Programming 1

Lecture 1 – Getting started

Introduction to Java

Faculty of Information Technology

Hanoi University
 Course objectives
• Interact a lot
• Improve English communications
• Know how computer programs are made
• Learn basic programming concepts
• Solve simple problems with Java
• Transfer ideas/requirements into programs

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 Why programming?
• Programming is the core of Information
Technology and Computer Science
• Create websites, apps, games, robots…
• It is the art of logic
• Programmers are needed in the industry

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 What does a computers do?
• Performs calculations
– Billions of calculations per second!
• Remembers results
– Gigabytes, Terabytes of storage!
• Computers only do
– What you tell them
– They’re fast, but not creative

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The Fetch-and-Execute cycle

program
instructions

program
data

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 Simple computer program
• Linear Equation Solver: you enter a, b and the
program shows you the solution for the equation:
ax + b = 0.
• You: start the program
• Program: “Please enter A: ”
• You: type 2 and press Enter
• Program: “Okay, I got it. Please enter B: ”
• You: type 1 and press Enter
(something happened inside the computer)
• Program: “The solution is X = -0.5”
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 Linear Equation Solver Program

• Start the program

• Please enter A:
• Type 2 and press Enter
• Okay, I got it. Please enter B:
• Type 1 and press Enter
(something happened inside)
• The solution is X = -0.5
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 What a program really is?
• Something that interacts with an user.
• Like a ping-pong game.
• A computer program:
– Gets input from user
– Do something with the given input
– Show the result
– (Optional) Repeats the above procedure
– Terminates

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 Linear Equation Solver
Solve ax + b = 0
• Show text “Please enter number A: ”
• Wait for user to enter a number
• Store this number in variable A
• Show text: “Please enter number B: ”
• Wait for user to enter a number, Store in B
• Evaluate: A ≠ 0?
– If true:
• Calculate: X = -B/A
• Show text: “The solution is X = ”
• Show X’s value
– If false:
• Evaluate: B = 0?
– If true:
» Show text: “The equation has infinite number of solutions”
– If false:
» Show text: “The equation has no solution”
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 What is programming?
• Programming is
– Writing codes to do what would be manually done
otherwise.
– Telling a computer exactly what to do.
– Listing the little steps to achieve a goal.
• Programming is not
– Making something out of thin air.
– Making software to do what we don’t know how.

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 Cooking: Spring Rolls
• Step 1: Mince raw meat, onions, carrots, wood
ears and mix together.
• Step 2: Crack a few eggs and add to the
mixture.
• Step 3: Wrap the mixture in spring roll sheets.
• Step 4: Add vegetable oil to the frying pan.
• Step 5: Fry the spring rolls.

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 Cooking: Spring Rolls (messed-up)
• Step 1: Fry the spring rolls.
• Step 2: Add vegetable oil to a frying pan.
• Step 3: Mince raw meat, onions, carrots, wood
ears and mix together.
• Step 4: Wrap the mixture in spring roll sheets.
• Step 5: Crack a few eggs and add to the
mixture.

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 Algorithm
• An algorithm is the solution to a specific problem
• An algorithm consists of
– A set of simple steps
– A flow of control that specifies when each step is
executed
– A means of determining when to stop

 We use programming language to describe

algorithms.

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 What is Java?
• A programming language
• Appeared in 1995.
• Invented by James Gosling
(born 1955)
• Applications: Symbian apps,
Android apps, web servers,
websites, scientific apps, video
games…
• Write once, runs anywhere
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 Why Java?
• Huge community
– Lots of documents and tutorials.
• A neat, reasonably fast, practical language
– Logical, easy to learn
• Multi-purpose, cross-platform
• It’s a typical Object-Oriented Programming
language
• It is quite new
– JavaScript (1996), Python (1991)
– Perl (1987), C++ (1985), PHP (1995)
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 JDK, JRE, JVM
Class activity:
– What do JDK, JRE and JVM stand for?
– Describe JDK, JRE, JVM
• What kind of software is each of them?
• How do we use them?
– What is the latest Java version?
– Which Java versions are LTS?

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 Which JDK should I use?
• Oracle JDK (a.k.a Java SE, paid)
• OpenJDK
– Java SE’s community version
• Amazon Corretto
• Azul Zulu (paid support)
• AdoptOpenJDK
– HotSpot (recommended)
– OpenJ9
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 Which Java version to use?
• LTS versions (recommended)
– Java 8
– Java 11
– Java 17
• Latest version
– Java 18
– Java 19 (coming soon)

Java 8 Java 16

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 Prepare for Java programming
• Install IntelliJ IDEA Community Edition
• Create the first Java project in IntelliJ IDEA
• Download JDK for the project
• Add
<JDK_path/bin >
to the Path
environment
variable

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 How to test JDK?
• My Computer -> Properties -> Advanced
System Settings -> Environment Variables.
• Make sure JDK’s bin directory is in the user
variable or system variable named "Path“
• Open CMD, type javac

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 Hello World program
Source code of HelloWorld.java
public class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello World");
}
}

Output:

Hello World

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Program development cycle

Write source code

binary
Compile executable

Text, Graphics,
Run Audio, Data…

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From Java source code to program

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 What can go wrong?
• Syntax errors
– Codes do not follow language rules
– Cannot compile
• Semantic errors
– Codes follow language rules but don’t make sense
– Can compile but gives error when run
• Different meaning than what is intended
– Not following algorithm
– Program gives unexpected answer
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 Compile & Run with CMD

• After running javac command, a file named

HelloWorld.class is generated in the same folder as
HelloWorld.java
• By running java <ClassName>, the output of the
program is displayed in the CMD console.
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 Hello World program analysis (1)
public class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello World");
}
}

• HelloWorld is the class name as well as program name. The file

name must be the same as class name, plus the .java extension.
(HelloWorld.java)
• The HelloWorld class is public, it is visible to other classes.
• main is a method's name. The name main is special, it is the method
that starts a program.
• The string "Hello World" is surrounded by "double quotes" 26
 Hello World program analysis (2)
public class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello World");
}
}

• main method is always public static void. The name

args of the argument can be changed.
• System.out means the standard output, which is the screen or
more specifically, the console.
→ See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_console
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 Hello World program behavior
public class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello World");
}
}

• When the HelloWorld program is run, its main method is

called first of all.
• When a method is called, all of its statements execute. Here,
there is 01 statement in the main method.
• Let's ignore the String[] args part.
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 Notes on Java syntax
• If there is a {, there should be a } to close it.
(curly brackets, open brace, close brace)

• The same applies to (…) and […]

(parentheses, square brackets)

• What is opened earlier should be closed later.

(one thing wraps around another thing)

{ codes { other codes } }

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Structure of the first program

Image Credit: R. Sedgewick

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Live instructions: IntelliJ Idea

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Live instructions: Eclipse

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 Demo exercise 1
• Write a program to calculate the
sum/product/quotient of two integers and
display the result.

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 Demo exercise 2
• Write a program to display the following shape:

*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *

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 Download Learning Materials

For the first few weeks

• Until lms.fit.hanu.vn is ready
URL
• https://bit.ly/3R0KCRQ

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 Reading Resources
• R. Sedgewick - Introduction to Programming in Java
– Online: https://introcs.cs.princeton.edu/java/home/
• Oracle’s Java Tutorials:
– https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/
• W3Schools Java Tutorial:
– https://www.w3schools.com/java/default.asp

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