
f (x, y) dA =
R

While the order of integration of a double integral may not


affect its value, the ease of integration may be dependent
on the order of integration.
Z 1Z 2
y
ex. Evaluate: dy dx
0 0 (xy + 1)2
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Z 1Z 2
y
ex. Evaluate 2
dy dx by changing the
0 0 (xy + 1)
order of integration.
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ex. Find the volume of the solid in the first octant enclosed
by z = 4 − x2 and y = 2.

y
x
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Special case: If f (x, y) = g(x)h(y) on R = [a, b] × [c, d],


then
ZZ
g(x)h(y) dA =
R

Z 1Z 1
ex. Evaluate: yex+y dy dx
0 0
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Now You Try It (NYTI):


ZZ
1. Evaluate (4 − 2y) dA, R = [0, 1] × [0, 1] by interpreting it as
R
the volume of the solid. 3

Z 1Z 1 Z 1Z 1
x−y 1 x−y 1
2. Given dy dx = and dx dy = − .
0 0 (x + y)3 2 0 0 (x + y)3 2
Do the answers contradict Fubini’s Theorem and why? no
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3. Evaluate
Z 1Z 2
(a) yex−y dx dy (e2 − 1)(1 − 2e−1 )
0 0

Z 1Z 1 p √
(b) xy x2 + y 2 dy dx 2
15 (22 − 1)
0 0
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ZZ
√
(c) x sin(x + y) dA, R = [0, π/6] × [0, π/3] 3−1
2 − π
12

ZZ
x
(d) dA, R = [0, 1] × [0, 1] 2 ln(2) − 1
1 + xy
R

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