Sixth Term Examination Papers 9470

MATHEMATICS 2 Morning
Thursday 8 June 2023 Time: 3 hours

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Section A: Pure Mathematics

1
1 (i) Show that making the substitution x = in the integral
t
 b
1
3 dx ,
a (1 + x2 ) 2

where b > a > 0, gives the integral

 b−1
−t
3 dt .
a−1 (1 + t2 ) 2

(ii) Evaluate:
 2
1
(a) 3 dx ;
1
2 (1 + x2 ) 2

 2
1
(b) 3 dx .
−2 (1 + x2 ) 2

(iii) (a) Show that

 2  2  2
1 x2 1 1
dx = dx = 2 dx ,
1 (1 + x2 )2 1 (1 + x2 )2 1 1 + x2
2 2 2

and hence evaluate  2

1
dx .
1 (1 + x2 )2
2

(b) Evaluate
 2
1−x
1 dx .
1
2 x(1 + x2 ) 2
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2 (i) The real numbers x, y and z satisfy the equations

2x
y= ,
1 − x2
2y
z= ,
1 − y2
2z
x= .
1 − z2

Let x = tan α. Deduce that y = tan 2α and show that tan α = tan 8α.
Find all solutions of the equations, giving each value of x, y and z in the form tan θ
where − 12 π < θ < 12 π.

(ii) Determine the number of real solutions of the simultaneous equations

3x − x3
y= ,
1 − 3x2
3y − y 3
z= ,
1 − 3y 2
3z − z 3
x= .
1 − 3z 2

(iii) Consider the simultaneous equations

y = 2x2 − 1 ,
z = 2y 2 − 1 ,
x = 2z 2 − 1 .

(a) Determine the number of real solutions of these simultaneous equations with
|x|  1, |y|  1, |z|  1.

(b) By finding the degree of a single polynomial equation which is satisfied by x,

show that all solutions of these simultaneous equations have |x|  1, |y|  1,
|z|  1.
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3 Let p(x) be a polynomial of degree n with p(x) > 0 for all x and let
n

q(x) = p(k) (x) ,
k=0

dk p(x)
where p(k) (x) ≡ for k  1 and p(0) (x) ≡ p(x).
dxk
(i) (a) Explain why n must be even and show that q(x) takes positive values for some
values of x.

(b) Show that q (x) = q(x) − p(x).

(ii) In this part you will be asked to show the same result in three different ways.

(a) Show that the curves y = p(x) and y = q(x) meet at every stationary point of
y = q(x).
Hence show that q(x) > 0 for all x.

(b) Show that e−x q(x) is a decreasing function.

Hence show that q(x) > 0 for all x.

(c) Show that  

∞ ∞
p(x + t)e−t dt = p(x) + p(1) (x + t)e−t dt .
0 0

Show further that  ∞

p(x + t)e−t dt = q(x) .
0
Hence show that q(x) > 0 for all x.
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 √ 2
4 (i) Show that, if x − 2 = 3, then x4 − 10x2 + 1 = 0.
√ √ 
Deduce that, if f(x) = x4 − 10x2 + 1, then f 2 + 3 = 0.

√ √ √ 
(ii) Find a polynomial g of degree 8 with integer coefficients such that g 2+ 3+ 5 = 0.
Write your answer in a form without brackets.

(iii) Let a, b and c be the three roots of t3 − 3t + 1 = 0.

 √ 
Find a polynomial h of degree 6 with integer coefficients such that h a + 2 = 0,
 √   √ 
h b + 2 = 0 and h c + 2 = 0. Write your answer in a form without brackets.

√ √ 
(iv) Find a polynomial k with integer coefficients such that k 3 2 + 3 3 = 0. Write your
answer in a form without brackets.
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5 (i) The sequence xn for n = 0, 1, 2, . . . is defined by x0 = 1 and by

xn + 2
xn+1 =
xn + 1
for n  0.

(a) Explain briefly why xn  1 for all n.

(b) Show that x2n+1 − 2 and x2n − 2 have opposite sign, and that
 2   
xn+1 − 2  1 x2n − 2 .
4

(c) Show that

2 − 10−6  x210  2 .

(ii) The sequence yn for n = 0, 1, 2, . . . is defined by y0 = 1 and by

yn2 + 2
yn+1 =
2yn
for n  0.

(a) Show that, for n  0,

 √ 2
√ yn − 2
yn+1 − 2=
2yn
and deduce that yn  1 for n  0.

(b) Show that

√ 2n
√ 2−1
yn − 22
2
for n  1.

(c) Using the fact that √ 1

2−1< 2 ,
or otherwise, show that
√ √
2  y10  2 + 10−600 .
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6 The sequence Fn , for n = 0, 1, 2, . . ., is defined by F0 = 0, F1 = 1 and by Fn+2 = Fn+1 + Fn

for n  0.
Prove by induction that, for all positive integers n,

Fn+1 Fn
= Qn ,
Fn Fn−1

where the matrix Q is given by

1 1
Q= .
1 0

(i) By considering the matrix Qn , show that Fn+1 Fn−1 − Fn2 = (−1)n for all positive
integers n.

(ii) By considering the matrix Qm+n , show that Fm+n = Fm+1 Fn +Fm Fn−1 for all positive
integers m and n.

(iii) Show that Q2 = I + Q.

In the following parts, you may use without proof the Binomial Theorem for matrices:
n

n n
(I + A) = Ak .
k
k=0

(a) Show that, for all positive integers n,

n
 n
F2n = Fk .
k
k=0

(b) Show that, for all positive integers n,

n
 n
F3n = 2 k Fk
k
k=0

and also that

n
 n
F3n = Fn+k .
k
k=0

(c) Show that, for all positive integers n,

n
 n
(−1)n+k Fn+k = 0 .
k
k=0
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7 (i) The complex numbers z and w have real and imaginary parts given by z = a + ib and
w = c + id. Prove that |zw| = |z||w|.

(ii) By considering the complex numbers 2 + i and 10 + 11i, find positive integers h and k
such that h2 + k 2 = 5 × 221.

(iii) Find positive integers m and n such that m2 + n2 = 8045.

(iv) You are given that 1022 + 2012 = 50805.

Find positive integers p and q such that p2 + q 2 = 36 × 50805.

(v) Find three distinct pairs of positive integers r and s such that r2 + s2 = 25 × 1002082
and r < s.

(vi) You are given that 109 × 9193 = 1002037.

Find positive integers t and u such that t2 + u2 = 9193.

8 A tetrahedron is called isosceles if each pair of edges which do not share a vertex have equal
length.

(i) Prove that a tetrahedron is isosceles if and only if all four faces have the same perimeter.
−→ −−→ −−→
Let OABC be an isosceles tetrahedron and let OA = a, OB = b and OC = c.

(ii) By considering the lengths of OA and BC, show that

2b.c = |b|2 + |c|2 − |a|2 .

Show that
a.(b + c) = |a|2 .

−−→
(iii) Let G be the centroid of the tetrahedron, defined by OG = 14 (a + b + c).
Show that G is equidistant from all four vertices of the tetrahedron.

(iv) By considering the length of the vector a−b−c, or otherwise, show that, in an isosceles
tetrahedron, none of the angles between pairs of edges which share a vertex can be
obtuse. Can any of them be right angles?
 10

Section B: Mechanics

9 A truck of mass M is connected by a light, rigid tow-bar, which is parallel to the ground,
to a trailer of mass kM . A constant driving force D which is parallel to the ground acts on
the truck, and the only resistance to motion is a frictional force acting on the trailer, with
coefficient of friction μ.

• When the truck pulls the trailer up a slope which makes an angle α to the horizontal,
the acceleration is a1 and there is a tension T1 in the tow-bar.
• When the truck pulls the trailer on horizontal ground, the acceleration is a2 and there
is a tension T2 in the tow-bar.
• When the truck pulls the trailer down a slope which makes an angle α to the horizontal,
the acceleration is a3 and there is a tension T3 in the tow-bar.

All accelerations are taken to be positive when in the direction of motion of the truck.

(i) Show that T1 = T3 and that M (a1 + a3 − 2a2 ) = 2(T2 − T1 ).

(ii) It is given that μ < 1.

(a) Show that

a2 < 12 (a1 + a3 ) < a3 .

(b) Show further that

a1 < a2 .
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10 In this question, the x- and y-axes are horizontal and the z-axis is vertically upwards.

(i) A particle Pα is projected from the origin with speed u at an acute angle α above the
positive x-axis.
The curve E is given by z = A − Bx2 and y = 0. If E and the trajectory of Pα touch
exactly once, show that
 
u2 − 2gA = u2 1 − 4AB cos2 α .

E and the trajectory of Pα touch exactly once for all α with 0 < α < 12 π. Write down
the values of A and B in terms of u and g.

An explosion takes place at the origin and results in a large number of particles being
simultaneously projected with speed u in different directions. You may assume that all the
particles move freely under gravity for t  0.

(ii) Describe the set of points which can be hit by particles from the explosion, explaining
your answer.

(iii) Show that, at a time t after the explosion, the particles lie on a sphere whose centre
and radius you should find.

(iv) Another particle Q is projected horizontally from the point (0, 0, A) with speed u in
the positive x direction.
Show that, at all times, Q lies on the curve E.

u(1 − cos α)
(v) Show that for particles Q and Pα to collide, Q must be projected a time
g sin α
after the explosion.
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Section C: Probability and Statistics

11 (i) X1 and X2 are both random variables which take values x1 , x2 , . . . , xn , with probabil-
ities a1 , a2 , . . . , an and b1 , b2 , . . . , bn respectively.
The value of random variable Y is defined to be that of X1 with probability p and that
of X2 with probability q = 1 − p.
If X1 has mean μ1 and variance σ12 , and X2 has mean μ2 and variance σ22 , find the
mean of Y and show that the variance of Y is pσ12 + qσ22 + pq(μ1 − μ2 )2 .

(ii) To find the value of random variable B, a fair coin is tossed and a fair six-sided die is
rolled. If the coin shows heads, then B = 1 if the die shows a six and B = 0 otherwise;
if the coin shows tails, then B = 1 if the die does not show a six and B = 0 if it does.
The value of Z1 is the sum of n independent values of B, where n is large.
Show that Z1 is a Binomial random variable with probability of success 21 .
Using a Normal approximation, show that the probability that Z1 is within 10% of its
mean tends to 1 as n −→ ∞.

(iii) To find the value of random variable Z2 , a fair coin is tossed and n fair six-sided dice
are rolled, where n is large. If the coin shows heads, then the value of Z2 is the number
of dice showing a six; if the coin shows tails, then the value of Z2 is the number of dice
not showing a six.
Use part (i) to write down the mean and variance of Z2 .
Explain why a Normal distribution with this mean and variance will not be a good
approximation to the distribution of Z2 .
Show that the probability that Z2 is within 10% of its mean tends to 0 as n −→ ∞.
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12 Each of the independent random variables X1 , X2 , . . . , Xn has the probability density

function f(x) = 12 sin x for 0  x  π (and zero otherwise). Let Y be the random vari-
able whose value is the maximum of the values of X1 , X2 , . . . , Xn .
n
(i) Explain why P(Y  t) = P(X1  t) and hence, or otherwise, find the probability
density function of Y .

Let m(n) be the median of Y and μ(n) be the mean of Y .

(ii) Find an expression for m(n) in terms of n. How does m(n) change as n increases?

(iii) Show that  π

1
μ(n) = π − (1 − cos x)n dx .
2n 0

(a) Show that μ(n) increases with n.

(b) Show that μ(2) < m(2).

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