Topic 3: Principles of

Environmental
Engineering
Pollution prevention, air pollution engineering, waste treatment and disposal
technologies, storage and containment.

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 Pollution prevention
❑ Pollution prevention (P2) is a strategy for reducing the amount of waste
created and released into the environment, particularly by industrial
facilities, agriculture, or consumers.
❑ Many large corporations view P2 as a method of improving the efficiency
and profitability of production processes by waste reduction and
technology advancements.

PTK-IU https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution_prevention 2
 Pollution prevention
Strategies
❑ The P2 program task force has 5 main goals:
1. create feasible P2 objectives and corresponding time frames
2. provide training to the individuals involved in the effort
3. oversee the program's main tasks and measure progress
4. evaluate the progress of the effort
5. maintain the program's goals long term
❑ Governmental approaches
EPA (the Environmental Protection Agency) has published waste minimization
guidelines that comprise 5 major steps:
1. organizing the primary task force
2. assessing the current pollution situation
3. evaluating the feasibility of different program options
4. reporting and planning the preparations based upon the analysis
5. implementing the program.

PTK-IU https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution_prevention 3
 Air Pollution
❑ Air pollution is the presence of substances in the atmosphere that are
harmful to the health of humans and other living beings, or cause damage
to the climate or to materials.
❑ There are many different types of air pollutants, such as gases (such as
ammonia, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxides, methane,
carbon dioxide and chlorofluorocarbons), particulates (both organic and
inorganic), and biological molecules.
❑ Air pollution may cause diseases, allergies and even death to humans; it
may also cause harm to other living organisms such as animals and food
crops, and may damage the natural environment (for example, climate
change, ozone depletion or habitat degradation) or built environment (for
example, acid rain). Both human activity and natural processes can
generate air pollution..

PTK-IU https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution 5
 Air Pollution

PTK-IU 6
 Air Pollution

Schematic drawing, causes and effects of air pollution: (1) greenhouse

effect, (2) particulate contamination, (3) increased UV radiation, (4) acid
rain, (5) increased ground-level ozone concentration, (6) increased levels
of nitrogen oxides.

PTK-IU https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution 7
 Air Pollution
Paris Agreement
❑ The Paris Agreement sets out a global framework to avoid dangerous climate change by limiting
global warming to well below 2°C and pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5°C. It also aims to strengthen
countries’ ability to deal with the impacts of climate change and support them in their efforts.

❑ The Paris Agreement is a bridge between today's policies and climate-neutrality before the end of
the century.

Mitigation: reducing emissions

Governments agreed
• a long-term goal of keeping the increase in global average temperature to well below 2°C above
pre-industrial levels;
• to aim to limit the increase to 1.5°C, since this would significantly reduce risks and the impacts of
climate change;
• on the need for global emissions to peak as soon as possible, recognising that this will take
longer for developing countries;
• to undertake rapid reductions thereafter in accordance with the best available science, so as to
achieve a balance between emissions and removals in the second half of the century.

PTK-IU https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/international/negotiations/paris_en 8
 Waste treatment
❑ Different waste treatment technologies: the disposal, recycling, storage, or
energy recovery from different waste types.

How to treat?

https://baolongan.vn/long-an-tang-cuong-thu-gom-xu-ly-rac-thai-a40515.html
https://xulynuocgiengkhoan.com/thuc-trang-o-nhiem-moi-truong-nuoc-tai-viet-nam-va-giai-phap-khac-phuc/
PTK-IU https://cand.com.vn/Ban-doc-cand/Xe-may-thu-pham-chinh-gay-o-nhiem-khong-khi-cac-do-thi-i362207/ 10
 Solid waste treatment
❑ Incineration is a waste treatment
process that involves the combustion
of substances contained in waste
materials.
❑ A landfill site, also known as a tip,
dump, rubbish dump, garbage dump,
or dumping ground, is a site for the
disposal of waste materials.
Landfill in Đa Phước Manufactory
❑ Recycling is the process of converting
waste materials into new materials and
objects.
❑ Specific to organic waste:
❑ Anaerobic digestion
❑ Composting

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solid_waste_treatment_technologies
https://tuoitre.vn/kiem-tra-mui-hoi-tai-khu-xu-ly-chat-thai-ran-nghia-trang-da-phuoc-20190802155406293.htm

PTK-IU
https://www.vietnamplus.vn/nha-may-dot-rac-phat-dien-can-tho-tao-ra-hon-113-trieu-kwh-dien/697503.vnp
https://cokhidongquang.com/nha-may-tai-che-nhua-o-viet-nam.html
11
 Technologies use to treat waste

PTK-IU
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.12.014 12
 Municipal Solid Waste Landfills at Đa
Phước factory

PTK-IU vhttps://anhsangvacuocsong.vn/bai-rac-da-phuoc-thuc-hu-cua-viec-gay-o-nhiem-moi-truong/ 13
 Anaerobic digestion

PTK-IU https://www.cleancoastresources.com/industry-resources 14
 Composting converts waste into fertilizer

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960852419317857
http://sustainability.umich.edu/environ211/compost-separation-university-michigan

PTK-IU
http://biotechvietnam.org/quy-trinh-u-phan-compost.html
https://www.kybimogarden.com/hoat-dong-moi-truong/9-mo-hinh-lam-phan-compost-tu-rac-huu-co.html 15
 Liquid waste treatment

Wastewater treatment in Huế

PTK-IU https://vnexpress.net/nha-may-xu-ly-nuoc-thai-900-ty-dong-4291626.html 17
 Nhiêu Lộc – Thị Nghè Canal
Wastewater treatment factory was installed to treat water in
Nhiêu Lộc – Thị Nghè Canal.

https://thanhnien.vn/thoi-su/goi-thau-307-trieu-usd-ban-giao-mat-bang-cho-acciona-vinci-1162741.html
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 Air pollution treatment
The treatment of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration
(MSWI) Air Pollution Control (APC) residues

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/An-investigation-into-the-treatment-and-modelling-Khalid/56202f9187bdfec22651025b533048eeb26c1ff7
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 Air pollution treatment

http://getec21.com/eng/bag-filter-for-air-pollution-control.php
PTK-IU https://www.britannica.com/technology/air-pollution-control 21
 Air pollution in Vietnam

https://enternews.vn/cap-bach-kiem-soat-khi-thai-xe-may-159449.html
PTK-IU https://tuoitre.vn/khoi-bui-xe-gay-nhieu-benh-tat-1246207.htm 22
Monolith Reactors − Automotive Emission Control

PTK-IU Ref: J.A. Moulijn, M. Makkee, A.E. van Piepen, Chemical Process Technology, Wiley-Interscience (2013), 2nd Edition 23
Monolith Reactors − Automotive Emission Control

PTK-IU Ref: J.A. Moulijn, M. Makkee, A.E. van Piepen, Chemical Process Technology, Wiley-Interscience (2013), 2nd Edition 24
 Three-way catalysts
Three-way catalysts (TWC) are designed to
simultaneously convert three pollutants to
harmless emissions:
Carbon Monoxide (CO) → Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Hydrocarbons (HC) → Water (H2O)
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) → Nitrogen (N2)
A three-way catalyst can cut CO, HC and NOx by
over 99% if the air to fuel ratio is accurately
controlled. Three-way catalysts will only give
full conversion of each of these three pollutants
in a gas stream containing a stoichiometric ratio
of CO and NOx.

https://matthey.com/en/products-and-services/emission-control-
PTK-IU technologies/mobile-emissions-control/three-way-catalysts 25
Monolith Reactors − Automotive Emission Control

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/emission-control-gasolinepetrol-engine-three-way-catalytic-tharad/
PTK-IU https://secure.lambdapower.co.uk/TechNotes/Tech-10.asp 26
Monolith Reactors − Automotive Emission Control

PTK-IU https://www.lemmymorgan.com/why-3-ways-catalytic-converter-fail/ 27
 Chemical Process Safety
Dispersion Models
Wind---> <--Mixing with fresh air-->

Source Model for Discharge thru

hole

28
PTK-IU 28
 Dispersion
wind
PLUME PUFF

place time & place

Continuous release Instantaneous release

DOWNWIND DILUTION BY MIXING WITH FRESH AIR

ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION:
- Wind speed
- Atmospheric stability: vertical temp. profile,
primarily a function of wind speed.
- Roughness ground: buildings, structures, trees,
difficult
water
- Height of release above ground level
- Momentum and buoyancy: effective height 32