Chem S6
Chem S6
Chem S6
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Q8. Describe the intermolecular bonding in CH4 and in H2O.
Use clear diagrams in your answer.
Q9. The metal magnesium reacts with the non-metal chlorine to form a compound magnesium chloride,
MgCl2, which has ionic bonding.
(i) State what is meant by an ionic bond.
(ii) A student finds that solid magnesium chloride and pure water do not conduct electricity. The
student dissolved the magnesium chloride in the water and the resulting solution does conduct
electricity.
Explain these observations.
Q10. The nitrate ion, NO3–, in Ca(NO3)2 contains both covalent and dative covalent bonds.
What is the difference between a covalent bond and a dative covalent bond?
Q11. (a) Define the term electronegativity and explain why the electronegativity values of the
Group II elements Be–Ba decrease down the group.
(b) Name the strongest type of intermolecular force between hydrogen fluoride
molecules and draw a diagram to illustrate how two molecules of HF are attracted
to each other.
In your diagram show all lone pairs of electrons and any partial charges. Explain the
origin of these charges.
(c) Crystals of sodium chloride and of diamond both have giant structures. Their
melting points are 1074 K and 3827 K, respectively. State the type of structure
present in each case and explain why the melting point of diamond is so high.
Q12. (a) Both HF and HCl are molecules having a polar covalent bond. Their boiling points are
293 K and 188 K respectively.
(i) State which property of the atoms involved causes a bond to be polar.
(ii) Explain, in terms of the intermolecular forces present in each compound, why
HF has a higher boiling point than HCl.
(b)
When aluminium chloride reacts with chloride ions, as shown by the equation
below, a co- ordinate bond is formed.
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The heat energy need to vaporise one mole of sodium chloride (171 KJ mol-1) is
(ii) much greater than the heat energy required to melt one mole of sodium chloride.
Explain why this is so.
(e) In terms of structure and bonding, suggest why graphite has a very high melting and boiling
point
Q14. (a)Why does the first ionisation energy of atoms generally increase across a period?
(b) Why is the first ionisation energy of boron less than that of beryllium?
(c) Why is the first ionisation energy of oxygen less than that of nitrogen?
(d) Why do first ionisation energies decrease down a group?
(e) Why does helium have the highest first ionisation energy of all the elements?
(f) Why is the second ionisation energy of an atom always greater than the first?
(g) Why is the second ionisation energy of sodium much greater than the first?
(h) Why does atomic size decrease across a period?
(i) Why does atomic size increase down a group?
(j) Why are cations always smaller than the corresponding atoms?
(k) Why are anions always larger than the corresponding atoms?
Q15. There is a general trend in the values of the first ionisation energies of the elements Na to Ar. The
first ionisation energies of the elements Al and S deviate from this trend.
(a) Write an equation, including state symbols, to represent the process for which the energy
change is the first ionisation energy of Na.
(b) State and explain the general trend in the values of the first ionisation energies of the
elements Na to Ar.
(c) State how, and explain why, the values of the first ionisation energies of the elements Al and S deviate
from the general trend.
Q16. How many unpaired electrons are there in a carbon atom in the ground state?
Q17. What is the minimum number of quantum numbers required to specify an orbital? Name them.
Q18. An atom of an element has two electrons in the outermost M-shell. State its
(a) Electronic configuration
(b) Number of protons
(c) Atomic number
(d) Nature whether metal or non-metal
(e) Valency
(f) Name of the element.
Q19. Identify the conjugate acid–base pairs in each equilibrium.
(a) HSO4−(aq)+H2O(l)⇌SO42-(aq)+H3O+(aq)
(b) C3H7NO2(aq)+H3O+(aq)⇌C3H8NO2+(aq)+H2O(l)
(c) CH3O2H(aq)+NH3(aq)⇌CH3CO2-(aq)+NH4+(aq)
(d) SbF5(aq)+2HF(aq)⇌H2F+(aq)+SbF6-(aq)
(e) HF(aq)+H2O(l)⇌H3O+(aq)+F−(aq)
(f) CH3CH2NH2(aq)+H2O(l)⇌CH3CH2NH3+(aq)+OH−(aq)
(g) C3H7NO2(aq)+OH−(aq)⇌C3H6NO2-(aq)+H2O(l)
(h) CH3CO2H(aq)+2HF(aq)⇌CH3C(OH)+2(aq)+HF−2(aq)
Q20. What is meant when a reaction is described as “having reached equilibrium”? What does this statement mean
regarding the forward and reverse reaction rates? What does this statement mean regarding the amounts or
concentrations of the reactants and the products?
Q21. Is it correct to say that the reaction has “stopped” when it has reached equilibrium? Explain your answer and
support it with a specific example.
Q22. Why is chemical equilibrium described as a dynamic process? Describe this process in the context of a
saturated solution of NaCl in water. What is occurring on a microscopic level? What is happening on a
macroscopic level?
Q23. Which of these systems exists in a state of chemical equilibrium?
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(a) oxygen and hemoglobin in the human circulatory system
(b) iodine crystals in an open beaker
(c) the combustion of wood
(d) the amount of C14 in a decomposing organism.
Q24. 3H2(g)+N2(g)⟷2NH3(g) with ΔH= –92kJ
Determine whether each of the changes below would cause the equilibrium above to shift left, shift right, or
have no shift.
(a) add N2
(b) increase temperature
(c) add catalyst
(d) remove H2
(e) increase volume
Q25. 2SO2(g)+O2(g)⟷2SO3(g)+heat
Determine whether each of the changes below would cause the equilibrium above to shift left, shift right, or
have no shift.
(a) add O2
(b) increase temperature
(c) add catalyst
(d) remove SO3
(e) increase volume
Q26. N2(g)+O2(g)+heat⟷2NO(g)
Determine whether each of the changes below would cause the equilibrium above to shift left, shift right, or
have no shift.
(a) remove O2
(b) increase temperature
(c) add catalyst
(d) add NO
(e) increase volume
Q27. In each scenario, the system is defined as the mixture of chemical substances that undergoes a reaction.
Determine whether each process is endothermic or exothermic.
(a) Concentrated acid is added to water in a flask, and the flask becomes warm.
(b) Water evaporates from your skin, causing you to shiver.
(c) A container of ammonium nitrate detonates.
Q 28. Is Earth’s environment an isolated system, an open system, or a closed system? Explain your answer.
Q29. Determine whether energy is consumed or released in each scenario. Explain your reasoning.
(a) A leaf falls from a tree.
(b) A motorboat maneuvers against a current.
(c) A child jumps rope.
(d) Dynamite detonates.
(e) A jogger sprints down a hill.
Q30. A 3.00 g sample of TNT (trinitrotoluene, C7H5N3O6) is placed in a bomb calorimeter with a heat capacity of
1.93 kJ/°C; the ΔHcomb of TNT is −3403.5 kJ/mol. If the initial temperature of the calorimeter is 19.8°C, what
will be the final temperature of the calorimeter after the combustion reaction (assuming no heat is lost to the
surroundings)? What is the ΔHf of TNT?
Q31. The molecular mass of butanol, C4H9OH, is 74.14; that of ethylene glycol, CH2(OH)CH2OH, is 62.08, yet
their boiling points are 117.2 °C and 174 °C, respectively. Explain the reason for the difference.
Q32. Why do the boiling points of the noble gases increase in the order He < Ne < Ar < Kr < Xe?
Q33. The types of intermolecular forces in a substance are identical whether it is a solid, a liquid, or a gas. Why
then does a substance change phase from a gas to a liquid or to a solid?
Q34. What is the evidence that all neutral atoms and molecules exert attractive forces on each other?
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