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    of 7

    PREPOSITIONS

    AND THEOLOGY

    An Essential Reference Resource for Exegesis

    MURRAY J. HARRIS

    --
    • ZONDERVAN ®
    ZON DE RVA N.com/
    AUTl-lORTRACKER
    /ollow your favorite authors
    ZONDERYAN

    Preposittons and Theology in the Greek New Testament


    Copyright© 2012 by Murray J. Hams

    Requests for information should be addressed to:

    Zondervan, Grand Qapids, Michigan 49530

    library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

    Harris, Murray J.
    Prepositions and theology in the Greek New Testament / Murray J. Hams.
    p. cm.
    lncludes bibliographical references (p. 17-23) and indexes.
    ISBN 978-0-310-49392-1 (hardcover)
    l Greek language, Biblical- Prepositions. 2. Bible. N.T - Language, st le I T1tle
    PA849 H37 2011
    487',4-dc23 2011046973

    AII Scripture translations in the book, unless otherw1se noted, are the author's o n based on the
    Greek New Testament text or the Septuagint

    Any Internet addresses (websites, blogs, etc.) and telephone numbers in this boa· are of ered
    as a resource. They are not intended in any way to be or impl an endorsement b Zonder an
    nor does Zondervan vouch for the content of these sites and numbers for the lif e of thb boo

    AII rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a r trie al s stem
    or transm1tted in any form or by any mea ns - electronic, mechanical, photocop record in , or
    any other- except for bnef quotations in printed re iews, w1thout the prior perm1ssion of the
    publisher.

    Cover design: Tammy Johnson


    Interior design: Matthew Van Zorneren

    Pnnted in the United States of America

    13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 /DCI/ 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 7 5 4 3
    Iúv • 201

    fixion, effects release "from the control of the elemental spirits of the universe"
    (ano 'tWV cr-cmxdwv 'tOU KÓcrµou).

    2A. Being Raised "with" Christ- in the Past


    a. Colossians 2:13
    God made believers alive "together with Christ" (cruvE(wono[17crEv úµac; auv
    au-cQ), where auv au-cQ does not mean "at the same time as" or even "in the
    same way as," but rather "along with" in the sense of "in the wake of." It is not
    that the spiritual resurrection of believers occurred at the time of the bodily
    resurrection of Christ or simply that his resurrection formed the pattern for
    theirs. Rather, the resurrection of Christians from spiritual deadness to new life
    is grounded in, and is a consequence of, Christ's own rising from the realm of
    the dead to immortal life.

    b. Colossians 3:3
    As a result of believers' dying with Christ in baptism (cf. Ro 6:2-8), their life
    now "líes hidden with Christ in God" (KÉKpun-cm auv -cQ Xpw-cQ Év -cQ 8EQ).
    Iúv indicares that the new spiritual life of believers is experienced in a symbiotic
    union (cf. (w~ ... crúv) with the heavenly Christ. What is more, that life remains
    concealed in the safekeeping of God in heaven.

    2B. Being Raised "with" Christ-in the Future


    a. 2 Corinthians 4:14
    "For we know that the one who raised Jesus will raise us with Jesus in our turn [Kal
    ~µac; cruv 'I17crou ÉyEpci]." It is clear that crúv here cannot signify "at the same time
    with" or "in conjunction with," for Jesus' resurrection líes in the pasr, not the future.
    If this preposition meant "in the company of," referring to che final state of perma-
    nent fellowship wich Christ, we would have expected Elvat cruv 'I17crou ÉyEpEt ("will
    raise us to be with Jesus"; cf. Php 1:23; lTh 4:17). Iuv 'I17crou may be paraphrased
    "by virtue of Jesus' resurrection" or "in the wake of Jesus' resurrection," reflecting
    Paul's belief chac Christ or che resurrection of Chrisc was the firstfruics (ánapx~) of
    believers' resurreccion (lCo 15:20, 23). The two resurrections are essentially one, for
    che total harvest is representatively and pocentially present in che firscfruics.

    b. Colossians 3:4
    "When Chrisc appears-he who is your life- then you too will appear wich him
    [auv au-cQ] in glory." When Christ's glory is manifested at his second advent,
    believers also will appear "in a blaze of Christ's glory" or "in glorified bodies"
    (Év 8ó~n). Iuv au-cQ will mean eicher "along with him" at his appearance (cf. Ro
    8:17) or "in his train" since he lives in heaven in a "body of glory" (Php 3:20-21)
    as the paradigm for believers' resurrection cransformation.
    202 • í:úv

    c. 1 Thessalonians 4:14
    "Through the power of Jesus [8ta ·cou 'lr¡crou] God will bring [a~Et = eyEpEt] with
    him [airv aú-cQ] cho e who have fallen asleep." Obviously auv aú-cQ cannot mean
    "along wich him," a if Je us were not yet raised from the dead. The phrase has
    che en e "a pledged by the resurrection of Jesus" or "by virtue of cheir union
    wich che ri en Je us."

    d. 1 Thessalonians 5:1 O
    The purpo e (tva) of hri e' deach on behalf of and in che place of (ú-rrÉp)
    hri cian i o chac whecher chey are keeping vigil in life or sleeping in death
    (Et-cE ypr¡yopwµEv El"'CE Ka8EúÓwµEv) ac the time of Christ's parousia, they might
    experience re urreccion life 'togecher wich him" (aµa auv aú-cQ (~crwµEv) - whac
    che pre iou ver e de cribe a crw-cr¡p[a. Here aµa cruv aú-cQ may be paraphrased
    "ju e a he enjoy re urre cion life" (cf. 1 o 15:45; Php 3:21) or "in company
    wich him" (cf. 1 h 4:17).

    3. Present Living "with" Christ


    a. Romans 8:32
    'He who did noc pare even hi own on bue gave him up for us all-how then
    can he fail to upply u freely wich all ching along with him [cruv aú-cQ]?" .í:uv
    au-cQ annor mean "togecher wich" = "i ncluding," for od' "not-sparing" of
    hi own on i already a given, which i che premise for Paul's conclusion (nw<;
    oúxt Kal;). Racher, che phra e i brachylogy for "in Christ's per on, who is God's
    upreme gifc."

    b. 2 Corinthians 13:4b
    " or we al o are weak, in union wich him [ hrist], bue in our dealings with you
    [El<; úµa<;] we will be fully alive, along wirh him [auv aú-cQ], because of God's
    power." Here Paula ere chat Christ's career i che pattern for his own mini cry.
    Ju ca Chri e wa crucified because of his "weakne " and now live because of
    od' power, o Paul hares che "weakne s" of Chrisc's passion and che effeccive
    power of od.
    Ac firsc ighc (~croµEv auv aú-cQ mighc express the resurreccion hope of
    living in Chri c's presence (cf. Php 1:23; lTh 4:17), given the use of (áw in
    v. 4a in reference to Chrisc's resurreccion life a-nd che use of cruv 'Ir¡crou in 2Co
    4:14 in reference to believer ' resurrection. Bue Paul's focus in che concext i
    on olving che problem of unrepentanc believers (12:21; 13:2), not on rejoicing
    in his final destiny. The aposde is speaking of his imminenc visit to Corinch
    when, in unison with Christ (cruv aú-cQ) and with od' power, he will acc
    deci ively and vigorously ((~croµEv) again e unrepencanc evildoer wichin che
    congregation.
    240 • "Improper" Prepositions

    (c) combinations of genuine preposicions wich adverbs (e.g., brávw,


    ú1wKá-cw)
    2. Baldwin (30-48) identifies three cacegories of relationship:
    (a) spacial-incernal (e.g., ecrw), externals (e.g., ÚnEpávw), relatives
    (e.g., eµnpocr0Ev)
    (b) logical-causatives (e.g., EVEKa), associatives (e.g., aµa), com-
    paratives (ÚnEpEKnEptcrcroD), excenc (e.g., µÉxpt) , degree (É"yyúf:,)
    (c) cemporal-e.g., EW(:,

    B. "lmproper" Prepositions in Hellenistic Greek


    Hellenistic Greek is marked by an increase in che use not only of preposition in
    general bue also of "improper" prepositions (Bortone 179-81, 194). 1 Moreo er,
    since "improper" preposicions are generally longer chan "proper" prepositions, their
    widespread use in Helleniscic Greek refleccs ics preference for longer form as pare
    of a general tendency toward fuller expression (cf Zerwick §§83, 481; May er 538).
    The new "improper" prepositions thac appear in Koine:
    (1) can be equivalent to old "proper" prepositions; e.g.,

    Hometic úno noaa[ (!Liad 2.784), "under che feec" (dative) 1


    1

    Classical úno -couf:. nó8m; (Xen. Oec. 18.5), "under che feer" (ac u ati e) 1

    Koine únoKá-cw -cwv no8wv (Mk 6:11), "under che feer" (geniti e)
    (Borcone 187)

    (2) cend to replace old preposition ; e.g.,

    áv-ctKpUf:,, (Ka-c)Évav-ct, Ka-cEvwnt0v, and a.nÉvav-ct (all meaning "in


    front of") replace npó (whi h had replaced á.v-c( in a patial en e)
    l-/á.návw0Ev, ÚnEpávw ("above") replace ÚnÉp
    KUKAÓ8Ev ("around") takes che place of nEpt (Bortone 1 7)

    (3) cend to bear a patial en e; e.g.,

    in Biblical reek EV is boch patial and non patial, wherea rhe ne


    "improper" preposition EV-CÓ(:, is only patial
    ánw8Ev and ón[aw are only patial (Bort ne 1 , 1 4)

    In Modern reek ' improper'' prepo ition . "d not mo tl patial r lation ,
    rarely temporal or oth r relation " (Thumb 169; e hi wh 1 tr atment of
    "improper" prepo ition in Mod rn re k, 169 -74).

    l. Bortone (188 n.35) refer ro che 18 4 tudy of F. r b (Die Prapositionsadi1erbien in der


    spateren historischen Gracitat, Part I [Muni h: Lindauer, 1 4]) ho found no fe er chan
    61 "improper" prepo iti n in literary Helleni ti re k.
    "Irnproper" Prepositions • 241

    Chart Showing Frequency of


    New Testament "lmproper" Prepositions 2
    Preposition Meaning as a preposition NT use as a Total NT Total
    preposition 3 use LXX.use
    aµa simultaneously with 1 10 124
    ávw without, apare from 3 3 48
    opposite 1 1 1
    avi:mÉpa on che opposite side 1 1 o
    a-rrÉvavi:t in che presence of, opposite, 5 5 98
    against
    without, apare from 2 2 1
    up to, uncil 44 49 4
    near, close to, on che verge 12 31 59
    of
    outside, except 4 8 26
    fµ-rrpoa0Ev in front of, in che presence 44 48 162
    of, befare
    É:vav1:t befare, in che presence of 2 2 263
    Évav,:[ov befare, in che judgment of 5 8 432
    EVEKa, EVEKEV, far che sake of, because of 26 26 138
    ElVEKEV

    within, among 2 2 8
    Évwmov in che presence of, in che 94 94 558
    judgment of
    outside, out of 19 63 109
    from outside, outside 3 13 49
    É-rrávw upon,above 16 19 127
    É-rrÉKEtva beyond 1 1 18
    fow inside 1 9 19
    as far as, to che point of 90 146 1565
    opposite, befare, in che 7 8 87
    sight of
    Ka1:e:vw-rrtov befare, in che presence of 3 3 6
    KUKAÓ0e:v round, abouc 2 3 92

    2. The totals far NT use come from C-K (s.v.) and che totals far LXX use are from GELS
    (s.v.).
    3. These figures should not be regarded as definitive, because textual variants are orne-
    times involved and because it is sometimes unclear whether a word is a preposition or a
    conjunction.
    242 • "Improper" Prepositions

    round 3 8 234
    µfoov in che middle 1 58 432
    becween, among 7 9 4
    up to, as far as 16 17 69
    frma8e:v behind, afcer 2 7 41
    ón[aw behind, afcer 26 35 461
    afcer 1 3 4
    napanA~atov near to 1 1 o
    napEK-rÓ<; except, apare from 2 3 o
    nÉpav beyond, to che ocher side 15 23 107
    excepc, apare from 4 31 248
    7tAT]OtOV near 1 17 224
    tme:pávw far above, over 3 3 22
    une:pÉKEtva beyond 1 1 o
    une: pe: K7tEp taaou far beyond 1 3 o
    un0Ká1:w beneach 11 11 92
    xáptv for che sake of, because of 9 9 117
    xwpt<; wichouc, apare from, besides 40 41 20

    C. An Annotated Alphabetical List of All 42


    N ew Testament "lmproper" Prepositions
    l . .i\µa
    Used as a preposition with che dative (once in Me 13:29, although chis construction
    is "not unusual" in che papyri [MM 24d]) and regularly asan adverb meaning "ar
    the same time" (e.g., Phm 22) or "together" (e.g., Ro 3:12). In lTh 4:17; 5:10 it i
    linked with crúv ("apparently pleonastic[ally]," BDAG 496) to forro a virtual com-
    pound preposition, "cogether with" (cf. Regard 678), and in Mt 20:1 it is linked
    with the temporal adverb npwf to mean "early in che morning" or "ar dawn."

    2 . 'Avt:u
    Only three NT examples, all in a nonspatial sen e (cf. Borcone 154 n.72). Thi
    word i vircually synonymou with éi-t:Ep and Xlt>Pt~, which al o mean "without,
    apare from," although LN tentatively suggests "that xwp[~ differs from avEu and
    a-rEp in focusing upon a greater degree of eparation or lack of involvement"
    (§89.120 n.22).
    a. Of persons: UVEU -roD na-rpo~ úµwv. A parrow will not fall to che
    ground "wichout your Father' [knowledge and permi ion]" (Mt
    10:29, on which ee ch. 24 A).

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