Chem S6

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ESc NYAMAGABE

Chemistry Holiday Package S6


Q1. (a) Complete the electron arrangement for the Mg2+ ion.
(b) Identify the block in the Periodic Table to which magnesium belongs.
(c) The Ne atom and the Mg2+ ion have the same number of electrons. Give two reasons why
the first ionisation energy of neon is lower than the third ionisation energy of magnesium.
(d) There is a general trend in the first ionisation energies of the Period 3 elements, Na – Ar
(i) State and explain this general trend.
(ii) Explain why the first ionisation energy of sulphur is lower than would be predicted from the
general trend.
Q2. (i) State the general trend in the first ionisation energy of the Period 3 elements from Na to Ar.
(ii) State how, and explain why, the first ionisation energy of aluminium does not
follow this general trend.
Q3. (i) Predict the shape of the following molecules, and suggest bond angles:
1.BeCl2 2.4 BF3 3. CH4 4. PCl3 5. H2S 6. SnCl2
7. CO2 8. SO2 9. SO3 10. SF6 11. XeF4 12. PCl5 13. PCl4 + 14.PCl6-
15. SO42- 16. NO3- 17. NO2- 18. NH4+ 19. SO32- 20. CH3+ 21. CH3-
Q4. (a) Draw diagrams to show the shapes of the following molecules and in each case show the value of
the bond angle on the diagram.
i)BF3 ii) CCl4 iii)SF6
(b) Explain why the shape of NF3 is not the same as the shape of BF3.
Q5. The boiling temperatures, Tb, of some Group IV and Group V hydrides are given below
Compound CH4 SiH4 NH3 PH3

Tb/K 112 161 240 185


δ- – δ +
(a) The polarity of a carbon-hydrogen bond can be shown as C — H
(i) What does the symbol δ + above the hydrogen atom signify?
(ii) Explain briefly, in terms of its shape, why a CH4 molecule has no overall polarity.
(b) Name the type of intermolecular forces which exist between CH4 molecules in liquid
methane.
(c) Explain why the boiling temperature of PH3 is greater than that of CH4.
(d) Explain why the boiling temperature of NH3 is greater than that of PH3
(e) Suggest why the strength of the C–H bond in CH4 is greater than that of the Si–H bond in
SiH4. State the relationship, if any, between the strength of the covalent bond in CH4 and the
boiling temperature of CH4
Q6. Lithium hydride, LiH, is an ionic compound containing the hydride ion, H–
The reaction between LiH and aluminium chloride, AlCl3, produces the ionic compound LiAlH4
(a) Balance the equation below which represents the reaction between LiH and AlCl3
LiH + AlCl3 → LiAlH4 + LiCl
(b) Give the electronic configuration of the hydride ion, H–
(c) Predict the shape of the AlH –ion. Explain why it has this shape.
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(d) A bond can be represented by H→Al Name this type of bond and explain how it is formed
Q7. Predict the type of bond formed between the following atoms, using electronegativity differences
to explain your answers:
1.Cs and Cl 2. N and Al 3. Cl and Cl 4. Al and Al 5. Al and Cl
6. Al and F 7. Cu and Zn 8. Mg and N 9. C and O 10. C and H

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Q8. Describe the intermolecular bonding in CH4 and in H2O.
Use clear diagrams in your answer.
Q9. The metal magnesium reacts with the non-metal chlorine to form a compound magnesium chloride,
MgCl2, which has ionic bonding.
(i) State what is meant by an ionic bond.
(ii) A student finds that solid magnesium chloride and pure water do not conduct electricity. The
student dissolved the magnesium chloride in the water and the resulting solution does conduct
electricity.
Explain these observations.
Q10. The nitrate ion, NO3–, in Ca(NO3)2 contains both covalent and dative covalent bonds.
What is the difference between a covalent bond and a dative covalent bond?
Q11. (a) Define the term electronegativity and explain why the electronegativity values of the
Group II elements Be–Ba decrease down the group.

(b) Name the strongest type of intermolecular force between hydrogen fluoride
molecules and draw a diagram to illustrate how two molecules of HF are attracted
to each other.
In your diagram show all lone pairs of electrons and any partial charges. Explain the
origin of these charges.
(c) Crystals of sodium chloride and of diamond both have giant structures. Their
melting points are 1074 K and 3827 K, respectively. State the type of structure
present in each case and explain why the melting point of diamond is so high.
Q12. (a) Both HF and HCl are molecules having a polar covalent bond. Their boiling points are
293 K and 188 K respectively.
(i) State which property of the atoms involved causes a bond to be polar.

(ii) Explain, in terms of the intermolecular forces present in each compound, why
HF has a higher boiling point than HCl.
(b)
When aluminium chloride reacts with chloride ions, as shown by the equation
below, a co- ordinate bond is formed.

AlCl3 + Cl– → AlCl4–

Explain how this co-ordinate bond is formed.


(c) Draw the shape of the PCl5 molecule and of the PCl44+ ion. State the value(s) of the bond angles.
Q13. The table below shows some values of melting points and some heat energies needed for melting.
Substance I2 NaCl HF HCl HI
Melting point/K 387 1074 190 158 222
Heat energy for melting /kJ mol–1 7.9 28.9 3.9 2.0 2.9

(a) Name three types of intermolecular forces


(b) (i) Describe the bonding in a crystal of iodine
(ii) Name the crystal type which describes an iodine crystal
(iii) Explain why heat energy is required to melt an iodine crystal.
(c) In terms of intermolecular forces involved, suggest why
(i) hydrogen fluoride requires more heat energy for melting than does of hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen iodide requires more heat energy for melting than does hydrogen chloride.
(d) (i) Explain why the heat energy required to melt sodium chloride is large

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The heat energy need to vaporise one mole of sodium chloride (171 KJ mol-1) is
(ii) much greater than the heat energy required to melt one mole of sodium chloride.
Explain why this is so.

(e) In terms of structure and bonding, suggest why graphite has a very high melting and boiling
point
Q14. (a)Why does the first ionisation energy of atoms generally increase across a period?
(b) Why is the first ionisation energy of boron less than that of beryllium?
(c) Why is the first ionisation energy of oxygen less than that of nitrogen?
(d) Why do first ionisation energies decrease down a group?
(e) Why does helium have the highest first ionisation energy of all the elements?
(f) Why is the second ionisation energy of an atom always greater than the first?
(g) Why is the second ionisation energy of sodium much greater than the first?
(h) Why does atomic size decrease across a period?
(i) Why does atomic size increase down a group?
(j) Why are cations always smaller than the corresponding atoms?
(k) Why are anions always larger than the corresponding atoms?
Q15. There is a general trend in the values of the first ionisation energies of the elements Na to Ar. The
first ionisation energies of the elements Al and S deviate from this trend.
(a) Write an equation, including state symbols, to represent the process for which the energy
change is the first ionisation energy of Na.
(b) State and explain the general trend in the values of the first ionisation energies of the
elements Na to Ar.
(c) State how, and explain why, the values of the first ionisation energies of the elements Al and S deviate
from the general trend.
Q16. How many unpaired electrons are there in a carbon atom in the ground state?
Q17. What is the minimum number of quantum numbers required to specify an orbital? Name them.
Q18. An atom of an element has two electrons in the outermost M-shell. State its
(a) Electronic configuration
(b) Number of protons
(c) Atomic number
(d) Nature whether metal or non-metal
(e) Valency
(f) Name of the element.
Q19. Identify the conjugate acid–base pairs in each equilibrium.
(a) HSO4−(aq)+H2O(l)⇌SO42-(aq)+H3O+(aq)
(b) C3H7NO2(aq)+H3O+(aq)⇌C3H8NO2+(aq)+H2O(l)
(c) CH3O2H(aq)+NH3(aq)⇌CH3CO2-(aq)+NH4+(aq)
(d) SbF5(aq)+2HF(aq)⇌H2F+(aq)+SbF6-(aq)
(e) HF(aq)+H2O(l)⇌H3O+(aq)+F−(aq)
(f) CH3CH2NH2(aq)+H2O(l)⇌CH3CH2NH3+(aq)+OH−(aq)
(g) C3H7NO2(aq)+OH−(aq)⇌C3H6NO2-(aq)+H2O(l)
(h) CH3CO2H(aq)+2HF(aq)⇌CH3C(OH)+2(aq)+HF−2(aq)
Q20. What is meant when a reaction is described as “having reached equilibrium”? What does this statement mean
regarding the forward and reverse reaction rates? What does this statement mean regarding the amounts or
concentrations of the reactants and the products?
Q21. Is it correct to say that the reaction has “stopped” when it has reached equilibrium? Explain your answer and
support it with a specific example.
Q22. Why is chemical equilibrium described as a dynamic process? Describe this process in the context of a
saturated solution of NaCl in water. What is occurring on a microscopic level? What is happening on a
macroscopic level?
Q23. Which of these systems exists in a state of chemical equilibrium?

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(a) oxygen and hemoglobin in the human circulatory system
(b) iodine crystals in an open beaker
(c) the combustion of wood
(d) the amount of C14 in a decomposing organism.
Q24. 3H2(g)+N2(g)⟷2NH3(g) with ΔH= –92kJ
Determine whether each of the changes below would cause the equilibrium above to shift left, shift right, or
have no shift.
(a) add N2
(b) increase temperature
(c) add catalyst
(d) remove H2
(e) increase volume
Q25. 2SO2(g)+O2(g)⟷2SO3(g)+heat
Determine whether each of the changes below would cause the equilibrium above to shift left, shift right, or
have no shift.
(a) add O2
(b) increase temperature
(c) add catalyst
(d) remove SO3
(e) increase volume
Q26. N2(g)+O2(g)+heat⟷2NO(g)
Determine whether each of the changes below would cause the equilibrium above to shift left, shift right, or
have no shift.
(a) remove O2
(b) increase temperature
(c) add catalyst
(d) add NO
(e) increase volume
Q27. In each scenario, the system is defined as the mixture of chemical substances that undergoes a reaction.
Determine whether each process is endothermic or exothermic.
(a) Concentrated acid is added to water in a flask, and the flask becomes warm.
(b) Water evaporates from your skin, causing you to shiver.
(c) A container of ammonium nitrate detonates.
Q 28. Is Earth’s environment an isolated system, an open system, or a closed system? Explain your answer.
Q29. Determine whether energy is consumed or released in each scenario. Explain your reasoning.
(a) A leaf falls from a tree.
(b) A motorboat maneuvers against a current.
(c) A child jumps rope.
(d) Dynamite detonates.
(e) A jogger sprints down a hill.
Q30. A 3.00 g sample of TNT (trinitrotoluene, C7H5N3O6) is placed in a bomb calorimeter with a heat capacity of
1.93 kJ/°C; the ΔHcomb of TNT is −3403.5 kJ/mol. If the initial temperature of the calorimeter is 19.8°C, what
will be the final temperature of the calorimeter after the combustion reaction (assuming no heat is lost to the
surroundings)? What is the ΔHf of TNT?
Q31. The molecular mass of butanol, C4H9OH, is 74.14; that of ethylene glycol, CH2(OH)CH2OH, is 62.08, yet
their boiling points are 117.2 °C and 174 °C, respectively. Explain the reason for the difference.
Q32. Why do the boiling points of the noble gases increase in the order He < Ne < Ar < Kr < Xe?
Q33. The types of intermolecular forces in a substance are identical whether it is a solid, a liquid, or a gas. Why
then does a substance change phase from a gas to a liquid or to a solid?
Q34. What is the evidence that all neutral atoms and molecules exert attractive forces on each other?

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