WWW

The World Wide Web also known as the web, WWW or W3, refers to all the public websites or pages
that users can access on their local computers and other devices through the internet. These pages and
documents are interconnected by means of hyperlinks that users click on for information. This
information can be in different formats, including text, images, audio and video.

It was invented by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989 while working at CERN, and it became publicly accessible in
the early 1990s.

Internet
The Internet is a global network that connects millions of computers and other devices worldwide. It's a
massive infrastructure that allows these devices to communicate with each other.

Early research was performed by the US Department of Defense in 1962. This research group established
ARPAnet (Advanced Research Project Agency) in order to connect the US Defense Department network.

• It operates on a set of protocols known as TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet

Protocol), which enables data to be transmitted reliably between devices.
• The Internet provides the underlying network infrastructure that supports various services and
applications, including the World Wide Web, email, file sharing, online gaming, video streaming,
and more.
• Leonard Kleinrock is accredited with the idea of packet switching, which describes how data can
be sent across a network
• The ethernet is developed by xerox in 1960 to 1970 that is used to connect the one physical layer
of one compute to other computers

Internet vs WWW

The Internet is the vast global network infrastructure that connects devices worldwide, while the World
Wide Web is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet.

In simpler terms, the Internet is like the physical infrastructure (cables, routers, servers) that allows
global communication, while the World Wide Web is one of the services that operate on top of this
infrastructure, allowing users to access and share information through web pages.

History of internet

1. 1960s - Origins: The Internet began with ARPANET, a project by the US Department of Defense to
create a decentralized communication network.
2. 1970s - Early Development: ARPANET grew, introducing email and adopting the TCP/IP protocol
suite as a standard for networking.
3. 1980s - Growth and Standardization: More networks emerged, and TCP/IP became the standard
protocol, laying the foundation for the modern Internet.
4. 1990s - Commercialization and Expansion: The World Wide Web was invented, leading to the
commercialization of the Internet. Web browsers, ISPs, e-commerce, and social media platforms
proliferated.
 5. 2000s-present - Globalization and Modernization: Broadband and mobile internet became
widespread, IoT emerged, cloud computing revolutionized data storage, and social media
transformed online interaction.

MINITEL

At the start of the 1980's, France Telecom set up a videotex infrastructure called the Teletel network and
marketed a terminal under the name Minitel. This was the birth of French videotex.

Services provides

• phone directory (free)

• mail-order retail companies
• airline or train ticket purchases
• information services
• Instance messaging
• message boards.

Email

Email, short for electronic mail, is a digital communication method that allows users to exchange
messages and files over the Internet. It has become a fundamental tool for personal and professional
communication worldwide. Invented in the early 1970s, email has evolved significantly, offering features
such as attachments, encryption, spam filtering, and organizational tools. Users can send emails from
various devices, including computers, smartphones, and tablets, using email clients or web-based
services. Email enables asynchronous communication, meaning recipients can read and respond to
messages at their convenience. It has revolutionized how people communicate, facilitating efficient and
cost-effective correspondence across different time zones and geographic locations.

USENET

USENET, short for User's Network, is an early online discussion system established in 1979. It serves as a
decentralized platform for exchanging text-based messages and files among users worldwide. Organized
into thematic categories called newsgroups, USENET covers a wide range of topics, from science and
technology to arts and entertainment. Originally facilitating text-based communication, it later expanded
to include binary file exchange, allowing users to share software, images, videos, and other multimedia
content. Despite its decline in popularity with the advent of the World Wide Web and social media,
USENET remains a niche platform for enthusiasts interested in text-based discussions and file sharing.

Browsers
A browser is a computer program that allows users
to access and display information from the internet,
including webpages, images, videos, and other
types of files.

Famous browsers in 2009 =>

 Transmission
Transmission, also known as communication mode, is the flow of information between two devices. The
objective of the ARPAnet project was to investigate the development of a decentralized computer
network. The network then became known as the Internet.

Internet protocol suite

It has since adopted a suite of protocols called the Internet Protocol Suite or as more commonly known
as TCP/IP.

The Internet Protocol Suite includes a number of standard protocols. The two most common are

• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

o Communication between devices
o Fixed connection for communication.
o If one device wants to communicate to other then it sends the request to device after
the request approved then the communication take place this process is called
handshake
• Internet Protocol (IP)
o IP is a connection-less protocol.
o IP, messages are broken down into small independent ‘packets’ and are sent between
computers via the Internet. IP is responsible for ‘routing’ each packet to its correct
destination.

IP address

An IP address, or Internet Protocol address, is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a
computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. It serves two main functions:

• identifying the host or network interface

• providing the location of the device in the network

key points on IP

• it used 0 to 255 number in numeric data

• there are two types of IP address IPV4 and IPV6
• IPV4 is based on 32bits address and IPV6 is based on 128bits of address

IPV4 is further classify into categories like

 Domain Name
The numbers are not easy to remember. For example, there are 4,294,967,296 combinations of IPV4

So how we can remember them for this we use domain name system.

In this system each website has its domain name that is used to access it over the internet. But same
thing we can do with IP.

When a new domain is registered together with a TCP/ IP address, DNS servers all over the world are
updated with this information.

URL
Universal resources locator

It is used to address the domain over the internet. Full Domain name is also called URL.

Syntax

scheme://host.domain.country_code:port/path/filename

at the end the URL has code like .com, .in that represent different information

HTTP
Hypertext Transfer Protocol

HTTP takes care of the communication between a web server and a web browser. HTTP is used for
sending requests from a web client (a browser) to a web server, returning web content (web pages) from
the server back to the client. Before the Web, the Internet protocol was FTP (File Transfer Protocol). FTP
was too slow, and HTTP was invented.

There are four messages within this protocol

• Connection: Establishes a connection between the client and the server

• Request: Asks for a resource
• Response: Delivers the resource
• Close: Terminates the connection
 Client server system
There are two main parts of a web system

Client: the system that used to send the request over the server to fetch some data. This request has
multiple types like patch, put, get, post and delete

Server: is the system that process the request of the client and send is response to client.

Intranet and extranet

Intranet:

• Private network for internal use within an organization.

• Accessible only to employees and authorized personnel.
• Facilitates communication, collaboration, and sharing of resources.
• Enhances productivity and efficiency through centralized access to information and tools.

Extranet:

• Extension of an organization's intranet, allowing limited access to external users.

• Enables secure communication and collaboration with business partners, suppliers, or
customers.
• Requires authentication and authorization mechanisms to control access.
• Streamlines business processes and strengthens relationships with external stakeholders.

Note. There are email links that look like the URL but these are used for just sending the mail using
SMTP.