Power Viewer
Power Viewer
Software Manual
Printed in Germany
Manual 1
R&S Power Viewer
Dear Customer,
R&S® is a registered trademark of Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG.
R&S® is referred to as R&S throughout this manual.
Mac and Mac OS are trademarks of Apple Inc.,
registered in the U.S. and other countries.
Microsoft and Windows are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation
in the United States and/or other countries.
Trade names are trademarks of their respective owners.
© 2018 Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG
81671 Munich, Germany
Printed in Germany – Subject to change – Data without tolerance limits is not binding.
Manual 2
R&S Power Viewer Contents
1 Contents
1 Contents 3
2 Overview 8
5 Uncertainty Calculation 18
5.1 Measurements at –10 dBm ....................... 19
5.2 Measurements at –50 dBm ....................... 20
5.3 The Influence of Mismatch ........................ 20
6 Software Installation 22
6.1 System Requirements ........................... 22
6.2 Installation on Windows-Based Systems .............. 23
6.3 Installation on Mac OS X ......................... 24
6.4 Sensor Firmware Requirements .................... 25
6.5 Supported Power Sensors and USB IDs .............. 26
6.6 Running Multiple Instances ....................... 29
9 First Steps 43
9.1 Numeric Entry Fields ............................ 44
Manual 3
R&S Power Viewer Contents
10 Hardcopy Features 57
10.1 Print Report .................................. 57
10.2 Copy to Clipboard .............................. 58
10.3 Save Graphics to File ........................... 58
12 Channel Assignment 60
13 Measurements Overview 61
16 Trace Measurements 72
16.1 Measurement Settings ........................... 72
16.2 Custom Settings ............................... 77
16.3 Graphical Trace View ........................... 78
16.4 Context Menu ................................. 79
16.5 Trace Representations .......................... 80
16.6 View Modes .................................. 81
16.7 Lines ....................................... 83
16.8 Reference Trace ............................... 83
16.9 Using Markers ................................ 84
16.9.1 Pulse Width Measurements ................. 85
16.9.2 Pulse Rise-Time Measurements ............. 86
Manual 4
R&S Power Viewer Contents
18 Statistics 96
18.1 Settings ..................................... 96
18.2 Graphical Data View ............................ 98
18.3 PDF Mode ................................... 99
18.3.1 PDF Background Information ............... 100
18.4 CDF Mode .................................. 102
18.5 CCDF Mode ................................. 103
Manual 5
R&S Power Viewer Contents
29 Appendix 168
29.1 Command Line Options ......................... 168
Manual 6
R&S Power Viewer Contents
Manual 7
R&S Power Viewer Overview
2 Overview
The new R&S NRP power sensors from Rohde & Schwarz represent
the latest in power measurement technology. They offer all the
functionality of conventional power meters, and more, within the small
housing of a power sensor. The USB interface on an R&S NRP sensor
enables operation with an R&S NRP power meter, or with a PC running
under either Microsoft® Windows®, Mac OS X, or Linux.
R&S Power Viewer is an easy-to-use, feature-packed software package
that offers capabilities beyond those of a regular power meter. It
simplifies measurement tasks, such as average-power, timeslot,
statistics and trace measurements. In addition, up to 16 sensors can be
utilized for measuring average power simultaneously. Results, such as
the reflection coefficient or gain, can be computed from the measured
values.
Particularly the capabilities for use with a desktop or laptop PC make an
R&S NRP sensor an ideal and cost-effective solution for lab testing or
for automated systems. The rugged design is suitable for use in the field
for performing such tasks as servicing antenna systems.
This manual describes the installation and use of the Power Viewer
software. This application is available free of charge from the
Rohde & Schwarz website. As a prerequisite it requires the installation
of the R&S®NRP Toolkit. This toolkit contains drivers and small
applications. It is also available free of charge from the
Rohde & Schwarz website.
Manual 8
R&S Power Viewer Key Software Features
Manual 9
R&S Power Viewer Key Software Features
Manual 10
R&S Power Viewer Key Software Features
Manual 11
R&S Power Viewer Key Software Features
Manual 12
R&S Power Viewer Key Software Features
Please note that some of the features listed above are only supported
by certain R&S NRP power sensors. For example, thermal sensors do
not provide statistical signal analysis or trace measurements.
Manual 13
R&S Power Viewer Power Sensor Technologies
coaxial RF feeder
co-planar line
thermal
transducer
1 mm
tapered
transmisssion
The Rohde & Schwarz thermal power sensors can be used from DC up
to their specified upper frequency limit. The dynamic range is typically in
the order of 55 dB and starts at power levels of around –35 dBm.
Thermal power sensors provide the highest accuracy and linearity of all
power sensors on the market. Their measurements are not influenced
by the modulation or harmonics, and the results always represent the
average signal power.
However, the nature of the underlying sensor technology limits the
dynamic range. Furthermore, the measurement speed is generally
slower than that of diode sensors. Thermal sensors cannot measure the
envelope of an RF signal.
Manual 14
R&S Power Viewer Power Sensor Technologies
The data from all paths is processed in parallel. For each power level
within the specified sensor limits, at least one path operates within the
detector's square-law region and delivers an output signal that is
proportional to the RF energy. The sensor software automatically
determines the path that best fits the incident RF power.
As a result, these sensors exhibit little sensitivity to modulation and
harmonics. The sensors always measure the average signal power at a
performance level that is close to that of thermal sensors. Due to the
ease of use and excellent performance offered by these sensors,
Rohde & Schwarz calls these devices R&S Universal Power Sensors.
The universal power sensors' dynamic range and measurement speed
are higher than can be achieved with thermal sensors. For most signals
and measurement tasks, universal power sensors are ideal devices.
These sensors also allow measurement of the RF envelope, but the
sampling rate of about 150 kHz must be considered as a limiting factor
in such cases.
Manual 15
R&S Power Viewer Power Sensor Technologies
The following chart shows the relationship between power levels and
applications that generally fit a wideband diode sensor.
Peak Power
Envelope (Averaged)
Manual 16
R&S Power Viewer Power Sensor Technologies
Manual 17
R&S Power Viewer Uncertainty Calculation
5 Uncertainty Calculation
This chapter briefly explains how to calculate the measurement
uncertainty based on the figures provided in the sensor's specifications.
The data sheet lists the absolute uncertainty for power measurements
in dB depending on the power level and frequency. Other contributors,
such as zero offset or noise, are provided in watts and can be
converted into dB using the following equation.
P P
e=10 dB⋅log
P
U = U 21U 22U 23
U dB
10 dB
U %=100%⋅10 −1
Manual 18
R&S Power Viewer Uncertainty Calculation
The example shows that the influence of zero offset and drift is
negligible. Consequently, zeroing of the sensor is not required when
performing practical measurement tasks. The integration time can be
set to a very short value of 40 ms. This means that an averaging count
of one, combined with two chopper cycles and a measurement window
(aperture) of 20 ms, is sufficient.
The total integration time is twice the aperture time multiplied by the
averaging filter count.
1
Automatic path selection, see Transition regions in data sheet.
2
Without zeroing
Manual 19
R&S Power Viewer Uncertainty Calculation
Power level in W 10 nW
► Used path 1
► Measurement noise 65 pW
Multiplier for 1.28 s integration
time is sqrt(10.24s/T) x 2.8
= 182 pW 0.078 dB
Manual 20
R&S Power Viewer Uncertainty Calculation
Depending on the phase angle, the incident power varies between the
left and right term of the equation. The following equations can
approximate the maximum relative deviation εmax between the source
power PGZ0 and the incident power Pi:
max dB
U dB=2⋅
2
This shows that the expanded uncertainty used for the uncertainty
calculation is higher than the maximum error.
1r L s−1
s= r L=
1−r L s1
Manual 21
R&S Power Viewer Software Installation
6 Software Installation
The following section outlines the process for installing Power Viewer
on various platforms.
6.1 System Requirements
The following hardware and software prerequisites must be fulfilled for
running the Power Viewer application.
Hardware requirements
Software packages
Manual 22
R&S Power Viewer Software Installation
Please note that the installation of the R&S NRP Toolkit is required
before installing the Power Viewer application.
Application Files
%COMMONPROGRAMFILES(x86)%\Rohde-Schwarz\Power Viewer
Example Scripts
%PUBLIC%\Documents\Rohde-Schwarz\Power Viewer
Manual 23
R&S Power Viewer Software Installation
The toolkit comes as a .pkg installer. Double-click this file from any
folder on your desktop. Please follow all instructions provided by the
installer.
The folder Scripts contains examples for the Power Viewer script-
based measurement mode. Please see the chapter Script-Based
Measurement in this book for details.
Manual 24
R&S Power Viewer Software Installation
Manual 25
R&S Power Viewer Software Installation
NRPC33 0xB6 ●
NRPC40 0x8F ●
NRPC50 0x90 ●
NRPC33-B1 0xC2 ●
NRPC40-B1 0xC3 ●
NRPC50-B1 0xC4 ●
FSH-Z1 0x0B ●
FSH-Z18 0x1A ●
Manual 26
R&S Power Viewer Software Installation
The following tables list the new generation NRP power sensors
introduced by the end of 2014. These sensors are available with USB
interface and LAN interface. The LAN sensors use the N (Network)
suffix in their device name.
The USB interface supports both, legacy USB communication using the
existing VXI PnP drivers as well as USB-TMC with VISA.
Manual 27
R&S Power Viewer Software Installation
Thermal Sensors
Manual 28
R&S Power Viewer Software Installation
Manual 29
R&S Power Viewer Connecting Sensors to the PC
Please see your R&S NRP power sensor's manual for information on
how to put the sensor into operation. Follow these instructions to
prevent damage to the sensor, particularly if you are putting it into
operation for the first time.
The following section provides additional information that is related to
the USB interface or to operating multiple sensors simultaneously.
Example:
The R&S NRP-Z81 sensor is rated at up to 500 mA supply current.
Using four sensors simultaneously on one hub requires a total current
of at least two amperes. Many consumer hubs cannot provide this
current over a long period of time, even if they are rated for this value.
Manual 30
R&S Power Viewer Connecting Sensors to the PC
Manual 31
R&S Power Viewer Connecting Sensors to the PC
Manual 32
R&S Power Viewer Connecting Sensors to the PC
Manual 33
R&S Power Viewer Configuring the Application
.csv Files
The list separator is the character that separates columns in a .csv file.
The default character is the semicolon.
Manual 34
R&S Power Viewer Configuring the Application
Manual 35
R&S Power Viewer Configuring the Application
Manual 36
R&S Power Viewer Configuring the Application
Manual 37
R&S Power Viewer Configuring the Application
Manual 38
R&S Power Viewer Configuring the Application
Manual 39
R&S Power Viewer Configuring the Application
contav.fastmode=1
multi.fastmode=1
This option increases the measurement rate in the continuous power or
multi-channel measurement mode and is explained in more detail in the
related section in this manual.
trace.thick=1
This option draws bold traces in the trace measurement instead of using
thin lines. Combined with a low trace point count, this setting is useful
for outdoor service applications.
trace.meastime=1
When this option is enabled, the Power Viewer software displays the
total trace measurement time in the trace window. This time is the
period starting at the initiation of the measurement and ending when all
data is received by the host.
tsl.peak=0
When this setting is disabled, the Power Viewer software omits peak
readings in the timeslot measurement mode. Please note that peak
measurements are subject to higher noise content, and the readings are
only useful for levels greater than –5 dBm.
contav.cmd=<cmd_list>
trace.cmd=<cmd_list>
multi.cmd<ch>=<cmd_list>
If set accordingly, Power Viewer appends the SCPI commands
provided in the command list <cmd_list> at the end of the
measurement configuration. The command list can either be a single
SCPI command or a list of commands separated by a semicolon (;).
For the multi-channel measurement mode, the channel number must
also be provided.
Using these commands is risky, because it may leave the sensor and
user interface in different states.
trace.noinfo=1
This option suppresses the Measure information box in the trace
window.
Manual 40
R&S Power Viewer Configuring the Application
Preset
The entire application can be set to one of the predefined color
schemes or to a user-defined color set.
Save As…
This button saves the user color scheme to a file.
Load…
This button loads a color scheme from a file and replaces the current
user color set.
Brightness
The brightness control changes the brightness for the entire application.
Changing the brightness setting does not affect any of the user's color
definitions.
Contrast
The contrast control changes the contrast setting for the entire
application. Increasing the contrast reduces the brightness of
background colors and increases the brightness of foreground colors.
Changing the contrast does not affect any of the user's color definitions.
Color tiles
The small colored tiles represent the color of the individual elements.
Manual 41
R&S Power Viewer Configuring the Application
One of these tiles can be selected for editing using the HSV color
controls.
Manual 42
R&S Power Viewer First Steps
9 First Steps
The main application window is divided into three major sections.
Manual 43
R&S Power Viewer First Steps
Numbers are entered with or without their SI prefix. The SI prefix can be
one of the following letters:
G Giga
M Mega
k kilo
m milli
n nano
u micro
p pico
f femto
The entry fields also provide a "tooltip" help function that shows the
minimum and maximum permissible input value. Additionally, a step
size can be defined to increase or decrease the value when the mouse
wheel is turned.
The step value is defined by the current cursor position within the entry
field.
Manual 44
R&S Power Viewer First Steps
File → Exit
Aborts all running measurements, disconnects from the power sensor,
and subsequently ends the application. All settings are saved.
9.2.2 Sensor
Manual 45
R&S Power Viewer First Steps
The window only lists NRP-Z Power Sensors that are in use by the low
level drivers in legacy mode. All newer R&S NRP Power Sensors are
controlled via the VISA interface and are not listed here.
Sensor → S-Parameter
Opens the s-parameter profile editing dialog. This dialog is used to
download s-parameter sets of two-port devices to the sensor.
Manual 46
R&S Power Viewer First Steps
9.2.3 Info
9.2.4 Measurement
Manual 47
R&S Power Viewer First Steps
Measurement → Start
Starts the measurement in the window that is currently active. This
button is disabled when another measurement window is already
running. Please note that some sensors may not support all
measurement modes. In such cases, the start button is disabled, even if
the measurement window is open and no measurement is running.
Measurement → Stop
Stops the currently active measurement. To add a level of protection, a
measurement can only be stopped when its window is active and
selected. This prevents unintentional stopping of a measurement.
Measurement → Continuous
Opens the panel for the Continuous measurement mode. In this mode,
the power sensors perform asynchronous measurements on the signal
power over a definable time interval (aperture time).
Measurement → Trace
Opens the panel for the Trace measurement mode. The panel displays
the envelope power versus time.
Measurement → Statistics
Opens the panel for the Statistics measurement mode. In this mode, the
signals CDF, CCDF, or PDF can be measured.
Measurement → Timeslot
Opens the panel for the Timeslot measurement mode. This mode
measures the average and peak power of a definable number of
successive timeslots.
Manual 48
R&S Power Viewer First Steps
Opens the panel for the NRQ IQ Analysis measurement. The panel
displays the I/Q baseband signal versus time as well as a constellation
diagram and a power spectrum.
9.2.6 Window
Manual 49
R&S Power Viewer First Steps
Manual 50
R&S Power Viewer First Steps
9.2.7 Help
Manual 51
R&S Power Viewer First Steps
Stop measurement
Start measurement
Toggle settings
Save measurement data
Save graphics to file
Copy graphics to clipboard
Print measurement report
Save project file
Load project file
The application remembers the last sensor selection and tries to reuse
this device if it was detected during a USB scan. If the last sensor that
was used is no longer detected, the first detected sensor is used
instead.
Please note that changing the sensor type may affect measurement
settings. Power Viewer double-checks measurement settings before a
measurement is started and corrects values if necessary.
Manual 52
R&S Power Viewer First Steps
Please note that the general settings are applicable to all measurement
functions, except for multi-channel measurements. The multi-channel
measurement function provides individual settings for each sensor.
Signal Frequency
This frequency is used to correct measurement results in various ways.
It is essential that the current carrier frequency be set. Otherwise,
non-linearities or temperature dependencies considerably greater than
those stated in the data sheet can arise.
Level Offset
The offset accounts for external losses. If, for example, a 60 dB
directional coupler is used to sense power from a DVB-T transmitter,
the coupling loss can be used as the offset. Power Viewer sets up the
sensor accordingly and displays the corrected power measurements.
Manual 53
R&S Power Viewer First Steps
S-Parameters (embedding)
This check box activates one of the S-parameter correction data sets
stored in the sensor. S-parameter correction is used to compensate for
a component (attenuator, directional coupler) connected ahead of the
sensor by means of its S-parameter data set. Using S-parameters
instead of a fixed offset allows more precise measurements, because
the interaction between the sensor and the component can be taken
into account.
Gamma Correction
The gamma correction value sets the source's complex reflection
coefficient. A magnitude value of zero corresponds to an ideally
matched source, and a value of one to total reflection. The phase angle
can be set between –360.0 and +360.0 degrees.
Manual 54
R&S Power Viewer First Steps
Filter, Bandwidth
The R&S NRQ sensor supports different filter types. Each filter type is
optimized for a different purpose.
Flat
Possesses a flat passband with a nearly linear phase response. If the
signal bandwidth does not exceed the passband bandwidth, the signal
shape is not affected by the filter. Otherwise, the filter reduces the
bandwidth of the signal.
Attenuator
Adjust the input attenuator to prevent that mixers and amplifiers operate
close to their compression points. Thus, uncertainties in the
measurement result due to nonlinear effects such as intermodulation
products and gain compression are decreased. However, as a side
effect, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is decreased. This increases the
measurement uncertainty.
Reference Oscillator
By default, the R&S NRQ generates its conversion frequency, sampling
Manual 55
R&S Power Viewer First Steps
clock and reference clock internally. Alternatively, you can use external
clock sources.
Averaging
In continuous average and trace mode, the R&S NRQ supports three
different averaging domains with the following characteristics.
Frequency Tracker
The R&S NRQ offers an in-built frequency tracker. The frequency
tracker is available for bandwidths ≤ 10 MHz. The frequency tracker is
suitable to correct slow drifts and constant offsets for CW signal levels
of 20 dB above the noise floor.
Manual 56
R&S Power Viewer Hardcopy Features
10 Hardcopy Features
Power Viewer provides two features that greatly simplify documentation
tasks. With a simple mouse click, it is possible to create a print report
for the trace, statistics, or data log panel. Additionally, the current
graphics can be copied to the system clipboard and pasted into any
other application.
Manual 57
R&S Power Viewer Hardcopy Features
Manual 58
R&S Power Viewer The Message Log
Clear
Clears all of the window's content.
Copy
Copies the window content as text to the system clipboard. This text
may then be pasted into other applications, such as email clients.
Manual 59
R&S Power Viewer Channel Assignment
12 Channel Assignment
Power Viewer maintains a list of alias names that can be assigned to
sensors. Each R&S NRP sensor can have an individual name assigned
to it, which is displayed throughout the application as an additional piece
of information.
If no alias name is set for a sensor, the application only displays its type
and serial number in all sensor selection controls.
The Channel Assignment dialog uses the placeholder <name> if no
alias name has been defined. Double-clicking the name field allows the
user to edit the entry.
Manual 60
R&S Power Viewer Measurements Overview
13 Measurements Overview
The following list briefly describes all measurements available in
Power Viewer. The availability of the individual measurements depends
on the selected sensor. Not all sensors support all measurement
modes, e.g. a thermal power sensor does not offer a trace
measurement.
Continuous Average
Continuous average power measurement with one
single sensor.
Timeslot
Average power measurement in consecutive
timeslots.
Statistics
Measure the power distribution such as CCDF or
PDF.
Trace
Measure the RF power envelope.
OTA (Trace)
Measure the RF power envelope with all antennas
connected to the OTA sensor.
Multi Channel
Measure the average power with multiple sensors
simultaneously.
Script
Use Java Script for custom measurement tasks.
NRQ ACLR
Measures the Adjacent channel power of a signal.
Manual 61
R&S Power Viewer Measurements Overview
14.1 Settings
Zero
This option is only available while the measurement is running. It starts
the zeroing sequence for the current sensor. For this purpose, the RF
signal must be switched off, or the sensor must be disconnected from
the signal source. The sensor automatically detects the presence of any
significant power, which causes zeroing to be aborted and an error to
be generated. The LED next to the zeroing button changes it's color
depending on the current zeroing state.
Red Zeroing failed. In this case the LED initially flashes and
Manual 62
R&S Power Viewer Continuous Power Measurement
The zeroing process may take more then 8 seconds to complete and
varies with the sensor model.
Generally, it is possible to run the sensor zeroing with a small signal
(such as broadband noise) applied to the sensor. This makes it possible
to compensate for this signal in later measurements.
Averaging
The averaging mode can be set to either Auto or Manual. In manual
mode, the sensor uses an averaging factor that is set by the user
between 1 (no averaging) and 65536.
In auto mode, the sensor determines the optimum average filter count
based on a resolution of 0.01 dB.
Count
This is the number of measured values that have to be averaged to
generate the measurement results. Raising the averaging factor
reduces fluctuation in measured values and lengthens the amount of
time required to complete the measurement.
Duty Cycle
The duty cycle can be set as a percentage when pulse-modulated
signals are corrected. With correction activated, the sensor calculates
pulse power from the duty cycle and the average power.
Smoothing
The smoothing filter is a steep-slope digital lowpass filter used to
suppress result variations due to modulation. Smoothing should be
activated to reduce result variations due to modulation when the size of
the sampling window cannot, or should not, be set to exactly equal the
modulation period. If the selected sampling window is 5 to 9 times larger
than a modulation period, the display variations are usually sufficiently
reduced. With smoothing deactivated, 300 to 3000 periods are required
to obtain the same effect.
When smoothing is deactivated, the sampling values are considered to
be equivalent, and they are averaged in a sampling window, which
means that the measuring instrument acts as an integrator. As
described above, optimum suppression of result variations is obtained
when the size of the sampling window exactly equals the modulation
period. Otherwise, modulation can have a considerable influence, even
if the sampling window is much larger than the modulation period. The
response can be improved considerably by weighting samples, which is
equivalent to video filtering. This is exactly what happens when
smoothing is activated.
Since the smoothing filter increases the sensor's inherent noise by
approx. 20%, it should always be deactivated when it is not required.
Debug settings
Debug settings are entered in the debug options field in the program
settings dialog. Open this dialog from the program menu by selecting
Configure → Options → Debug.
contav.fastmode=0|1
Manual 63
R&S Power Viewer Continuous Power Measurement
Manual 64
R&S Power Viewer Continuous Power Measurement
In the upper left display corner, a set of icons informs the user about the
measurement state.
Duty-cycle correction
This icon is displayed in the display's upper left corner when duty-cycle
correction is active.
S-parameter device
This icon is displayed in the display's upper left corner when S-
parameter correction is active.
Offset
This icon is displayed in the display's upper left corner when a level
offset is set.
Over-range warning
This icon is displayed in the display's upper left corner when the power
level approaches the sensor destruction limit.
Manual 65
R&S Power Viewer Continuous Power Measurement
17.1 µW
100 %⋅ =1.71 %
1 mW
Power Viewer removes the numeric peak and peak-to-average ratio for
peak readings below –3 dBm.
Manual 66
R&S Power Viewer Continuous Power Measurement
The analog meter can also be used in the relative measurement mode,
in which case it displays the change in the measured value relative to a
previously set value. A context menu can be invoked by a right mouse
click and used to change the display range between a 20 dB, 10 dB,
2 dB, and 1 dB full scale.
Manual 67
R&S Power Viewer Continuous Power Measurement
Please note that Power Viewer sets the sensor to a moving average
filter mode. This ensures a constant measurement rate regardless of
the averaging filter count or sampling window length. As a result, fast
level changes do not appear as a step in the trend chart. Instead, they
exhibit a smooth transition from one level to the other.
Manual 68
R&S Power Viewer Continuous Power Measurement
Statistics
Count
Average power
Standard deviation
The minimum (Min) and maximum (Max) power readings are displayed
in the upper left corner.
The count (Cnt) indicates how many readings were accumulated for the
analysis. The count remains at a constant value as soon as the set
number of readings has been reached.
The average (Avg) power of all accumulated readings and the sample
standard deviation (s) is displayed in the panel's upper right corner. The
following formulas are used to calculate these two parameters:
N
1
x =
N
∑ xi
i =1
N
1
s= ∑ x −x 2
N −1 i=1 i
The terms "L95" and "U95" are used for the 95 % confidence intervals
for the average power level:
2⋅s 2⋅s
L95≃x − U95≃x
N N
Manual 69
R&S Power Viewer Continuous Power Measurement
14.9 Q-Q-Plot
The Q-Q-Plot (Quantile-Quantile-Plot) is a graphical method for
comparing two probability distributions.
The Power Viewer software provides a normal probability plot that
compares the probability distribution of the measured values against an
ideal normal distribution.
If the measured values are distributed normally, all graph points are
located on a straight line. Departures from this straight line indicate that
the normal distribution model is a poor fit for the distribution of the
measured values.
Two additional red lines mark the 95 % confidence band. If all graph
points are located within this band, the measured values have a normal
distribution at a 95 % confidence level.
The diagram is vertically and horizontally scaled to σ. Therefore, each
grid line represents a step size of 1 σ.
The Q-Normal-Plot is used as a graphical test for normal distribution.
Manual 70
R&S Power Viewer OTA Continuous Power Measurement
15.1 Settings
Channels
The three channels of the OTA sensor can be individually enabled or
disabled. Channels without an antenna connection must be disabled to
avoid error messages.
Manual 71
R&S Power Viewer Trace Measurements
16 Trace Measurements
In the trace mode, the envelope power can be recorded as a function of
time. This is done by sampling power over a time interval that can be
specified by the user. The power values are assigned to a number of
pixels (video points) that each contain data, such as the average power,
the maximum power and a randomly sampled value.
Zero
This option is only available while the measurement is running. It starts
the zeroing sequence for the current sensor. For this purpose, the RF
signal must be switched off, or the sensor must be disconnected from
the signal source. The sensor automatically detects the presence of any
significant power, which causes zeroing to be aborted and an error to
be generated. The LED next to the zeroing button changes it's color
depending on the current zeroing state.
Red Zeroing failed. In this case the LED initially flashes and
then turns red continuously.
The zeroing process may take more then 8 seconds to complete and
varies with the sensor model.
Generally, it is possible to run the sensor zeroing with a small signal
(such as broadband noise) applied to the sensor. This makes it possible
to compensate for this signal in later measurements.
Manual 72
R&S Power Viewer Trace Measurements
The power scale is defined by two parameters: the reference level and
the level step per division. Both values can be changed in steps by
pressing the plus and minus buttons on the settings panel. In addition,
values can be entered manually in a logarithmic or linear scale.
/div
Sets the scaling of the level axis. Zooming operations keep the
reference level constant and adjust the lower level accordingly.
Auto Set
Tries to adjust the level scaling, trigger level and timing to match the
applied signal. All other parameters are set back to defaults. If the auto
set process fails, all settings are left untouched.
Power Viewer uses a fixed grid of 10 divisions for the time scale. The
time resolution is set per division with the lowest possible value being
5 ns/div.
Please note that not all sensors support the same time resolution.
Additional information can be found in the sensor data sheets.
The two buttons (plus and minus) increase or decrease the time per
division value in fixed steps. These steps follow the order
1 → 2 → 5 → 10 or vice versa. The appropriate unit is automatically
added to the numeric value.
Trigger Position
This setting defines the trigger point's position within the trace view
area. The arrow buttons move the trace back or forth by one division.
The trace position setting allows the user to view the signal at times
before the physical trigger point. Please note that this time interval
(pre-trigger) depends on the sensor hardware used. Power Viewer
automatically corrects invalid ranges for the current sensor.
Manual 73
R&S Power Viewer Trace Measurements
Delay
The trigger delay creates a delayed trigger point that is not identical to
the physical trigger point. Power Viewer uses the delayed trigger point
as the zero position for the time axis. The delay setting can be used to
compensate for signal delays caused by long cabling and external
trigger source.
Averaging Count
This value sets the number of traces to be evaluated to form one
measurement result. Averaging reduces the noise level of the average
trace but increases measurement time. Changing the averaging count
does not have any effect on traces that represent random sampling
data. A peak trace representation usually increases slightly in level with
an increase in the averaging count.
It should also be noted that using trace averaging requires a stable
trigger event. Otherwise, traces with different timings are averaged,
which leads to erratic results.
The averaging count can be set to Real Time, in which case all
averaging is turned off entirely. This is useful for measuring single-shot
events. When the averaging function is deactivated, measurements are
performed without chopper stabilization, meaning that a measurement
then consists of a single sampling sequence activated by a trigger
event. Otherwise, the detector’s output-voltage polarity is reversed
automatically for alternate sampling sequences. This suppresses low-
frequency noise and increases the accuracy with which the average
power is measured at each pixel. Averaging has no effect on the
randomly selected samples; the largest values for each averaging
sequence are output as peak values.
Mode
The trigger mode can be set to Free Run, Auto, Normal, or Single
mode.
Manual 74
R&S Power Viewer Trace Measurements
In free run mode, the sensor does not wait for trigger events and
continuously acquires waveforms. The waveform display is not
synchronized, and the waveforms typically roll across the display.
Averaging is disabled in this mode.
In auto trigger mode, the sensor acquires data, even if no trigger event
occurs. Auto mode uses a timer that starts when a trigger occurs. After
1 s has elapsed, the software forces a trigger release and restarts its
timer. In the absence of valid trigger events, the acquired waveforms
are not synchronized. Average filter settings do not apply in this case.
When valid triggers exist, the waveforms become synchronized and
averaging can be used.
In normal mode, the sensor only acquires a waveform when it is
triggered by an internal or external trigger event. If no trigger event
occurs over a period of about 2 seconds, the Trig? indication is shown
on the user interface. The last waveform acquired remains on the
display, and the sensor keeps waiting for the next trigger event. If no
waveform has been acquired, the display remains blank.
In single mode, the sensor arms its trigger unit when the ARM button is
pressed. Subsequently, it performs one acquisition as soon as the
trigger condition is met. If no trigger event occurs over a period of about
2 seconds, the Trig? indication is shown on the user interface. The
waveform acquisition includes averaging, which means that 2*N trigger
events must occur before the acquisition completes. If single-shot
events are to be analyzed, the averaging filter count must be set to Real
Time.
Source
This setting establishes the trigger signal's source. Internal means that
the trigger event is generated by the applied RF signal and by the set
trigger level. The External setting uses the BNC input signal from the
R&S NRP-Z3 or R&S NRP-Z5 adapter. When an external source is
used, the trigger level and hysteresis functions are not effective. The
option 'External SMB' activates the SMB trigger input that is available on
all new generation NRP power sensors. In the case the user can select
between an input impedance of 10 kOhms or 50 Ohms.
Output
The new R&S NRP Power Sensors can use their built in SMB connector
as trigger output. In this case a rising edge is generated when the
power measurement starts. Please see the power sensor user manual
for details on how to use this feature.
Slope
The trigger slope can be set to either the positive or negative edge. This
setting is available for all trigger sources.
Level
This level setting establishes the trigger threshold for internal triggering
derived from the test signal. In order to achieve stable triggering
conditions, a trigger level above −40 dBm is advisable.
Holdoff
The holdoff setting suppresses trigger events within the set holdoff time
(in seconds), starting from the time of the last successful triggering. The
holdoff time must be larger than the total trace time.
Dropout
This setting establishes the dropout time in microseconds. With a
positive (or alternatively: negative) trigger slope, the dropout time is the
minimum time for which the signal must be below (above) the trigger
power level before triggering can occur again. As with the holdoff
parameter, unwanted trigger events can be excluded. The set dropout
Manual 75
R&S Power Viewer Trace Measurements
Trigger level
The figure above shows the various times related to a trigger event.
The green diamonds mark the trigger point in time, located on the rising
edge of a pulse. The red arrow marks the holdoff time. This time must
elapse before the trigger system is rearmed and the system can re-
trigger. The blue arrows mark the dropout time periods. The signal level
must remain below the trigger threshold before the system can re-
trigger.
Pulse
This button opens the Auto Pulse Settings panel. Use this panel to
configure all parameters that are relevant to the automatic pulse
measurement. The check-box is used to enable or disable the
automatic pulse measurement globally.
Marker
This button opens the Advanced Marker Settings panel. Use this panel
to configure all parameters that are relevant to the marker
measurements. The check-box is used to enable or disable the marker
measurements globally.
Manual 76
R&S Power Viewer Trace Measurements
trace.cmd=<command>
Multiple lines may be appended after each other. Lines starting with a
hash mark (#) are treated as a comment and ignored.
trace.cmd=SENS:TRAC:ESAM:AUTO OFF
trace.cmd=SENS:RANG:AUTO OFF
trace.cmd=SENS:RANG 2
Manual 77
R&S Power Viewer Trace Measurements
Reference level
Manual 78
R&S Power Viewer Trace Measurements
If the trigger level is located outside of the visible area, the green trigger
level line disappears. In its place, a little arrow next to the T indicates
the direction in which the trigger level is located.
If the trigger position (time) is located outside the display area, the
green arrow rotates and indicates the direction in which the physical
trigger position is located.
Manual 79
R&S Power Viewer Trace Measurements
Log / Lin
Trace data can be viewed in a linear scale (watts) or in a logarithmic
scale (dBm). The menu switches back and forth between these two
views. However, when switching from linear to log mode, negative
y-values are truncated, and the lowest dBm level set to −60 dBm.
Average
This representation averages the power values of identical
measurement points, i.e. points at the same distance from the trigger
point. This reduces noise, since the noise reduction is proportional to
the square root of the averaging factor. This is the default
representation, and it is available with all sensors.
Peak
The maximum of all samples taken at identical measurement points, i.e.
points at the same distance from the trigger point, are found and output.
Random
The random values are obtained from the first measurement cycle.
Repetition of the measurement cycle has no effect on the result.
Manual 80
R&S Power Viewer Trace Measurements
Normal
In normal mode, each trace captured by the sensor is rendered on the
screen. Newer traces replace older ones. This is the default view mode,
and it is useful for most applications.
Envelope
In the envelope mode, trace data is accumulated over up to 256 traces,
and the area between the minimum and maximum readings is filled with
a semi-transparent color. The current trace is highlighted within this
area. This mode is very useful for finding glitches, transients, or other
random events.
The screen shot below shows an EDGE burst in the envelope view
mode, and all traces average, random and peak activated.
Manual 81
R&S Power Viewer Trace Measurements
Persistent Dots
In the persistent-dots mode, the software collects data on up to 32 trace
measurements. These trace data points are displayed without
interconnecting lines. This mode is useful for analyzing waveform
anomalies.
The example below shows a jittered AM signal that is captured in
realtime mode (no averaging).
Manual 82
R&S Power Viewer Trace Measurements
16.7 Lines
Fig. 16.7.1: Measurements related to level lines and the time gate.
Time Gate
1 The position of line 1 relative to the trigger position
2 The position of line 2 relative to the trigger position
Δ The time difference between both lines
Gated Meas.
Av The average power between the time-gate lines
Pk The peak power between the time-gate lines
Δ The ratio of the peak and average powers
Level Lines
1 The level at which line 1 is positioned
2 The level at which line 2 is positioned
Δ The ratio of both levels
Depth %=100⋅
∣ P 1− P 2
P 1 P 2 ∣
16.8 Reference Trace
Trace data can be saved to memory and shown as a reference curve.
The To Ref context menu entry saves all active traces to memory and
displays them in a slightly darker color together with the measured
traces. Reference trace data gets scaled or moved when the x- or
y-scaling is changed. Clicking Clear Ref removes all reference trace
data from memory.
Manual 83
R&S Power Viewer Trace Measurements
Power Viewer offers one reference and up to four delta markers. Each
of the markers can be assigned to the average, random, or peak trace.
This assignment is independent of whether the trace is enabled for
viewing.
The reference marker is set to a point in time relative to the trigger
point. Alternatively, it may be set to automatic peak-tracking mode,
which positions the marker to the maximum power value within the
visible trace area.
The reference marker is indicated with a small purple arrow that points
downward to the trace that it is associated with.
Delta markers can be defined relative to the reference marker or
relative to other delta markers. This allows the user to build chains of
markers and perform measurements between marker points.
Each delta marker can be operated in different operating modes. These
modes are outlined below.
Fixed Time
This mode is available for the reference and the delta markers. The
marker is positioned at a fixed point in time. This time is relative to the
trigger point, whereas the delta marker time is related to the marker that
it is dependent on. Fixed time markers can be dragged using the
mouse.
Auto Peak
This option is only available for the reference marker. If selected, this
marker automatically tracks the peak-power value within the visible
trace area.
Δ Level
This option is only available for the delta markers. If selected, this
marker is automatically positioned at the desired signal level by
Manual 84
R&S Power Viewer Trace Measurements
Next Peak
This option is only available for the delta markers. If selected, this
marker automatically searches for the next signal peak. The level value
defines a relative threshold for the peak search. It should be set so that
noise peaks are not accidentally evaluated as signal peaks. An
additional exclude time can be set to inhibit searching within this period.
The pulse width can be read from the ΔT measurement for delta marker
two.
Manual 85
R&S Power Viewer Trace Measurements
The pulse rise time can be read from the ΔT measurement for delta
marker two.
Manual 86
R&S Power Viewer Trace Measurements
16.10 Zooming
The Power Viewer Software supports time and level zooming in the
trace panel. Both zoom operations are controlled using the left mouse
key and the mouse wheel. Time zoom operations always reconfigure
the sensor, whereas level zooms only adjust the view port.
16.10.1 Time Zoom
The time zoom mode is entered by holding the left mouse key down
while dragging the mouse cursor horizontally. A blue area highlights the
minimum area that will be shown when the zoom operation completes.
When the left mouse key is released, two horizontal arrows indicate that
the zoom operation can now be performed using the mouse wheel.
Rolling the mouse (scroll) wheel forward or clicking into the marked
area zooms into the trace and magnifies the marked area. The time
resolution is rounded to the next useful value on a 1-2-5 scale.
Rolling the mouse wheel backwards zooms out. The center point for the
zoom operation is the center point of the marked area. The time
resolution is rounded to the next useful value on a 1-2-5 scale.
After the zoom operation has completed, the marked area and the
arrows disappear. The zoom operation can be aborted by clicking the
right or left mouse key instead of rolling the mouse wheel.
Undo
When no zoom area is selected, the mouse wheel serves as an undo
function for the time zoom. Rolling the mouse wheel backwards restores
the previous timing.
Manual 87
R&S Power Viewer Trace Measurements
Rolling the mouse wheel forward magnifies the trace and centers it
around the selected zoom point.
Rolling the mouse wheel backwards undoes the last level-zoom
operation.
The level-zoom mode is automatically aborted if the mouse cursor is
moved without rolling the wheel. This prevents users from remaining in
level zoom-mode unintentionally.
Manual 88
R&S Power Viewer Trace Measurements
Peak power
Top power
High ref. level
Base power
Base power
The base power is the average power for the period without any signal
content. Typically, this is the average noise power. The base power is
referred to as the 0 % level.
Manual 89
R&S Power Viewer Trace Measurements
Top power
The top power is the pulse power excluding any overshot at the
beginning of the pulse. This power level is referred to as the 100 %
level.
Peak power
The peak power is the maximum power value captured in the trace.
Algorithm
This control is used to select the analysis algorithm for determining the
pulse-top and pulse-base powers. These two power levels are
fundamental for all further signal analysis.
The default setting, Histogram, determines the pulse-top and pulse-
Manual 90
R&S Power Viewer Trace Measurements
base power levels by evaluating the probability density of all the values
for one recorded trace. This algorithm is recommended for most pulses.
The Integration algorithm approximates the pulse by an ideal signal with
the same energy content, pulse duration, and pulse period. Use this
algorithms for pulses with fast rise times and fall times as well as for
pulses with amplitude variations (e.g. modulation).
The Peak algorithm is not available on all of the wideband power
sensor's firmware versions. Please consult the sensor firmware's
release notes to see if this feature is supported. The algorithm uses the
overall peak power as the reference and is useful for Gaussian pulse
shapes.
Ref Level
The low, mid, and high reference-level values define the levels used for
determining the pulse timing. All values are specified as a percentage of
the pulse amplitude (the difference between the top and base powers).
Levels are related to power readings in watts. The following table
compares levels expressed in volts, watts and dBW.
Manual 91
R&S Power Viewer Trace Measurements
Algorithm
The analysis algorithm is used to determine the pulse-top and pulse-
base powers. These two power levels are fundamental for the pulse
analysis, because they are required for calculating the pulse amplitude.
The reference levels are specified as a percentage of the pulse
amplitude, and they are required for measuring the entire pulse timing.
Equiv Sampling
This entry is only displayed if the high-resolution pulse analysis is used
by the sensor firmware and shows the equivalent sampling time. This
time provides a good measure of the accuracy that is achieved with the
automatic pulse measurements. The following example demonstrates
the difference in resolution:
Manual 92
R&S Power Viewer Trace Measurements
Unit
The reference level values are specified as a percentage of the pulse
amplitude, and they can be voltage or power related.
Level
The low, mid, and high reference levels that are used for the automatic
pulse measurement. The levels are set as a percentage of the pulse
amplitude.
Pulse Duration
The time between the pulse's first rising edge and subsequent falling
edge. If the duration cannot be determined, "---" is displayed.
Pulse Period
The time between two consecutive edges of the same type. If the period
cannot be determined, "---" is displayed.
Rise Time
The time of the first rising edge. The rise time is defined as the period
between the point in time when the signal exceeds the lower reference
level and the point in time when it exceeds the upper reference level. If
no rising edge can be detected, "---" is displayed.
Rising Edge
The point in time when the first rising edge occurs, i.e. the point in time
at which the signal exceeds the average reference level. The rising
edge position is based on the delayed trigger point.
Fall Time
The time of the first falling edge. The fall time is defined as the period
between the point in time when the signal falls below the upper
reference level and the point in time when it falls below the lower
reference level. If no falling edge can be detected, "---" is displayed.
Falling Edge
The point in time when the first falling edge occurs, i.e. the point in time
at which the signal falls below the average reference level. The falling-
edge position is referenced to the delayed trigger point.
Peak Power
The maximum power value for the entire trace.
Top Power
The pulse's top power. This power level is determined by the analysis
algorithm and is fundamental for the entire pulse analysis.
Manual 93
R&S Power Viewer Trace Measurements
Single-shot signals
Trigger Single → ARM
Averaging Real Time (OFF)
View Normal
The averaging should be set to real time, because the sensor otherwise
requires multiple trigger events to generate one measurement result.
Manual 94
R&S Power Viewer OTA Trace Measurement
17.1 Settings
Channels
The three channels of the OTA sensor can be individually enabled or
disabled. Channels without an antenna connection must be disabled to
avoid error messages.
Manual 95
R&S Power Viewer Statistics
18 Statistics
The Statistics mode makes it possible to measure the envelope
power's complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) or
probability density function (PDF).
18.1 Settings
Zero
This option is only available while the measurement is running. It starts
the zeroing sequence for the current sensor. For this purpose, the RF
signal must be switched off, or the sensor must be disconnected from
the signal source. The sensor automatically detects the presence of any
significant power, which causes zeroing to be aborted and an error to
be generated. The LED next to the zeroing button changes it's color
depending on the current zeroing state.
Red Zeroing failed. In this case the LED initially flashes and
then turns red continuously.
The zeroing process may take more then 8 seconds to complete and
varies with the sensor model.
Generally, it is possible to run the sensor zeroing with a small signal
(such as broadband noise) applied to the sensor. This makes it possible
to compensate for this signal in later measurements.
Distribution Function
Power Viewer displays the CDF, CCDF, or PDF for a signal.
The CCDF shows how often a measured power value is above a certain
Manual 96
R&S Power Viewer Statistics
level. For this purpose, the x-axis uses a logarithmic power scale. The
y-coordinate is scaled logarithmically and in probabilities from 100 %
down to 10-4 %. The CCDF can also be viewed as a relative graph, in
which case the x-axis is scaled to the signal's average power.
Total Samples
The number of samples determines the length of the evaluation window.
The overall window length is calculated from the sampling rate (80 MHz,
12.5 ns interval) and the sample count.
The default evaluation length is one million samples, and the maximum
permissible value is 768 million samples.
The application uses an asynchronous measurement mode for the
statistics measurement. Thus, a measurement is started without waiting
for any trigger event and stopped when the set evaluation period has
elapsed.
Reference Curves
The current curve can be saved as a reference curve and used for
comparisons with later measurements. Any reference curve data is only
stored locally in the graphics view. It cannot be saved to a file.
The statistics view supports up to four reference curves in addition to
live measurement data.
Manual 97
R&S Power Viewer Statistics
Maximum level
Probability line values
Level line values
Minimum level
Fig. 18.2.2: Tiling the display to show the table with numeric results.
Table mode
This mode is activated by calling up the context menu (by right clicking
Manual 98
R&S Power Viewer Statistics
Fig. 18.3.1: The PDF curve of a 3GPP signal with an AWGN reference
curve at an average power level of 0 dBm.
The figure above shows a 3GPP signal that has a power distribution
similar to that of AWGN. At low signal levels (left side) the resolution of
the sensor's A/D converter might become visible.
Manual 99
R&S Power Viewer Statistics
P ∝ I 2Q 2
The figure below shows the resulting vector and RF signal based on the
two normally distributed baseband signals.
1 − x−2
f , , x = exp
2 22
If a new random variable is created from k independent, normally
distributed random variables with a mean of zero (µ=0) and a variance
of one ( σ=1 ), the resulting distribution is the chi-square distribution:
{ }
1/2k /2 k / 2−1 − x/ 2
x e x0
f x , k = k /2
0 x0
Manual 100
R&S Power Viewer Statistics
In the case of I/Q modulation, the degree of freedom is two (k=2), which
simplifies the PDF according to the following equation:
1
1 − x
f x ,2= e 2
2
This equation demonstrates that the AWGN signal produces a PDF that
can be approximated by the exponential function. This is the AWGN
reference curve that the Power Viewer Software adds as the reference.
The statistics become more complex when the signal consists of two
components, such as a constant RF carrier with a modulated signal.
Fig. 18.3.4: Constant signal with added I/Q modulation and PDF.
In this case, the mean values of the I- and Q-signals are not zero (µ≠0)
and the chi-square distribution cannot be used for the resulting
envelope power.
Please note that the assumptions above are valid for power levels that
are significantly higher than the power-sensor noise level.
Manual 101
R&S Power Viewer Statistics
Fig. 18.4.1: The CDF curve of a 3GPP signal with an AWGN reference
curve at an average power level of 0 dBm.
CDF stands for cumulative distribution function and is the integral of the
PDF curve. The advantage of the CDF curve is that it emphasizes
minimum power values.
The ideal AWGN reference signal remains the exponential function,
because the integral of ex remains ex.
Manual 102
R&S Power Viewer Statistics
Fig. 18.5.1 The CCDF curve of a 3GPP signal with an AWGN reference
curve at an average power level of 0 dBm.
CCDF =1−CDF
Manual 103
R&S Power Viewer Timeslot Mode
19 Timeslot Mode
This mode measures the average power of a definable number (up to
16) of successive timeslots within a frame structure with equal spacing.
When the averaging function is activated (averaging factor of two or
more), measurements are performed with chopper stabilization to obtain
more accurate results with reduced noise and zero offset. Chopper
stabilization involves reversing the polarity of the detector output signal
from frame to frame. Taking the difference of the output signals
minimizes the video path's effect on noise and zero drift.
19.1 Settings
Zero
This option is only available while the measurement is running. It starts
the zeroing sequence for the current sensor. For this purpose, the RF
signal must be switched off, or the sensor must be disconnected from
the signal source. The sensor automatically detects the presence of any
significant power, which causes zeroing to be aborted and an error to
be generated. The LED next to the zeroing button changes it's color
depending on the current zeroing state.
Red Zeroing failed. In this case the LED initially flashes and
then turns red continuously.
The zeroing process may take more then 8 seconds to complete and
varies with the sensor model.
Generally, it is possible to run the sensor zeroing with a small signal
(such as broadband noise) applied to the sensor. This makes it possible
to compensate for this signal in later measurements.
The power scale section sets the y-axis for the timeslot display. The
numbers do not affect the measurement itself.
Reference
Sets the maximum power level for the timeslot display.
/div
Manual 104
R&S Power Viewer Timeslot Mode
The timing section sets all parameters that are required to precisely
define the timeslot structure for the signal to be analyzed. To obtain
stable and reliable results, it is essential that these parameters match
the signal exactly.
Number
Defines the number of timeslots that belong to a single frame. The
permissible range is from one to 16.
Width
Sets the width of a single timeslot within the frame structure. Each
timeslot has exactly the same width.
Exclude
Defines the time gaps at the beginning or at the end of a timeslot that is
not evaluated for the measurement. These parameters are used to
define the spacing between adjacent timeslots.
Delay
Specifies the time between the physical trigger event and the start of
the first timeslot.
Fig. 19.1.4: Setting the filter count for the averaging filter.
Count
The filter count sets the number of frames that are to be evaluated to
form one measurement result.
Manual 105
R&S Power Viewer Timeslot Mode
Source
The trigger source can be either internal or external. When an external
source is used (R&S NRP-Z3 or R&S NRP-Z5 adapter), only the
settings for polarity and holdoff time are available. The new generation
NRP power sensors provide a second SMB trigger input. This option is
available as External SMB.
Slope
The trigger slope can be set to either the positive or negative edge. This
setting is available for all trigger sources.
Level
Sets the trigger threshold for internal triggering derived from the test
signal. In order to achieve stable trigger conditions, it is advisable to use
a trigger level above –20 dBm.
Holdoff
Suppresses trigger events within the set holdoff time (in seconds),
starting from the time of the last successful triggering.
Dropout
Sets the dropout time in microseconds. With a positive (or alternatively:
negative) trigger slope, the dropout time is the minimum time for which
the signal must be below (above) the trigger power level before
triggering can reoccur. As with the holdoff parameter, unwanted trigger
events can be excluded. The set dropout time only affects the internal
trigger source.
Manual 106
R&S Power Viewer Timeslot Mode
Timeslot width
Marker measurement Average filter count
All bars are updated continuously. The update rate depends mainly on
the setting for the average filter count. The higher the filter count, the
lower the update rate and the noise level.
Markers
A maximum of four markers can be placed on any of the 16 timeslots to
achieve precise average power readings. These readings are displayed
below the bar graph area.
Manual 107
R&S Power Viewer Timeslot Mode
Manual 108
R&S Power Viewer Multi-Channel Power Measurements
Data Processing
All measured values are automatically forwarded to the data processing
panels.
Manual 109
R&S Power Viewer Multi-Channel Power Measurements
Zero
This button starts the sensor zeroing process for the currently selected
channel only. None of the other channels are affected. For sensor
zeroing to work, no RF power may be applied to the sensor and no
measurement may be running.
All Zero
Starts the sensor zeroing process for all configured sensors. Only
sensors that are marked by a green LED can be zeroed.
Sensor selection
This control lists all sensors that were discovered during the last scan
and the sensors required by the currently loaded project. Available
devices are marked with a green LED. Devices that are required by the
currently loaded project but appear to be unavailable are marked with a
yellow LED.
Sensors that are already assigned to a measurement channel display
their channel numbers in square brackets. These devices cannot be
assigned again to a different channel.
Each sensor can be configured individually. This accounts for the use of
different sensor technologies or individual path losses or measurement
frequencies within one setup.
If an alias name has been assigned to a sensor, this name is displayed
first followed by the sensor type and serial number in parentheses.
Manual 110
R&S Power Viewer Multi-Channel Power Measurements
Sum
Two measured power values are added in linear scale (watts). The
result is displayed in watts or dBm.
Diff
Two measured values are subtracted from each other in linear scale
(watts). The result is displayed in watts or dBm.
Ratio
The ratio is calculated by dividing one measurement by the other one.
The result is displayed without a unit or is converted to dB.
Manual 111
R&S Power Viewer Multi-Channel Power Measurements
RCoeff
The reflection coefficient is computed from two measured values in
logarithmic scale using the following equation:
P1 P2
RC 10 20
SWR
The standing wave ratio is computed from two measured values using
the following equation:
1 RC
SWR
1 RC
Manual 112
R&S Power Viewer OTA Multi-Channel Measurement
21.1 Settings
Channels
The three channels of the OTA sensor can be individually enabled or
disabled. Channels without an antenna connection must be disabled to
avoid error messages.
Manual 113
R&S Power Viewer NRQ Signal Check
The signal check measurement does not require any specific settings. It
only depends on the global NRQ settings. These settings are
accessible via the NRQ settings dialog. Use the NRQ icon in the lower
right toolbar to open this dialog.
Manual 114
R&S Power Viewer NRQ IQ Analyzer
23 NRQ IQ Analyzer
The NRQ IQ Analyzer measurement displays the IQ data versus time,
the power spectrum, and an IQ constellation diagram of the test signal
in the selected bandwidth.
All NRQ specific settings, such as the filter bandwidth are accessible via
the NRQ settings dialog. Use the NRQ icon in the lower right toolbar to
open this dialog.
23.1 Settings
The time domain settings configure the view in the upper time domain
display of the IQ Analyzer panel. These settings do not affect the data
Manual 115
R&S Power Viewer NRQ IQ Analyzer
View
Sets how the captured IQ samples are shown in the time domain
display.
Maximum
Sets the maximum voltage value for the time domain view. The default
is 1.0 volt. Setting the maximum voltage to smaller values allows to
visualize weak signals.
This setting affects the modes Amplitude and I/Q as well as the
constellation diagram.
View, History
The spectrum display can be set to either spectrum or spectrogram
(waterfall) mode. In spectrum mode the history parameter defines how
many FFTs from the ring buffer are used to calculate the average power
spectrum. In spectrogram mode the history parameter defines the
number of lines in the spectrogram.
Maximum
Sets the upper border of the spectrum or spectrogram display in dBm.
Lowering this parameter allows to analyze weak signals.
Range
Sets the overall power level range used in the spectrum or spectrogram
display.
Manual 116
R&S Power Viewer NRQ IQ Analyzer
Mode
The trigger mode can be set to Free Run, Auto, Normal, or Single
mode.
In free run mode, the sensor does not wait for trigger events and
continuously acquires waveforms. The waveform display is not
synchronized, and the waveforms typically roll across the display.
Averaging is disabled in this mode.
In auto trigger mode, the sensor acquires data, even if no trigger event
occurs. Auto mode uses a timer that starts when a trigger occurs. After
1 s has elapsed, the software forces a trigger release and restarts its
timer. In the absence of valid trigger events, the acquired waveforms
are not synchronized. Average filter settings do not apply in this case.
When valid triggers exist, the waveforms become synchronized and
averaging can be used.
In normal mode, the sensor only acquires a waveform when it is
triggered by an internal or external trigger event. If no trigger event
occurs over a period of about 2 seconds, the Trig? indication is shown
on the user interface. The last waveform acquired remains on the
display, and the sensor keeps waiting for the next trigger event. If no
waveform has been acquired, the display remains blank.
In single mode, the sensor arms its trigger unit when the ARM button is
pressed. Subsequently, it performs one acquisition as soon as the
trigger condition is met. If no trigger event occurs over a period of about
2 seconds, the Trig? indication is shown on the user interface. The
waveform acquisition includes averaging, which means that 2*N trigger
events must occur before the acquisition completes. If single-shot
events are to be analyzed, the averaging filter count must be set to Real
Time.
Source
This setting establishes the trigger signal's source. Internal means that
the trigger event is generated by the applied RF signal and by the set
trigger level. When an external source is used, the trigger level and
hysteresis functions are not effective. The option 'External SMB'
activates the SMB trigger input that is available on all new generation
NRP power sensors. In that case the user can select between an input
impedance of 10 kOhms or 50 Ohms.
Manual 117
R&S Power Viewer NRQ IQ Analyzer
Output
The new R&S NRP Power Sensors can use their built in SMB connector
as trigger output. In this case a rising edge is generated when the
power measurement starts. Please see the power sensor user manual
for details on how to use this feature.
Slope
The trigger slope can be set to either the positive or negative edge. This
setting is available for all trigger sources.
Level
This level setting establishes the trigger threshold for internal triggering
derived from the test signal.
Holdoff
The holdoff setting suppresses trigger events within the set holdoff time
(in seconds), starting from the time of the last successful triggering. The
holdoff time must be larger than the total trace time.
Dropout
This setting establishes the dropout time in microseconds. With a
positive (or alternatively: negative) trigger slope, the dropout time is the
minimum time for which the signal must be below (above) the trigger
power level before triggering can occur again. As with the holdoff
parameter, unwanted trigger events can be excluded. The set dropout
time only affects the internal trigger source.
Samples
Sets the length of each IQ capturing in samples. The capture time
results from the sample rate and the number of samples. The sample
rate depends on the NRQ filter bandwidth and is shown in the upper left
corner of the time domain display.
Manual 118
R&S Power Viewer Script-Based Measurement
24 Script-Based Measurement
The script-based measurement function is useful for implementing
custom measurement tasks that cannot be covered by the
measurement panels provided in Power Viewer. For this purpose, a
script language is used. This language is based on the ECMAScript
scripting language, as defined in the standard ECMA-262. Microsoft's
JScript, and Netscape's JavaScript are also based on the ECMAScript
standard.
The scripting panel provides three pages. The first page shows the
measurement results and status messages during script execution. This
page is automatically activated when the script gets started. Data can
be viewed numerically or graphically as trace or bar chart.
The layout of this panel is designed by the UI editor which is located on
the third page.
The second page contains the script editor itself.
Manual 119
R&S Power Viewer Script-Based Measurement
http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm
In addition to the script standard the global object pvp exists within the
Power Viewer script context. This global object extends the script
functionality. This section mainly describes the pvp script extension.
24.5 Timers
The script extension provides built in timers. These timers can be used
to measure the execution time of measurement tasks.
This time method returns the time since script start in seconds.
The following method returns the time of the last SCPI execution in
seconds.
Manual 120
R&S Power Viewer Script-Based Measurement
This userTime method returns the elapsed time since the last call to
this method in seconds.
userTime()
// do something …
double dElapsed = userTime()
The following function call removes a file from the hard drive.
pvp.removeFile( 'C:/Temp/MyFile.tmp' )
Writing text data to a file is possible using the following two functions.
pvp.writeToFile( 'C:/Temp/MyFile.tmp',
'String to write' )
pvp.appendToFile( 'C:/Temp/MyFile.tmp',
'String to append' )
Both functions write a single line of text. The first function removes the
content of an existing file and then writes the text string. The second
function appends the string to the end of the file.
Manual 121
R&S Power Viewer Script-Based Measurement
Prepare the primary power sensor for use with the script. If device index
0 is used the second argument is ignored. The method automatically
uses the resource string of the currently selected power sensor.
pvp.defineDevice( 0, '' )
It is also possible to open other R&S instruments for use in the script. In
this case the second argument sets the VISA resource string of the
instrument.
pvp.defineDevice( 1, 'TCPIP::10.111.10.123::INSTR' )
pvp.setDeviceTimeout( 1, 10 )
pvp.setEchoState( 0 )
...
pvp.setEchoState( 1 )
Manual 122
R&S Power Viewer Script-Based Measurement
SENSE:AVERAGE:COUNT 32
Queries are used similarly to SCPI commands, but they end with a
question mark.
The scpi method requires the device index as the first argument. The
device index 0 is used for the primary power sensor. Before using the
scpi method the sensor must be initialized by a call to defineDevice.
pvp.defineDevice( 0, '' )
pvp.scpi( 0, '*RST' )
Command Syntax:
READ[:AUX]?
FETCH[:AUX]?
Syntax:
READ:BUFF[:AUX]?
Manual 123
R&S Power Viewer Script-Based Measurement
FETCH:BUFF[:AUX]?
In contrast to the READ? and FETCH? queries, which read scalar results,
these queries return an entire array of floating-point values.
If the returned data is saved to a variable, this variable is automatically
set to the floating-point array data type.
pvp.scpi( 'INIT:IMM' )
var sResult = pvp.scpi( 'FETCH?' )
// continue...
Note:
The time granularity of the instrument polling depends on the operating
system. On Windows installations the minimum polling interval is in the
order of 10 to 15 ms. For time critical applications it is therefore
recommended to use the READ? query instead.
This method is generally not required for NRP-Z power sensors. Instead
use the READ? Query with these sensors.
The new generation NRP power sensors do not provide the READ?
query. Instead these sensors use a combination of INIT and FETCH? to
read measurement results.
if( pvp.checkError( 0 ) == 0 ) {
pvp.print( 'Errors occurred' )
}
Manual 124
R&S Power Viewer Script-Based Measurement
Manual 125
R&S Power Viewer Script-Based Measurement
...
pvp.sendArrayToTimeSeries( sValues, 'TSer' );
Manual 126
R&S Power Viewer Script-Based Measurement
24.21 Examples
24.21.1 Triggered Average Power Measurement
The triggered continuous average measurement measures a single
scalar power value once a trigger event occurs.
In the example below, a pulse with a duration of 50 ms occurs once
every second. The pulse's power level varies slowly. The sensor should
provide an individual reading for each pulse.
The example script uses a measurement window of 10 ms. Each result
is generated from two internal measurements (with chopper enabled)
within the sensor.
// infinite loop
do {
pvp.scpi( 0, 'INIT' ) // new sensor generation
var sAvPwr = pvp.scpi( 0, 'FETCH?' )
pvp.sleep( 10 )
} while( 1 )
The screen shot below shows the readings as they were captured in the
data log window:
Manual 127
R&S Power Viewer Script-Based Measurement
// infinite loop
do {
pvp.scpi( 0, 'INIT' ) // new sensor generation
var sAvPwr = pvp.scpi( 0, 'FETCH?' )
} while( 1 )
Manual 128
R&S Power Viewer Script-Based Measurement
Manual 129
R&S Power Viewer Script-Based Measurement
pvp.scpi( 1, '*RST' )
pvp.scpi( 1, '*CLS' )
if( pvp.checkError( 1 ) ) {
do {
pvp.sleep( 200 )
} while( 1 )
Manual 130
R&S Power Viewer Script-Based Measurement
pvp.defineDevice( 0, 'GPIB0::28::INSTR' )
pvp.scpi( '*RST' )
Manual 131
R&S Power Viewer Data Processing Panels
Measurements Processing
Continuous
Bar Chart
Trace
Data Log
Statistics
Value
Timestamp Limit
Unit
Timeslot
Analysis
Multi-Ch.
Gauges
Scripting
• Source
• Measurand 1 … 4
The Source denominates the measurement from which the panel may
receive data. Depending on which measurement this is, there is a
corresponding set of measurands that can be assigned to the data-
processing panel's input channels.
Manual 132
R&S Power Viewer Data Processing Panels
The table below lists data that is available to the data-processing panels
for each measurement.
Manual 133
R&S Power Viewer Data Processing Panels
Manual 134
R&S Power Viewer Data Processing Panels
25.1.1 Settings
The data-log panel has its own settings dialog similar to the one for
measurements. Unlike measurements, the data log does not generate
data but rather processes measurands from active measurements.
Start / Stop
The data log process does not start automatically when a measurement
is started; it needs to be activated separately. This allows the user to
setup the measurement first and then start the log.
Starting the log erases all previous data from the log memory.
The data log's capturing state is indicated by a hard disk icon in the
lower left corner of the application window.
Feeds
First, set the Source to select the measurement that feeds data into the
log panel. Second, select up to eight measurands for the eight data-log
channels.
Power values are normally received in watts but may be converted into
dBm.
Manual 135
R&S Power Viewer Data Processing Panels
Interval
The interval sets the time period for collecting sensor readings. At the
end of each time interval the software writes a record to the log file. This
record contains the minimum, maximum, and average value of the
accumulated readings. The time interval should be set such that the file
size remains within acceptable limits.
File Name
The file name specifies the file to which data is appended during the log
process. The file format is .csv. Besides regular file names, there is a
set of place holders that can be used within the file name.
Example:
$t\pvp-%m-%d-%t.csv
This creates log files with the name
pvp-continuous-20090624-154627.csv if used with the "continuous"
measurement mode. The storage location is the temporary folder set in
the operating system, e.g. C:\TEMP.
Manual 136
R&S Power Viewer Data Processing Panels
Entire Time
This menu item sets all traces back to the entire log time. This option is
useful when previous zoom actions were used to magnify trace details.
The time axis is always common for all traces. Therefore, this action
involves all traces.
Show Statistics
The data log always uses 20000 data points evenly spaced across the
total log time. Each data point represents a bin that may contain multiple
measured values. To prevent the loss of any information, each bin is
represented by the average, minimum, and maximum value that was
received.
By default, the envelope of the recorded data is displayed (minimum
and maximum). If this is not desired, the statistics view can be disabled
so that it only shows average data.
Manual 137
R&S Power Viewer Data Processing Panels
Lines
This menu item activates level lines and time lines. The functionality of
these lines is similar to the ones described in the chapter 15.1, "Trace
Measurements."
25.1.4 Zooming
Zooming can be performed in the x- or y-direction separately by using
the left mouse button and the mouse wheel.
Y-direction
• Select the center point for the y-zoom and
click once using the left mouse button. A
zoom-point indicator is placed at this point.
• Turn the mouse wheel forward to zoom in.
• Turn the mouse wheel backwards to zoom out.
• Press the left mouse key again to disable zoom mode and remove
the zoom-point indicator.
X-direction
• Position the mouse at the beginning of the
x-range that should be magnified.
• Press the left mouse key and hold it while you
move the mouse to the right side. Release the
left mouse key at the right end of the x-zoom
area. A semi-transparent area marks the
zoom range.
• Turn the mouse wheel forward to zoom into
the highlighted area.
The the system remembers the x-zoom ranges. Turning the mouse
wheel backwards restores the last display range.
Manual 138
R&S Power Viewer Data Processing Panels
Manual 139
R&S Power Viewer Data Processing Panels
25.2.1 Settings
Enable
Enables or disables limit monitoring globally.
Source / Channels
These settings define the origin of the measurands that are to be
monitored for limit violations.
Alias Name
Each channel can use an alias name instead of the combination of
measurement and measurand.
Manual 140
R&S Power Viewer Data Processing Panels
Actions
By default, incidents are logged to the incident log. The capacity of this
log is limited, and it only displays the most recent entries. The action
settings are used to enable additional features, such as writing to a log
file or sending incidents to a remote host.
Log to File
A file entry is generated each time a limit violation occurs or ceases.
New incidents are appended to the end of the log file. Writing occurs
immediately. Consequently, this can slow down the measurement rate.
TCP/IP Server
The limit monitor can be configured to start a TCP/IP server process for
as long as a measurement is active. Remote applications can connect
to this server and receive incidents.
Play Sound
An acoustic signal is generated each time a limit violation occurs or
ceases.
Note: Running the server process may present a security risk to your IT
network. By default, the server is configured to only allow connections
from the local host (127.0.0.1). It may also be required to configure your
local firewall software to allow for inbound traffic on the port used by the
server.
Manual 141
R&S Power Viewer Data Processing Panels
Host IP
Sets the IP address for the network interface at which the server is
listening for incoming connections. By default, the IP address 127.0.0.1
is used for the local machine.
Port
Sets the port at which the server listens for incoming connections. It
must be ensured that the port is not already being used by another
service.
The command:
provides a list of all ports that the system is currently listening to.
Access Rules
The access rules define which clients are allowed to connect to the limit
monitoring server. For this purpose, two lists of IP addresses define
hosts that are denied and hosts that are allowed to connect. The order
in which these two lists are evaluated can be selected. The second list
to be evaluated takes precedence over the list that is evaluated first.
Each list may contain the keyword "All" or a comma-separated list of IP
addresses, or fractions of IP addresses.
Example:
Order: Deny, Allow
Deny: All
Allow: 192.168
In the example above, the deny list is evaluated first. The keyword "All"
indicates that any incoming request will be rejected. Second, the allow
list is evaluated. All servers that match 192.168.x.x are allowed to
connect.
Require Authentication
When this authentications setting is enabled, the server prompts a
Manual 142
R&S Power Viewer Data Processing Panels
Note: Netcat is a very versatile tool, and it can also be used to install
malicious "backdoors" on the host PC. For this reason, most virus
protection software packages classify nc.exe as a threat and disable its
execution.
The limit monitoring server uses port 16000 by default. This port is not
typically used by other applications. The default telnet port is 23.
Manual 143
R&S Power Viewer Data Processing Panels
Each of the four views within the analysis panel can be configured to a
histogram display or a quantile plot. The four analysis views operate
independently and can be freely assigned to any available measurand.
By default, each view is configured to the histogram display and for
evaluation of the last 1000 measurements. These settings can be
changed using the context menu for the individual view.
Manual 144
R&S Power Viewer Data Processing Panels
Average power
Standard deviation
The minimum (Min) and maximum (Max) power readings are displayed
in the upper left corner.
The count (Cnt) indicates how many readings were accumulated for the
analysis. The count remains at a constant value as soon as the set
number of readings has been reached.
The average (Avg) power of all accumulated readings and the sample
standard deviation (s) is displayed in the panel's upper right corner. The
following formulas are used to calculate these two parameters:
N
1
x =
N
∑ xi
i =1
N
1
s= ∑
N −1 i=1
xi −x 2
The terms L95 and U95 are used for the 95 % confidence intervals for
the average power level:
2⋅s 2⋅s
L95≃x − U95≃x
N N
Manual 145
R&S Power Viewer Data Processing Panels
25.3.2 Q-Q-Plot
The Q-Q-Plot (Quantile-Quantile-Plot) is a graphical method for
comparing two probability distributions.
The Power Viewer software provides a normal probability plot that
compares the probability distribution of the measured values against a
normal distribution. The Q-Normal-Plot is, therefore, used as a graphical
test for normal distribution.
The outer pair of red lines marks the 95 % confidence band. If all graph
points are located within this band, the normal probability test is positive
at a 95 % confidence level.
The diagram is vertically and horizontally scaled to steps of one σ.
When all measured values are distributed normally, all graph points are
located on a straight line. Departures from this straight line indicate that
the normal distribution model is a poor fit for the distribution of the
measured values.
Manual 146
R&S Power Viewer Data Processing Panels
Points
The view always captures the last 5000 measured values, but the
number of evaluated samples can be set to the last 250 or 1000 values
or to all 5000 of them. Changing the number of evaluated samples does
not erase any data.
Histogram / Q-Q-Plot
These settings determine the view to the histogram or the quantiles
display. Both representations are calculated from the same data, and
changing the representation does not erase any data.
Clear
Clears all data in this view.
After the data is cleared, the message “Waiting for data...” appears in
the quantile plot representation until 50 samples have been collected. In
the histogram representation, the histogram is not painted for less than
50 samples.
Manual 147
R&S Power Viewer Data Processing Panels
Start / Stop
The analysis process does not start automatically when a measurement
is started. Instead, it needs to be activated separately. This allows the
user to setup the measurement before starting the analysis.
Starting the analysis erases all previous data from the views.
Clear All
This button clears the data in all analysis views.
Default All
This button sets all views back to the histogram display of the last 1000
measurements. It also deletes the data in all views.
Feeds
First, set the Source to select the measurement that feeds data into the
log panel. Second, select up to four measurands for the four data log
channels.
Manual 148
R&S Power Viewer Data Processing Panels
Each of the four views within the gauges panel can be configured to a
digital or analog display. The four gauge views operate independently
and can be freely assigned to any available measurand.
By default, each view is configured to the digital display. This setting
can be changed using the context menu for the individual view.
The blue and red dots show the minimum and maximum value in the
moving average filter buffer.
The text AUTO in the upper right corner indicates that the meter is
currently set to auto scaling. This works in most cases but it may also
be desirable to set a specific scale. Setting the scale is possible by
using the muse wheel and the Ctrl key.
Manual 149
R&S Power Viewer Data Processing Panels
Mouse Wheel
Changes the upper border of the meter. This option is only available for
logarithmic meters (dBm scale).
Digital
The view shows a numeric value on a digital display. The values are
displayed as they are send by the measurement. Absolute power
values in Watts are automatically converted to dBm.
Analog
Turns the view into the analog meter mode.
Historic
Enables a digital display using ancient Nixie tubes.
Manual 150
R&S Power Viewer Using S-Parameter Profiles
bG =b 2
[ (1−s 22 Γ S )(1−s 11 Γ G )
s21
−ΓG Γ S s 12
]
The measurement error caused by using a simple offset table instead of
the s-parameter correction can be calculated by the following equation:
Manual 151
R&S Power Viewer Using S-Parameter Profiles
In all R&S NRP-Z sensors the s-parameter profiles are part of the
factory calibration data set. The new generation R&S NRP sensors
contain a factory calibration data set and a user data set. For safety
reasons Power Viewer only allows access to the user data set in these
sensors.
Manual 152
R&S Power Viewer Using S-Parameter Profiles
Write to Sensor
Updated s-parameter data sets must be written back to the sensor flash
memory in order to become effective. Before the flashing process starts
Power Viewer creates a backup copy of the existing calibration data set
on the local hard drive.
The central section of this dialog contains all the controls required for
the s-parameter management. A prerequisite for these controls to
become active is that a data set was successfully loaded from a sensor
or a matching backup file.
Setting this flag overrides the Lock and Default flag from the factory
data set. Use this flag if the s-parameter state is locked in the factory
data set and you need to use other s-parameter profiles than the one
stored in the factory data set.
S-parameter profiles residing in the user data set start at index 1001
whereas profiles from the factory data set start at index one.
Current Profile
This control contains all s-parameter profiles that are currently available
in the calibration data set. New empty records can be added to the list
by using the New button. Existing records can be removed from the list
with the Delete button. These changes do not become effective
immediately in the sensor. Instead all modifications are applied to a
memory copy of the calibration data set. Once changes are made a
sensor update is required and can be initiated by clicking the Write to
Sensor button.
Manual 153
R&S Power Viewer Using S-Parameter Profiles
Mnemonic
The mnemonic defines a name that is used to name an s-parameter
device. The mnemonic is also stored as part of the sensor s-parameter
profile.
Load / Save
Loads or saves s-parameter data from or to a file. If data is loaded all
existing s-parameter data in the selected profile is lost. Saving data
does not alter the s-parameter profile.
View
Starts the viewer dialog and displays all s-parameter data of the
currently selected profile.
Frequency Range
This line displays the frequency range covered by the s-parameter set.
S21 Range
This line displays the minimum and maximum s21 value in the
s-parameter set.
Power Limits
Depending on the loss or gain introduced by the s-parameter device the
sensor's measurement power range changes. These settings define the
upper and lower sensor power limit if the s-parameter profile is selected
during a measurement. Power Viewer populates both entry fields with
recommended values when s-parameter data is loaded from a file.
Active by Default
This option automatically enables the selected s-parameter profile when
the sensor is powered up. This option is useful if components such as
attenuator pads remain attached to a sensor.
Manual 154
R&S Power Viewer VXI PnP Programming Guide
Application Application
(rsnrpz.h / rsnrpz.lib)
(rsnrpz.h / NrpControl2.lib)
rsnrpz_32.dll,
rsnrpz.c
rsnrpz_64.dll
NrpControl2.dll, NrpControl2_64.dll
USB Driver
USB::0x0AAD::<usb-id>::<serial>
The value 0x0AAD is the Rohde & Schwarz vendor ID, and it cannot be
changed. The USB ID is unique for each sensor type. A list of USB
device ID numbers is provided in chapter 6.5, "Supported R&S NRPZ
Sensors." The serial number is the serial number for the individual
sensor.
Manual 155
R&S Power Viewer VXI PnP Programming Guide
The small offset ensures that the log10 function's argument can never
be exactly zero.
ViStatus lErr
ViSession ulUSBSession
rsnrpz_setTimeout( 5000 )
lErr = rsnrpz_init ( <USB resource string>,
false, false,
&ulUSBSession )
if( lErr!=0 ) ...error handling...
Manual 156
R&S Power Viewer VXI PnP Programming Guide
char szMessage[256]
rsnrpz_error_message( ulUSBSession,
lErr, szMessage )
Additionally, errors that arise inside the sensor can be queried from the
sensor error queue. The rsnrpz_error_query() should be called as
long as the lErr2 return variable is not equal to zero and the return
code lErr is zero:
Please note that both functions require a valid session number. If the
rsnrpz_init() function fails and no valid session number is available
(session is zero), these functions cannot be used. In most cases, this
indicates that the sensor has already been opened by another
application, or that the sensor firmware is outdated.
27.6 Zeroing
Zeroing the sensor might be required if very low signal levels need to be
measured. The time required for the zeroing procedure varies from
sensor to sensor. It must also be noted that the zero offset value is not
permanent. A sensor reset command does not clear the zero offset, but
a power loss requires re-zeroing.
The following example starts the zeroing process with the function
rsnrpz_chan_zero(). This function returns immediately. The following
call to rsnrpz_chan_isZeroComplete() determines the completion
state of the zeroing process. The function should be called repeatedly in
a loop, but it must be ensured that there is enough CPU time available
for the driver process (→ Sleep(), → SwitchToThread() ). Using a
short sleep that gives the CPU away to the background thread is
recommended. If the zeroing fails, an error code that is not equal to
zero is returned:
Manual 157
R&S Power Viewer VXI PnP Programming Guide
char szManuf[256];
lErr = rsnrpz_chan_info( ulUSBSession, 1,
"Manufacturer", 256, szManuf );
char szType[256];
lErr = rsnrpz_chan_info( ulUSBSession, 1,
"Type", 256, szType );
char szSerial[256];
lErr = rsnrpz_chan_info( ulUSBSession, 1,
"Serial", 256, szSerial );
Second, the carrier frequency must be set. Setting the carrier frequency
is always required for precise measurements:
lErr = rsnrpz_chan_setCorrectionFrequency(
ulUSBSession, 1, dCarrierHz )
Manual 158
R&S Power Viewer VXI PnP Programming Guide
In many cases, the power sensor is not directly connected to the DUT
and compensation must be made for additional cable loss. The two
functions described below enable and set the level offset. Please note
that further level-related commands expect levels that include the
correction factor:
lErr = rsnrpz_corr_setOffset(
ulUSBSession, 1, dOffsetdB )
lErr = rsnrpz_corr_setOffsetEnabled(
ulUSBSession, 1, true )
The aperture time is the time for which the sensor integrates the signal
in order to generate a a single sample. Normally, the sensor uses a
default aperture that is best for noise and measurement speed. When
measuring AM modulated signals with a known period time, it is
advisable to set the aperture time to multiples of the period time. In such
cases, using a low averaging filter count, such as two, can deliver
stable measurement results:
lErr = rsnrpz_chan_setContAvAperture(
ulUSBSession, 1, dWindowS )
lErr = rsnrpz_avg_configureAvgAuto(
ulUSBSession, 1, 3 )
Alternatively, the averaging filter mode can be set to a fixed value, such
as 2, 4, 8, or 16. This setting is best if a constant measurement time is
required and the signal level does not change much:
lErr = rsnrpz_avg_configureAvgManual(
ulUSBSession, 1, ulAvCnt )
lErr = rsnrpz_avg_setTerminalControl(
ulUSBSession, 1,
RSNRPZ_TERMINAL_CONTROL_REPEAT )
Manual 159
R&S Power Viewer VXI PnP Programming Guide
ViReal64 fMeasResult
lErr = rsnrpz_meass_fetchMeasurement(
ulUSBSession, 1, &fMeasResult )
Manual 160
R&S Power Viewer VXI PnP Programming Guide
First, the sensor's operation mode needs to be set. This step is only
required initially:
lErr = rsnrpz_chan_mode(
ulUSBSession, 1, RSNRPZ_SENSOR_MODE_SCOPE )
Second, the carrier frequency must be set. Setting the carrier frequency
is required for precise power measurements:
lErr = rsnrpz_chan_setCorrectionFrequency(
ulUSBSession, 1, dCarrierHz )
In many cases, the power sensor is not directly connected to the DUT,
and compensation must be made for additional cable loss. The
following two functions enable and set the level offset:
lErr = rsnrpz_corr_setOffset(
ulUSBSession, 1, dOffsetdB )
lErr = rsnrpz_corr_setOffsetEnabled(
ulUSBSession, 1, bEnOffset )
lErr = rsnrpz_bandwidth_setBw(
ulUSBSession, 1, 0 )
The number of video points for the trace measurement is set using
rsnrpz_scope_setPoints(). Using 500 points usually represents a
good compromise between USB transfer speed and resolution. The
trace data's transfer time increases with the number of video points:
lErr = rsnrpz_scope_setPoints(
ulUSBSession, 1, iVideoPoints )
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R&S Power Viewer VXI PnP Programming Guide
The trace time sets the overall capture time for one trace measurement.
Each video point represents the time period resulting from the trace
time divided by the number of video points:
lErr = rsnrpz_scope_setTime(
ulUSBSession, 1, dTraceTime )
The offset time is used to capture signal portions before the trigger
point. The valid time range depends on the sensor and must be looked
up in the sensor manual. The function call is not required if this feature
is not needed. An offset time of zero starts trace capturing at the trigger
position:
lErr = rsnrpz_scope_setOffsetTime(
ulUSBSession, 1, dOffsetTime )
lErr = rsnrpz_trigger_setSource(
ulUSBSession, 1,
RSNRPZ_TRIGGER_SOURCE_INTERNAL )
lErr = rsnrpz_trigger_setSlope(
ulUSBSession, 1, RSNRPZ_SLOPE_POSITIVE )
lErr = rsnrpz_trigger_setDropoutTime(
ulUSBSession, 1, dDropoutTime )
lErr = rsnrpz_trigger_setHysteresis(
ulUSBSession, 1, 1 )
lErr = rsnrpz_trigger_setLevel(
ulUSBSession, 1, dTrigLevelW )
Setting an averaging filter is, in most cases, desired when trace data is
to be measured. Averaging reduces the noise dramatically and
therefore increases the dynamic range:
lErr = rsnrpz_scope_setAverageCount(
ulUSBSession, 1, iAverageCount )
lErr = rsnrpz_scope_setAverageEnabled(
ulUSBSession, 1, true )
lErr = rsnrpz_scope_setAverageTerminalControl(
ulUSBSession, 1,
RSNRPZ_TERMINAL_CONTROL_REPEAT )
Before any data can be read from the sensor, the measurement status
must be polled repeatedly. This polling must be implemented in such a
way that the CPU becomes available to the driver thread periodically:
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R&S Power Viewer VXI PnP Programming Guide
After the measurement has completed, the data array can be read using
the rsnrpz_meass_fetchBufferMeasurement() function. The values
that are returned are in linear units and include any offset configured
using rsnrpz_corr_setOffset(). The number of trace points must
match the number of video points set with
rsnrpz_scope_setPoints():
ViReal64 pdMeasAv[iTracePoints]
ViInt32 iReadCount
lErr = rsnrpz_meass_fetchBufferMeasurement(
ulUSBSession, 1,
iTracePoints, pdMeasAv, &iReadCount )
The settings from the above example return the average trace
representation. Based on the averaging filter settings and the trace
time, the sensor captures multiple samples and calculates the average
trace data.
The return data is provided in linear units. However, many applications
require power values on a logarithmic scale. The conversion can be
done using the following equation:
Care must be taken if signal portions close to the noise floor must be
converted. Depending on the zero reference point for the internal
analog-to-digital converter, negative power readings may occur.
This is normal behavior, and in most cases, it is possible to simply use
the linear power reading's absolute value for the log10() function. The
low power values do not typically contribute to any measurement.
In very rare cases, a power value that is exactly zero may arise. Zero
cannot be converted into the logarithmic scale and must, therefore, be
replaced by another value. The Power Viewer software uses the closest
valid point in such cases.
27.9.1 Single-Shot Events
Measuring single-shot events requires slightly different averaging filter
settings. Please note that disabling averaging also reduces the sensor's
dynamic range.
The average filter count is set to one, and the filter is disabled:
lErr = rsnrpz_scope_setAverageCount(
ulUSBSession, 1, 1 )
lErr = rsnrpz_scope_setAverageEnabled(
ulUSBSession, 1, false )
rsnrpz_scope_setRealtimeEnabled(
ulUSBSession, 1, true )
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R&S Power Viewer VXI PnP Programming Guide
lErr = rsnrpz_chan_setAuxiliary(
ulUSBSession, 1, RSNRPZ_AUX_RNDMAX )
When auxiliary data is enabled, the trace data must be read from the
driver cache using the
rsnrpz_meass_fetchBufferMeasurementAux()
function. In a way similar to the regular fetch function, all data is
provided in linear units and contains the level offset:
ViReal64 pdMeasAv[iTracePoints]
ViReal64 pdMeasRnd[iTracePoints]
ViReal64 pdMeasPeak[iTracePoints]
ViInt32 iReadCount
lErr = rsnrpz_meass_fetchBufferMeasurementAux(
ulUSBSession, 1, 0, iTracePoints,
pdMeasAv, pdMeasRnd, pdMeasPeak,
&iReadCount )
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R&S Power Viewer VXI PnP Programming Guide
lErr = rsnrpz_scope_meas_setMeasEnabled(
ulUSBSession, 1, true )
lErr = rsnrpz_scope_meas_setMeasAlgorithm(
ulUSBSession, 1,
RSNRPZ_SCOPE_MEAS_ALG_HIST )
lErr = rsnrpz_scope_meas_setLevelThresholds(
ulUSBSession, 1,
dLevMidPercent, dLevLowPercent, dLevHighPercent )
#ifdef LINUX
#define __isnan(_X) (fpclassify((float)_X)==FP_NAN)
#else
#define __isnan(_X) ((_X)!=(_X))
#endif
rsnrpz_scope_meas_getPulseTimes( ulUSBSession, 1,
&dDutyCycle, &dPulseWidth, &dPeriodTime )
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R&S Power Viewer VXI PnP Programming Guide
The rising and falling edge times are read using the same function
twice:
rsnrpz_scope_meas_getPulseTransition(
ulUSBSession, 1,
RSNRPZ_SLOPE_POSITIVE,
&dRiseTime, &dRisePosition, &dRiseOvershot )
rsnrpz_scope_meas_getPulseTransition(
ulUSBSession, 1,
RSNRPZ_SLOPE_NEGATIVE,
&dFallTime, &dFallPosition, &dFallOvershot )
rsnrpz_scope_meas_getPulsePower(
ulUSBSession, 1,
&dAveragePower, &dMinPeak, &dMaxPeak )
rsnrpz_scope_meas_getPulseLevels(
ulUSBSession, 1,
&dTopPower, &dBasePower )
rsnrpz_scope_meas_getPulseReferenceLevels(
ulUSBSession, 1,
&dLowRefLevel, &dHighRefLevel, &dMidRefLevel )
Please note that all power readings are in linear units, and they contain
any level offset that was previously set.
Manual 166
R&S Power Viewer Customer Support
28 Customer Support
Technical support – where and when you need it
For quick, expert help with any Rohde & Schwarz equipment, contact
one of our Customer Support Centers. A team of highly qualified
engineers provides telephone support and will work with you to find a
solution to your query on any aspect of the operation, programming or
application of Rohde & Schwarz equipment.
Manual 167
R&S Power Viewer Appendix
29 Appendix
29.1 Command Line Options
The Power Viewer software supports a set of command line options that
affect the application's look and feel as well its startup behavior:
--native
The user interface look is left as native as possible.
--classic-pv
This option starts Power Viewer in a mode in which it only displays the
continuous power measurement window. This is similar to the classic
Power Viewer application:
• Disables all features but the continuous power measurement.
• Always starts with a fixed application window size.
• Continuous power measurement is activated.
• The analog bar and trend display are not available.
• The measurement starts automatically if a sensor is detected.
--no-splash
This option omits the initial splash screen and speeds up the application
startup.
--project <file>
This option loads a specific project file at startup. If the application is
available, the default project file is written. If the specified project file is
not available, the default settings are applied.
--sensor <sensor>
This option includes –no-splash and omits the initial sensor scanning.
Instead, the specified sensor is made available regardless of its
physical availability. The sensor must be defined by the sensor type and
by its serial number (for example: “Z11,123456”).
--no-multi
Disables the multi-channel measurement mode.
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R&S Power Viewer Appendix
--no-timeslot
Disables the timeslot measurement mode.
--no-statistics
Disables the statistics measurement mode.
--no-trace
Disables the trace measurement mode.
--no-scripting
Disables the scripting measurement mode.
--no-ota
Disables all OTA measurements (NRPM3 sensor module).
--no-datalog
Disables the data log window.
--no-analysis
Disables the data analysis window.
--no-monitor
Disables the limit monitoring window.
--no-gauges
Disables the gauges window.
--no-barchart
Disables the bar chart window.
--no-sparam
Disables the s-parameter configuration dialog.
--debug
Writes additional log messages to the message log window. This may
be useful for debugging software problems.
--visa=<VISA vendor>
Selects a specific VISA driver. Permissible arguments are RS, NI and
Agilent.
--no-portcheck
Does not perform a connection test to port 111 before opening a VXI-11
VISA device.
Example:
# .pvoptions.txt
# Permanent command line options for Power Viewer
#
--debug
--visa=rs
--no-splash
--no-ota
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R&S Power Viewer Appendix
-style <style>
Plastique
Cleanlooks
Windows
Motif
WindowsXP
Manual 170