The Internet

In the early days, most people just used the internet to search for information. Today's internet is a
constantly evolving tool that not only contains an amazing variety of information, but also provides new
ways of accessing, interacting and connecting with people and content. As a result, new terms are
constantly appearing as new technologies are introduced.
The internet is the largest computer network in the world, connecting millions of computers. A network
is a group of two or more computer systems linked together. The Internet is a global system of
interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/ IP) to serve
billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public,
academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array
of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies. The Internet links are computer
networks all over the world so that users can share resources and communicate with each
other.

Internet Access: To gain access to the internet, the user has to register to any Internet Service Provider
(ISP). Once you have decided which type of internet access you are interested in, you can determine
which ISPs are available in your area that offer the type of internet access you want. Then, you will need
to purchase internet service from one of the available ISPs. Talk to friends, family members, and
neighbors to see what ISP they use.

Below are some things to consider as you research ISPs:

• Speed • Price • Ease of Installation • Service Record • Technical Support • Contract Terms

Types of Internet connection

Dail-up
Integrated services digital network
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
wireless Internet Connections
Internet over Satellite

Dial up connection
Dial-up refers to an Internet connection that is established using a modem. The modem connects the
computer to standard phone lines, which serve as the data transfer medium. When a user initiates a
dial-up connection, the modem dials a phone number of an Internet Service Provider (ISP) that is
designated to receive dial-up calls. The ISP then establishes the connection, which usually takes about
ten seconds and is accompanied by several beeping and a buzzing sound. After the dial-up connection
has been established, it is active until the user disconnects from the ISP. Typically, this is done by
selecting the “Disconnect” option using the ISP’s software or a modem utility program. However, if a
dial-up connection is interrupted by an incoming phone call or someone picking up a phone in the
house, the service may also be disconnected.
Digital subscriber line (DSL)
DSL is a family of technologies that are used to transmit digital data over telephone lines. In
telecommunications marketing, the term DSL is widely understood to mean asymmetric digital
subscriber line (ADSL), the most commonly installed DSL technology, for Internet access. DSL service can
be delivered simultaneously with wired telephone service on the same telephone line since DSL uses
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higher frequency bands for data. On the

customer premises, a DSL filter on each non-DSL
outlet blocks any high-frequency interference
to enable simultaneous use of the voice and
DSL service.

• Broadband – faster than dial-up connection

• Connects through phone lines, but does not require phone service
• Always on
• Internet and phone can be used in the same time
• Unavailable in many location

Cable Modem Connection

A cable modem is a type of Network Bridge and modem that provides bi-directional data
communication via radio frequency channels on
a HFC and RFoG infrastructure. Cable modems
are primarily used to deliver broadband
Internet access in the form of cable Internet,
taking advantage of the high bandwidth of a
HFC and RFoG network. They are commonly
deployed in Australia, Europe, Asia and
America. Cable modem connection Figure
shows the most common network connection
topologies when using cable modems.

The cable TV company runs a coaxial cable into the building to deliver their Internet service. Although
fed from the same coax that provides cable TV service, most companies place a splitter outside of the
building and runs two cables in, rather than using a splitter at the set-top box
The coax terminates at the cable modem. The cable modem itself attaches to the SOHO computing
equipment via its 10BASE-T port. In most circumstances, the cable modem attaches directly to a user’s
computer.
Satellite
Another way to connect to the Internet is through a satellite connection. Satellite Internet is good for
people who live in areas where other Internet options aren’t available. However, it is a more expensive
option for Internet access. The satellite dish sends a signal to a larger, orbiting satellite that passes the
Internet request down to the satellite hub of your Internet service provider. With satellite Internet, you
are connecting a computer to the Internet with a modem and satellite dish. However, the weather will
affect the signal path, so you should expect poor Internet quality during windy or rainy weather.
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Wireless
Wireless Internet uses radio frequencies to
connect to the Internet. It is an always-on
connection, much like DSL, within an area that
has coverage. The wireless connection can also
be used on your cell phone. It is similar to
satellite coverage, but instead of using a
satellite to connect to the Internet, it uses cell
phone towers. Wireless is a convenient Internet
service. Wireless service also provides coverage
more easily when cell phone coverage exists. A
disadvantage of wireless Internet is that it costs
more than DSL or cable.

3G and 4G
• Available for mobile phones, computers and • Can access Internet anywhere
tablets • Slower than DSL and Cable connection
• Connects wirelessly through 3G/4G provider

Fiber Optic
With an Internet connection using fiber optic cables, data is delivered in light signals by way of small,
flexible, glass wires. Fiber refers to the glass wires inside the larger, protective cable. Optic refers to the
way the data is transferred through light signals. A fiber optic Internet connection is very fast. Fast
speeds allow you to use multiple devices at
home without your download or upload time
being compromised. Fiber optic Internet does
not rely on electricity, so there is little down
time with your Internet connection. Fiber optic
is not available in all areas, and it costs more
than DSL.
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How Internet Works?

Because the Internet is a global network of computers each computer connected to the Internet
must have a unique address. This address is known as an IP address.

Internet Usages
• Communication newsgroup • Shopping
• Send and receive emails • Chatting • Entertainment
• Download files • Surf the world wide web
• Post your opinion to a • Business
Internet Applications
• The World-Wide Web (WWW) • Chatting
• Electronic Mail (E-Mail) • Video Conferencing
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP) • E-Commerce
• Search Engine
World wide web
The World Wide Web is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a
web browser, one can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia and
navigate between them via hyperlinks . A technical definition of the World Wide Web is: all the
resources and users on the Internet that are using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). It use a
protocol called HTTP – Hypertext Transfer Protocol. HTTP defines how messages are formatted and
transmitted, and what actions Web servers and browsers should take in response to various commands
A Uniform Resource Locator, or URL is the address of a document you'll find on the WWW.
The elements in a URL:
Protocol://server's address/filename
Example: http://www.google.com/index.html
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is a text-based approach to describing how content contained
within an HTML file is structured. This markup tells a web browser how to display text, images and other
forms of multimedia on a webpage.HTML is a formal recommendation by the World Wide Web
Consortium (W3C) and is generally adhered to by all major web browsers, including both desktop and
mobile web browsers. HTML5 is the latest version of the specification.
Email
Email (electronic mail) is a way to send and receive messages across the Internet. It's similar to traditional
mail, but it also has some key differences.
Basic email functions:
Send and receive mail messages
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Save your messages in a file

Print mail messages
Reply to mail messages
Attach a file to a mail message
To receive emails, you will need an email account and an email address. Also, if you want to send emails
to other people, you will need to obtain their email addresses. It's important to learn how to write email
addresses correctly because if you do not enter them exactly right, your emails will not be delivered or
might be delivered to the wrong person.
Email address:someone@mail server
The email address has three parts:
– a user name
– an "at" sign (@)
– the address of the user's mail server
• Example: [email protected]
Today, the top three webmail providers are Yahoo!, Microsoft's Outlook.com (previously Hotmail), and
Google's Gmail. These providers are popular because they allow you to access your email account from
anywhere with an internet connection. You can also access webmail on your mobile device. Web mail is
popular as it allows you to send or receive e-mail from anywhere.
FTP
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a network protocol for transmitting files between computers over
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) connections. Within the TCP/IP suite, FTP is
considered an application layer protocol. In an FTP transaction, the end user's computer is typically
called the local host. The second computer involved in FTP is a remote host, which is usually a server.
Both computers need to be connected via a network and configured properly to transfer files via FTP.
Servers must be set up to run FTP services, and the client must have FTP software installed to access
these services.
FTP:
The protocol for exchanging files over the Internet.
Used for moving files between two hosts on a TCP/IP network.
FTP is most commonly used to download a file from a server using the Internet or to upload a file to a
server.
To do FTP, a user invokes one of two commands:
– get - the command for transferring a file from another server to your own computer.
– put - the command for moving a file from your computer to another one

Web Browser
A web browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources
on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)
and may be a web page, image, video, or other piece of content. A web search engine is designed to
search for information on the World Wide Web and FTP servers. The search results are generally
presented in a list of results often referred to as SERPS, or "search engine results pages". The
information may consist of web pages, images, information and other types of files. Some search
engines also mine data available in databases or open directories. Unlike web directories, which are
maintained only by human editors, search engines also maintain real-time information by running an
algorithm on a web crawler.
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There are various kinds of web browsers. Some of the most frequently used browser environments are:
 Mozilla Firefox.
 Chrome. A browser developed by Google
 Flock. Developed for integration with social networking sites
 Opera. A fast browser

Search Engine
They are software programs that search for websites based on keywords that the user types in. It is a
website that allows to search for content on the internet. The main purpose of a search engine is to
search for information on the Internet.
The search engine then goes through their databases of information in order to locate the information
that is looked for. The search engine should be given a query/search phrase/keyword
and it returns a list of web pages it feels best answer the query.
The main search engines currently used are Google, Bing, and Yahoo.
How do search engines work?
Search engines send out “web crawlers” or “spiders” (automated computer programs that browse the
internet in a methodical and automated manner) to create a copy of all the web pages they have
been to. The search engine will then index the pages to create web site listings that facilitate faster
searches. Search engine then sorts through millions of pages in its database to find a match to that
specific query. At last it produces the results to your query in a ranked order according to relevancy.
The web address contains information about the location of the webpage.It is also known as
the URL (uniform resource locator). Example: http://www.google.com/index.html
A special Domain Name System has been established. Parts of the address are separated with dots in
site names. There are top-level domains registered at an international level, such as: .lv; .lt; .ee; .ie; .de –
Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Ireland, Germany.
Respectively: (.com – commercial sites) (.eu– European Union)
Difference Between Web Browser and Search Engine
Web Browser Search Engine
A web browser is a software application used to Search Engine is kind of a website where a user
retrieve data from webpages or HTML files can search for information and the results based
present in servers. on the same are displayed on the screen.
A search engine has three main components:
A web browser used Graphical Interface to help
● Search index
users experience an interactive online session on
● Crawler
the World Wide Web
● Search algorithm
No database of its own. Only comprises a
It has its own database
memory to store cache and cookies
Multiple Web Browsers can be installed on a You do not need to install a search engine in your
single device system
Examples of Web Browser are:
Examples of Search Engine include:
● Chrome
● Google
● Firefox
● Yahoo
● Mosaic
● Bing
● Internet Explorer
● Ask
● Opera
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Browser is basically used to access information on the Internet while Search Engine is used to point in
the right direction of a website that relates to the words typed in. Browser has to be used to get to a
search engine, for example; typing in www.google.com which will then take you to the google web page.
The main difference between browser and search engine is that a browser is a software application that
helps to access and display websites in WWW while search engine is a software application helps to
search for websites in WWW.

Social Network
Online social networks are virtual communities that allow individuals to interact with one another. Many
social networks revolve around interests, activities, and hobbies; however, the most prominent online
social networks (Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn) have a more general focus. Social networks provide a
variety of ways for you to interact with existing friends and family, make new “friends,” or make
contacts to build your professional network. These types of sites can be great ways to reconnect with
old friends and colleagues, to share photos and information with friends, and catch up on relevant news
quickly. When using a social network, you are in complete control of what you share and with whom. Be
sure that you understand and are comfortable with your privacy settings on each social network so that
you only give access to your shared information to those people you intend.
Some most used and famous social sites are: Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Google+, Pinterest, My space,
Tumbler, Instagram etc.
Facebook
Facebook is a social networking site that allows you to create a personal profile page that can contain
information about you (name, birthday, family relationships, political and religious affiliations,
hobbies/interests, favorite quotes, education and work information), photos, groups you are a member
of on Facebook, and spaces to post thoughts and opinions. It is a way to communicate and connect with
friends and acquaintances. As of October 2014, there were more than 1.35 billion active users on
Facebook all around the world, and it continues to grow.
Twitter
Twitter is a real-time communication platform, meaning that messages that are posted are seen (and
often responded to) instantly, and the flow of messages is constantly updated. It is considered a micro
blogging site. It is a mini-version of a blogging site. Initially inspired by the concept of an ‘away-message’
merged with the freedom and mobility of SMS (text messaging). As of December 2012, 32% of Internet
users were on Twitter, posting over 175 million “tweets” daily.
LinkedIn
LinkedIn is a social networking site devoted to professional development and finding jobs. To use
LinkedIn, you’ll have to create a free profile with a username and password, then upload your resume.
The website pulls out relevant information from your resume to make it easy for employers to search,
and you can connect with colleagues and friends to build a professional network. Many employers list
jobs on LinkedIn, but acquaintances can also help you find a job by looking at your resume. Additionally,
co-workers and supervisors are able to write recommendations on your profile that potential employers
can see.
Google+
A social networking site run by Google, Google+ combines all your different. Google accounts and allows
you to share your information, photos, and other information you have stored with Google with your
friends. Google’s answer to Facebook.
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E-Commerce
Electronic commerce or E-Commerce consists of the buying and selling of products or
services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. It includes the
entire online process of developing, marketing, selling, delivering, servicing and paying for products
and services.

Some common applications related to electronic commerce are the following:

• Domestic and international payment systems • Online banking
• Group buying • Shopping cart software
• Automated online assistants • Electronic tickets
• Online shopping and order tracking
Different types of E-commerce
The major different types of e-commerce are: business-to-business (B2B), business-to-consumer (B2C),
business-to-government (B2G), consumer-to-consumer (C2C), and mobile commerce (m-commerce).
B2B e-commerce
B2B e-commerce is simply defined as e-commerce between companies. This is the type of e-commerce
that deals with relationships between and among businesses. About 80% of e-commerce is of this type,
and most experts predict that B2B ecommerce will continue to grow faster than the B2C segment.
B2C e-commerce
Business-to-consumer e-commerce, or commerce between companies and consumers, involves
customers gathering information; purchasing physical goods (i.e., tangibles such as books or consumer
products) or information goods i.e. or goods of electronic material or digitized content, such as
software, or e-books and for information goods, receiving products over an electronic network. It is the
second largest and the earliest form of e-commerce. Its origins can be traced to online retailing. B2C e-
commerce reduces transactions costs by increasing consumer access to information and allowing
consumers to find the most competitive price for a product or service.
B2G e-commerce
Business-to-government e-commerce or B2G is generally defined as commerce between companies and
the public sector. It refers to the use of the Internet for public procurement, licensing procedures, and
other government-related operations.
C2C e-commerce
Consumer-to-consumer e-commerce or C2C is simply commerce between private individuals or
consumers. This type of e-commerce is characterized by the growth of electronic marketplaces and
online auctions, particularly in vertical industries where firms/businesses can bid for what they want
from among multiple suppliers.
M-commerce
M-commerce (mobile commerce) is the buying and selling of goods and services through wireless
technology-i.e., handheld devices such as cellular telephones and personal digital assistants (PDAs).
Japan is seen as a global leader in m-commerce. As content delivery over wireless devices becomes
faster, more secure, and scalable, some believe that m-commerce will surpass wire line e-commerce as
the method of choice for digital commerce transactions. Industries affected by m-commerce include:
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● Financial services, including mobile banking (when customers use their mobile phones to access their
accounts and pay their bills), as well as brokerage services (in which stock quotes can be displayed and
trading conducted from the same phone).
● Telecommunications, in which service changes, bill payment and account reviews can all be conducted
from the same handheld device\phone.
● Service/retail, as consumers are given the ability to place and pay for orders on the-fly and
● Information services, which include the delivery of entertainment, financial news, sports figures and
traffic updates to a single mobile device.