Unit -1 LASER Engineering Phy: Introduction LASER stands for light Ampliication by Stimulntod Emission of Radiation. The Soretical basis for the development of lasor was provided by Albert Einstein in 1917. In 1960, the frst laser device was dovolopod by T.H. Mainmann. 1. Definitions Stimulated absorption (or) Absorption Let E,and be the energies of ground and excited states of an atom. Suppose, if a Photon of energy £,-£; =/rv interacts with an atom present in the ground state, the atom gets excitation form ground state &, to ex: d state E,. This process is called stimulated absorption A -a-iw My | state Stimulated absorption rate depends upon the number of atoms available in the lowest energy state as well as the energy density photons, Stimulated absorption rate « number of atoms in the ground state Density of photons Spontaneous emission ‘Spontaneous emission was postulated by Bohr. Let £,and £,be the energies of ground and excited states of an atom. Suppose, if a photon of energy £,-£,=hv interacts with an atom present in the ground state, the atom gets excitation form ground state Z, to excited state Z,. The excited atom does not stay in a long time in the excited state. The excited atom gets de-excitation after its life time by emitting a photon of energy E,-E, =hv. This process is called spontaneous emission. E,—O— Bait —-——— Eaaea state MV Be Ground E,—O- crouna cs state Es The spontaneous emission rate depends up on the number of atoms present in the excited state. Spontaneous emission rate « number of atoms in the excited stateunit -1 LASER 7 Engineeri i Stimulated emission _— eae : Stimulated emissi ground at ener Wwas postulated by Einstein. Let E,and £,be the energies of oases eae of an atom. Suppose, if a photon of energy B,-£,=hv state £, to excited state a eine ground state, the atom gets excitation form ground fe £,. Let, a photon of energy £,-£, =/ivinteracts with the excited atom with in ile time: their life time; the atom gets de-excitation to ground state by emitting of another photon. These on. photons have sé it phenomenon is called stimulated emission, > DNase and It folows coherence, This E.-5, wy, pk ba Excited panne Fae ARRAY —— owt EO coma state Stimulated emission rate depends upon the number of atoms available in the excited state as well as the energy density of photons ‘Stimulated emission rate « number of atoms in the excited state « Density of photons Spontaneous and Stimulated emission Spontaneous emission Stimulated emission 1. The spontaneous emission was| 1. The stimulated emission was postulated by Bohr postulated by Einstein 2. Additional photons are not required] 2, Additional photons are required in in spontaneous emission stimulated emission 3. One photon is emitted in| 3. Two photons are emitted in spontaneous emission stimulated emission 4. The emitted radiation is poly-| 4. The emitted radiation is monochromatic monochromatic 5, The emitted radiation is Incoherent 5,_The emitted radiation is Coherent 6. The emitted radiation is less intense | 6. The emitted radiation is high intense 7. The emitted radiation have less) 7, The emitted radiation have high directionality - directionality Example: light from sodium or Example: light from laser source. mercury lamp 2. Characteristic of laser radiation ‘The laser light exhibits some peculiar properties than compare with the convectional light, Those are 1, Highly directionality 2. Highly monochromatic 3, Highly intense 4. Highly coherenceUnit -1 = LASER Engineering Physics > The light ra Y comin, i travels insinge drecton 9 ordinary light sourco travols in all directions, but laser light ‘or example distance, Bu Te as ght emnted from torch light spreads 1km distance it spreads 1 km kilometer distanca, ight spreads a fow centimetors distance oven it travels lacks of S23) Re | 1 ™, The directionality of laser beam is expressed in terms of divergence Ab = D,-D, Where rz and 7, are the radii of laser bam spots at distances of D, and D, respectively from laser source. 2. Highly monochromatic __ The laser light is more monochromatic than that of a convectional light source. This may be duet to the stimulated characteristic of laser light. The band width of convectional monochromatic light source is 1000A®. But the band width of ordinary light source is 10 A°. For high sensitive laser source is 10-® A? . a 1 Band width of convectional Band width of laser monochromatic light light source 3. Highly intense Laser light is highly intense than the convectional light. An one milliwatt He-Ne laser is highly intense than the sun intensity. This is because of coherence and directionality of laser. Suppose when two photons each of amplitude a are in phase with other, then young’s principle of superposition, the resultant amplitude of two photons is 2a and the intensity is 4a”. Since in laser many number of photons are in phase with each other, the amplitude of the resulting wave becomes na and hence the intensity of laser is proportional to n?a?. So 1mW He-Ne laser is highly intense than the sun, 4. Highly coherence Definition:- ‘A predictable correlation of the amplitude and phase at any one point with other point is called coherence. In case of convectional light, the property of coherence exhibits between a source and its virtual source where as in case of laser the property coherence exists between anyUnit -1 p LASER Engineering Physics ‘There are two types of coherence i) Temporal coherence ii) Spatial coherence. Temporal coherence (or longitudinal coherence):~ The predictable correlation of amplitude and phase at one point on the wave train W x. t another point on the same wave train, then the wave is said to be temporal coherence To understand this, let us consider two points Rand P,on the same wave train, which is continuous as in shown in figure (1). Suppose the phase and amplitude at any one point is known, then we can easily calculate the amplitude and phase for any other Point on the same wave train by using the wave equation 21 y=asin(%(ce-0) Where ‘a’ is the amplitude of the wave and ‘x’ is the displacement of the wave at any instant of time't. Spatial coherence (or transverse coherence) The predictable correlation of amplitude and phase at one point on the wave train w. r 4 another point on a second wave, then the waves are said to be spatial coherence (or transverse coherence) LALA OLLLYS DIDI ‘Two waves are said to be coherent, the waves must have 3. Population inversion Definition The number of atoms present in the excited (or higher) state is greater than the number of atoms present in the ground state (or lower) state is called population inversion, Or The population present in the excited (or higher) state is greater than the population present in the ground state (or lower) state is called population inversion Let us consider two level energy system of energies &, and £, as shown in figure. Let , and N, be the populations (means number of atoms per unit volume) of energy levels Band E>. ‘According to Boltzmann's distribution the population of an energy level E, at temperature T is given by y= Me) Where Ny is the population of the lower level or ground state and k is the Boltzmann's constant. From the above relation, the population of energy levels £, and £, are Dr. P.Sreenivasula Reddy ws, Website: engineeringphysics.weebly.com Page 4Unit -1 LASER Engincering Phy: > Ny = Noel?) Nz = Noe(it?) At ordinary conditions N, > Nz, i.e., the population in the ground or lower state is always greater than the population in the excited or higher states. The stage of making, Population of higher energy level is greater than the population of lower energy level is called population inversion i.e., Nz > Ny. Ey A Ny N Atormal conditions Ny > Np After population inversion is achieved Np > Ny Consider a three energy level system with energies E,, £, and E of populations N,, Nz, and NN3.At normal conditions, Ey < Ez Ny Afler population inversion is acbieved Ny > Ny When a suitable energy is supplied to the system, atoms get excited into F;. After their lifetime the atoms are transit to E,. Due to more lifetime of an atom in state £, , the atoms stay for longer time than compare with the state £. Due to the accumulation of atoms in £, the population inversion is established in between the E, and &; states.5. Pumping mechanisms (or techniques) of population inversion A system in which population inversion is achieved is called as an active system. The method of raising the particles from lower eneray state to higher energy state is called pumping, (Or the process of achieving of population inversion is called pumping). This can be done by number of ways. The most commonly used pumping methods are |. Optical pumping I, Electrical discharge pumping lI. Chemical pumping IV. Injection current pumping Optical pumping Optical pumping is used in solid laser. Xenon flash tubes are used for optical pumping. Since these materials have very broad band absorption, sufficient amount of energy is absorbed from the emission band of flash lamp and population inversion is created. Examples of optically pumped lasers are ruby, Nd: YAG Laser (¥%AlG, ) (Neodymium: Yttrium Aluminum Garnet), Nd: Glass Laser Electrical discharge pumping Electrical discharge pumping is used in gas lasers. Since gas lasers have very narrow absorption band pumping them any flash lamp is not possible. Examples of Electrical discharge pumped lasers are He-Ne laser, COz laser, argon-ion laser, etc Chemical pumping Chemical reaction may also result in excitation and hence creation of population inversion in few systems. Examples of such systems are HF and DF lasers. Injection current pumping In semiconductors, injection of current through the junction results in creates of population inversion among the minority charge carriers. Examples of such systems are InP and GaAs. Dr. P.Sreenivasula Reddy tse, pio Website: engineeringphysics.weebly.com Page 7Unit -I \ LASER Engineering Physics Different Types of lasers > On the basis of acti it i eae ictive medium used in the laser systems, lasers are classified into several |. Solid lasers : Ruby laser, Nd;YAG laser, Nd;Glass ‘uropium Chelate laser, SeOClp Oz, He-Ne, Argon-lon Laser hodamine 6G cInP, GaAs. Ul, Liquid lasers Il. Gas lasers WV. Dye lasers V. Semiconductor lasers 6. Ruby laser Ruby laser is a three level solid state laser and was constructed by Mainmann in 1960. Ruby (AlzO3+Cr2Os) is a crystal of Aluminium oxide, in which 0.05% of Al’? ions are replaced by the Cr‘? ions. The colour of the rod is pink. The active medium in the ruby rod is Cr** ions. Construction In ruby laser 4cm length and Smm diameter rod is generally used. Both the ends of the rods are highly polished and made strictly parallel. The ends are silvered in such a way, one becomes partially reflected and the other end fully reflected. The ruby rod is surrounded by xenon flash tube, which provides the pumping light to excite the chromium ions in to upper energy levels. Ruby rod Anbrabe (ae Ee \ 7 | t JJ contin’ Fully reflected end [Som J artially reflected end surface — ted Xenon flash tube emits thousands joules of energy in few milli seconds, but only a part of that eneray is utilized by the chromium ions while the rest energy heats up the apparatus. A cooling arrangement is provided to keep the experimental set up at normal temperatures Working The energy level diagram of chromium ions is shown in figure. The chromium ions get excitation into higher energy levels by absorbing of S600A° of wave length radiation. The excited chromium ions stay in the level H for short interval of time (10° Sec). Alter their life time most of the chromium ions are de-excited from H to G and a few chromium ions are de-excited from H to M.unt = Engineering Physics > HA Wigher state Non Raclionetive Transition Metastable state DDN, A= 6943.4" NS Ground state 1 , gives ne Lane oe H and M is non-radioactive transition i.e. the chromium ions CRS By Jo fe lattice in the form of heat. In the Meta stable state the life time of time is 10° sec. The life time of chromium ions in the Meta stable state is 10° 'es greater than the life time of chromium ions in higher state. hi Due to the continuous working of flash lamp, the chromium ions are excited to igher state H and returned to M level. After few mili seconds the level M is more Populated than the level G and hence the desired population inversion is achieved. The state of population inversion is not a stable one. The process of spontaneous transition is very high. When the excited chromium ion passes spontaneously from H to M it emits one photon o! wave length 6943A°. The photon reflects back and forth by the silver ends and Until it stimulates an excited chromium ion in M state and it to emit fresh photon in phase with the earlier photon, The process is repeated again and again until the laser beam intensity is reached to a sufficient value. When the photon beam becomes sufficient intense. }' omerges through the partially silvered end of the rod. The wave length 6943A° is in the roc reg'ca of the visible spectrum. Draw backs of ruby laser > The laser requires high pumping power > The efficiency of ruby laser is very small > itis a pulse laser Uses 0 ruby |"ser 1. Ruby lasers are in optical photography 2. Ruby lasers can be used for measurement of plasma properties such as electron depsily and temperature. 3, Moy overs are used to remove the melanin of the skin. 4, Pus lever can be used for recording of holograms. 7. He-..c Laser Puby laser is a pulse laser, even it have high intense out put. For continuous laser be: rn ans lasers are used. Using gas lasers, we can achieve highly coherence, high direction:.ity nd high monochromacity beam. The out put power of the gas laser is genera’. {cv iilli watts. The first He-Ne gas laser was fabricated by Ali Javan and atharnUnit -I LASER Engineer} 7 —- K nginecring Physics In He-Ne gas laser, ; " 9AS laser, the He and Ne eee Two ' ‘Hlecting Mirrors are fixed on either ends Ce ot : u rc 'ecting and the other is fully rlleting, In charge is generally used. The o ° the length of the vischiirge tube and pressure of the een 9aSes aro taken in tho ratio 10:1 in the of the discharge tube, in In Ho-No lasor 80cm length of these lasors depends on Twitty reflected Pouuatly reflected Laver beam Power Sims Working When the discharge is passing through the gas mixture, the electrons positive electrode. During their passage, they collide with He atoms and exci ato higher levels. Fz and Fs form Fi, In higher levels Fz and Fs, the life time of He 3 more. So there is a maximum possibility of energy transfer between He anc!‘ 'e a -ms through atomic collisions. When He atoms present in the levels F, and Fs colli: atoms present ground state Er, the Ne atoms gets excitation into higher levels E. yo Se TaN 8 pi accelerated tow: ao Non: a Radioactive Tronsition | Spontaneous enission oe {Collisions with the walls of 4 the dischaage he Ro 5 ——+——_ Due to i) continuous excitation of Ne atoms, we can achieve the population inversion betw > th higher levels Ex (Ez) and lower levels Ey (Es). The various transitions £, ~ Eyand E,>E, leads to the emission of wavelengths 3.39,m,1.150 [10 05A". The first two corresponding to the infrared region while the last wavelengt!.» 0": sponding to the visible region. The Ne atoms present in the Es level are de-excited ‘evel, by spontaneously emitting a photon of around wavelength 000A, When 10.” discharge lube is used, the Ne atoms present in the level Ep collide with the walls © > and yet de-excited to ground level Ey.Uri LA : SER Engineering Physics 8. Ap ‘ons of lasers > © 1 o sgh intensity, high monocromacity and high directionali Widely in various fiolds like 8 ally of lasers, they are ommunication mputers omistry iogiaphy >. ‘istry ‘icine tary iontific research 1. eo -ptical communication semiconductors laser diodes are used as opt! \d its band width is (10'Hz) is very high compared to the radio and mic: ations, > nh can be sent simultaneously >s 2 lapped > As. ok |i is large, more data can be sent. > ‘irectional and less divergence, hence it has greater potential use in s wbmarines. 2. Co >I > network), data can be transferred from memory storage of one c oi» computer using laser for short time. >I 1c in CD-ROMS during recording and reading the data. ac > ‘in molecular structure identification > to accelerate some chemical reactions. > : chemical compounds can be created by breaking bonds between ies. 4, Ph > be used to get 3-D lens less photography. > als ! in the construction of holograms. 5. Ind >t OL ! 10 blast holes in diamonds and hard steel r ised as a source of intense heat 4 ‘sor is used for cutting drilling of metals and nonmetals, such as lactics olass ete. > tha ro used to weld or melt any material. > I J to cut teeth in saws and test the quality of fabric. 6. Mec! > » laser is employed in the treatment of liver cancer. > , ‘oxide lasers are used in the treat men of liver and lungs, > valent of Glaucoma.Unit -1 —— > Lasers ui. > Lasers t tissue. 7. Military > Lasers >» Highe > Lasers 8. Scientific r Lasers « Lasers Lasers Laser Lasers Lasers A laser vvyvvvvyv 9. Construe LASER Engineering Physics to sean the inner parts of the stomach. on of moles and tumors which are developing in the skin wer weapon. ©! to destroy the enemy air-crofts and missiles. stection and ranging likes RADAR. sId of 3D-photography zed reconstruction of hologram. ri plasma. in chemical reactions. nectroscopy to identify the structure of the molecule. elson- Morley experiment. ‘orm Doppler shifts in frequency for moving objects. onents of laser