INDUSTRIAL INTERNSHIP REPORT

ON
AERODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF AN AEROPLANE WITH
VARIOUS INTENSITIES FOR DIFFERENT MATERIALS

An internship report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Award of
Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BY
MEDANDRAO KAVYA SREE (20501A0355)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PRASAD V. POTLURI SIDDHARTHA INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY
Autonomous & Permanent Affiliation to JNTUK, Kakinada,
AICTE Approved, NBA & NAAC A+ accredited and ISO 9001:2015
certified institution

KANURU, VIJAYAWAD-520007

2023-2024
 PRASAD V. POTLURI SIDDHARTHA INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY
Autonomous & Permanent Affiliation to JNTUK, Kakinada.

AICTE Approved, NBA & NAAC accredited and ISO 9001-2015 Certified Institution

KANURU, VIJAYAWADA – 520007

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the “Internship report” submitted by MEDANDRAO KAVYA SREE
(Reg. no: 20501A0355) is work done by him and submitted during 2023 – 2024 academic year,
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF
TECHNOLOGY in MECHANICAL ENGINEERING at MAYINKRISH VENTURES
PVP.LTD.

MENTOR Head of Department

E. Kavitha Dr. B. RAGHU KUMAR

Assistant Professor Professor & HOD

AERODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF AN AEROPLANE WITH VARIOUS INTENSITIES FOR
DIFFERENT MATERIALS

ABSTRACT
This work aims to do analysis over the different composition of material that improves
the efficiency and performance of an aeroplane. The Boeing 747 is an iconic aircraft that stood
the test of time and its aerodynamic design has played a crucial role in its success. One key aspect
of its design is the use of advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software such as Fluent
to optimize the aircraft’s performance. In addition to CFD software, the Boeing 747 also
incorporates advanced materials such as Aluminum LM25 and carbon fiber composites, which
provides strength and durability while keeping weight to a minimum. To further enhance the
aircraft’s aerodynamic performance, we use Ansys fluent 18.0 software to determine the flow
characteristics using STT (shear stress transport )turbulence modelling techniques such as K-
Omega and K-epsilon use it to determine turbulence kinetic energy and accurately simulate the
complex flow behaviour around the aircraft surfaces overall the combination of advanced CFD
software, advanced materials and advanced turbulence modelling techniques has enabled the
Boeing 747 to achieve unparalleled levels of performance and reliability making it one of the
most successful and recognizable aircraft in aviation history. Moreover, the turbulence kinetic
energy, velocity and temperature the difference of these parameters will be compared and justify,
which will be better for high altitudes among aluminium LM25 and carbon fiber with aluminium
composite.

Keywords: Boeing 747, Fluent, Aluminum LM25, carbon fiber composites, K-omega, K-epsilon,
Turbulence kinetic energy
 INDEX
TOPIC
ABSTRACT

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION
MODELING AND ANALYSIS
1.SPACECLAIM
2.MODELING TECHNOLOGY
3.NUMERICAL METHOD FOR SPACECLAIM
3.1 FINITE-VOLUME METHOD
3.2 INTRODUTION FVM
4.ANSYS FLUIENT
4.1MODELLING
4.1.1 ANSYS
4.1.2 ANSYS MESH
4.1.3 ANSYS SETUP
5. COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS (CFD)
CHAPTER-2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
CHAPTER-3 CONCLUSION
CHAPTER-4 FUTURE SCOPE
REFERENCES
 METHODOLOGY ADOPTED

1. Model preparation in Space claim

2. Model analysis

3. Results and Discussion

4. Conclusions

5. References

SOFTWARE REQUIRED

1. SPACE CLAIM for preparing model

2. ANSYS for analysis

 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
MODELLING AND ANALYSYS

MODELING
1.Introduction to SPACECLAIM

Space Claim is a computer-aided design (CAD) software developed by Space Claim

Corporation. It is a 3D modelling software that allows users to create and edit 3D
models quickly and easily. One of the main features of Space Claim is its ability to
work with any geometry, regardless of where it comes from. This makes it an ideal tool
for engineers, designers, and architects who need to work with data from multiple
sources, including scanned data and other CAD systems.

Space Claim also includes a range of tools for creating and editing 3D models. Users
can create models using a variety of techniques, including direct modelling, which
allows them to modify geometry quickly and easily using push-pull operations, and
parametric modelling, which allows them to create models that can be easily edited and
modified later. In addition, Space Claim includes tools for creating assemblies and
performing simulations, such as finite element analysis (FEA) and computational fluid
dynamics (CFD). It also includes features for creating 2D drawings.

Space Claim is designed to be easy to learn and use, with an intuitive interface and a
set of powerful tools that allow users to create and manipulate 3D geometry without
having to be experts in traditional CAD software

Some of the key features of Space Claim include:

• Quick sketching and modelling tools that allow users to create new 3D models from
scratch or modify existing ones.

• Easy import/export of CAD files from a variety of different formats, including STEP,
IGES, SAT, and STL.

• A variety of powerful editing tools, including push-pull, move, scale, and rotate
functions, as well as more advanced tools like filleting, chamfering, and shelling.

1
• Real-time analysis tools that allow users to check the integrity and quality of their
models, including tools for measuring distances, angles, and volumes

2.Modelling technology

Space Claim is a solid modelling CAD software that runs on Microsoft Windows and
was developed by Space Claim Corporation. The company is headquartered in
Concord, Massachusetts.

Space Claim Corporation was founded in 2005 to develop 3D solid modelling software
for mechanical engineering. Its first CAD application was launched in 2007 and used
an approach to solid modelling where design concepts are created by pulling, moving,
filling, combining, and reusing 3D shapes.

It was acquired by Ansys in May 2014, Inc, and was integrated into subsequent versions
of Ansys Simulation packages as a built-in 3D modeler. Space Claim Corporation
Markets Space Claim Engineer directly to end-user and indirectly by other channels.
Space Claim also licenses its software for OEMs, such as ANSYS, Flow International
Corporation.

Space Claim’s 3D direct modelling technology is primarily expressed through its user
interface in four tools: pull, move, fill, and combine:

• Pull contains most creation features found in traditional CAD systems, determining
its behaviour through users’ selection and though the use of secondary tool guides. For
example, using the Pull tool on a face by default offsets the face, but using the Pull tool
on an edge rounds the edge.

2
Fig (1)

3
3. NUMERICAL METHOD
3.1 Finite-volume method (FVM)
➢ In this method we will discuss is the finite volume method (FVM). Just as with
the Galerkin method, FVM can be used on all differential equations, which
can be written in the divergence form. This will effectively wrote the equation
sing divergence operators (see section 7.1.3.3). The equation is then integrated
over the volume. We can then apply Gauss’s theorem(see section 7.2.1).
The integrals therefore turned from integrating the differential of the
dependent variable inside of the cells into surface integrals of the fluxes of the
dependent variable across the boundary of the cells. These integrals can
usually be calculated using suitable numerical approximation methods. This
simplifies the differential equation substantially.
➢ We have used similar approaches previously, e.g., when deriving the mass
conservation using Gauss’s theorem (see section 10.5). This approach was
based on the concept that all mass that would “diverge” out of the control
volume must inherently pass the boundary of the control volume at some time.
If this flux is integrated over time, the total change of mass in the control
volume can be derived. FVM uses the same approach. By monitoring the
fluxes of the dependent variable across the boundary of the cells, a
conservation approach and the dependent variables obtained. This is in
contrast to FDM, which seeks to approximate the differentials of the
differential equation, i.e., the changes of the dependent variable across the
cell.
➢ FVM solvers range among the most popular methods in CFD and there are
numerous commercial software packages that use this method.
coordinate system, like in the case of the finite-difference method. Compared to
the finite difference method, The finite-volume method directly utilizes the
conservation laws-the integral formulation of the Navier-Stokes/Euler equations.
It was first employed by McDonald [64] for the simulation of 2-D in viscid flows.
The finite-volume method discretizes the governing equations by first dividing the
physical space into a number of arbitrary polyhedral control volumes. The surface
integral on the right-hand side of Eq. (2.19) is then approximated by the sum of
the fluxes cross in the individual face soft the control volume. The accuracy of the
spatial discretization depends on the particular scheme with which the fluxes are

4
evaluated. There are several possibilities of defining the shape and position of the
control volume with respect to the grid. Two basic approaches can be
distinguished:

Cell-centered scheme
Here the flow quantities are stored at the centroids of the grid cells. Thus, the
control volumes are identical to the grid cells.

Fig (a and b) cell centered and cell vertex

Cell-vertex scheme . Here the flow variables are stored at the grid points. The
control volume can then either be the union of all cells sharing the grid point, or
some volume centered around the grid point. In the former case we speak of
overlapping control volumes, in the second case of dual control volumes. We shall
discuss the pros and cons of cell-centered and cell-vertex formulations in the both chapters
on spatial discretization
The main advantage of the finite-volume method is that the spatial discretization
iscarriedoutdirectlyinthephysicalspace.Thus,therearenoproblemswithanykindof
transformation between the physical and the computational further advantage of the finite-
volume method is that it is very flexible—it can be rather easily implemented on structured
as well as on unstructured grids. This renders the finite-volume method particularly
suitable for the simulation of flows in or around complex geometries.

Since the finite-volume method is based on the direct discretization of the

conservation laws mass, momentum, and energy are also conserved by the
numerical scheme. This leads to another important feature of the approach, namely
the ability to compute weak solutions of the governing equations correctly.
However, one additional condition has to be fulfilled in the case of the Euler

5
equations. This is known as the entropy condition. It is necessary because of the
non-uniqueness of the weak solutions. The entropy condition prevents the
occurrence of Unphysical features like expansion shocks, which violate the second
law of thermodynamics (by decrease of the entropy).As a further consequence of
the conservative discretization, the Rankine-Hugoniot relations, which must hold
across a solution discontinuity (such as a shockwave or a contact discontinuity),
are satisfied directly. It is interesting to note that under certain conditions, the
finite-volume method can be shown to be equivalent to the finite-difference
method, Orto low-order finite-element method. Because of its attractive properties
,the finite volume method is nowadays very popular and in wide use

4. ANSYS FLUIENT
4.1 MODELLING
4.1.1 ANSYS

ANSYS is a widely-used engineering simulation software that enables engineers

to analyze and design products and systems in a virtual environment. The software
provides tools for structural analysis, fluid dynamics, electromagnetics, and more,
allowing engineers to simulate and optimize a wide range of physical phenomena.

Structural Analysis:

With ANSYS, engineers can simulate the behavior of structures and components
under various loads and conditions. The software provides tools for linear and
nonlinear static and dynamic analysis, as well as fatigue analysis and optimization.
ANSYS also supports a wide range of material models, including isotropic,
anisotropic, and orthotropic materials.

Fluid Dynamics:

ANSYS allows engineers to simulate fluid flow and heat transfer in complex
geometries. The software provides tools for both steady-state and transient
analyses, as well as turbulence modeling and multiphase flow. ANSYS also
supports a wide range of boundary conditions, including inlet/outlet conditions,
wall functions, and heat transfer coefficients.

6
Electromagnetics:

ANSYS enables engineers to simulate electromagnetic phenomena, including

electromagnetic fields, electromagnetic waves, and electromagnetic devices. The
software provides tools for both low-frequency and high-frequency analysis, as
well as for circuit simulation and signal integrity analysis.

In addition to these core capabilities, ANSYS also provides tools for system
simulation, acoustics, and other applications. The software supports a wide range
of file formats and interfaces with other CAD and CAE software tools. ANSYS
also provides extensive documentation and training materials to help users get
started and make the most of the software.

Overall, ANSYS is a powerful and versatile tool for engineering simulation that
can help engineers optimize designs and reduce costs and time-to-market.

4.1.2 ANSYS MESH

Mesh generation is the practice of creating a mesh, a subdivision of a continuous
geometric space into discrete geometric and topological cells. Often these cells form a
simplicial complex. Usually the cells partition the geometric input domain. Mesh cells
are used as discrete local approximations of the larger domain. Meshes are created by
computer algorithms, often with human guidance through a GUI, depending on the
complexity of the domain and the type of mesh desired. A typical goal is to create a
mesh that accurately captures the input domain geometry, with high-quality (well-
shaped) cells, and without so many cells as to make subsequent calculations intractable.
The mesh should also be fine (have small elements) in areas that are important for the
subsequent calculations.

Meshes are used for rendering to a computer screen and for physical simulation
such as finite element analysis or computational fluid dynamics. Meshes are composed
of simple cells like triangles because, e.g., we know how to perform operations such as
finite element calculations (engineering) or ray tracing (computer graphics) on
triangles, but we do not know how to perform these operations directly on complicated
spaces and shapes such as a roadway bridge. We can simulate the strength of the bridge,

7
or draw it on a computer screen, by performing calculations on each triangle and
calculating the interactions between triangles.

Fig(2) Aeroplane mesh

Fig (3) Aeroplane with encloser mesh

4.1.3 ANSYS SETUP

Standard k-ε Model

8
K-epsilon (𝑘 −𝜀) turbulence model is the most common model used in Computational
Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for simulating flow characteristics for turbulent flow
conditions. It is a two-equation model, which provides a general definition of
turbulence via solving two transport equations (PDEs) one for the turbulence kinetic
energy (k) and the other is its dissipation rate (𝜀) [13]. The turbulent kinetic energy k
and dissipation 𝜀 are obtained from the following transport equations

In these equations, Gk= Generation of turbulence kinetic energy due to mean velocity
gradient YM=Fluctuation in compressible turbulence to overall dissipation rate 𝐶1𝜀 ,
𝐶2𝜀 , 𝐶3𝜀 = Constants 𝜎𝑘, 𝜎𝜀= Turbulent Prandtl number for k and 𝜀 𝑆𝑘, 𝑆𝜀 = User
defined source terms Here turbulent viscosity 𝜇𝑡 = 𝜌𝐶𝜇 𝑘 2 𝜀 ; where is 𝐶𝜇a constant.

SST k-ω Model

In CFD analysis SST (Shear Stress Transport) 𝑘 −𝜔 is a widely used and two-equation
eddy-viscosity turbulence model. It provides a general solution for the turbulence
kinetic energy (k) and specific dissipation rate of eddy viscosity (𝜔). This model gives
more accurate results in numerical flow analysis of air foil than the standard 𝑘 – 𝜔
turbulence model as it includes transportation of turbulence sheer stress. The proper
transport behaviour can be obtained to the formulation of eddy viscosity [14]. The
turbulent kinetic energy k and dissipation rate of eddy viscosity 𝜔 are obtained from
the following transport equations

9
In these equations, Gk= Generation of turbulence kinetic energy due to mean velocity
gradient 𝐺𝜔 = Generation of 𝜔 𝑌𝑘, 𝑌𝜔 = The dissipation of k and 𝜔 𝜎𝑘, 𝜎𝜔= Turbulent
Prandtl number for k and 𝜔 𝑆𝑘, 𝑆𝜔 = User defined source terms Here turbulent viscosity
𝜇𝑡 = 𝜌𝑘 𝜔 1 max[ 1 𝛼∗ , 𝑆𝐹2 𝛼1𝜔 ] ; where S is the strain rate magnitude, F2 is a
constant, and ∝=Angle of attack.

FLUID FLOW (FLUENT)

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a branch of fluid mechanics that

uses numerical analysis and data structures to analyse and solve problems that involve
fluid flows. Computers are used to perform the calculations required to simulate the
free-stream flow of the fluid, and the interaction of the fluid (liquids and gases) with
surfaces defined by boundary conditions. With high-speed supercomputers, better
solutions can be achieved, and are often required to solve the largest and most complex
problems. Ongoing research yields software that improves the accuracy and speed of
complex simulation scenarios such as transonic or turbulent flows. Initial validation of
such software is typically performed using experimental apparatus such as wind
tunnels. In addition, previously performed analytical or empirical analysis of a
particular problem can be used for comparison. A final validation is often performed
using full-scale testing, such as flight tests.

CFD is applied to a wide range of research and engineering problems in many fields of
study and industries, including aerodynamics and aerospace analysis, hypersonic,
weather simulation, natural science and environmental engineering, industrial system
design and analysis, biological engineering, fluid flows and heat transfer, engine and
combustion analysis, and visual effects for film and games

Turbulence models

In computational modelling of turbulent flows, one common objective is to

obtain a model that can predict quantities of interest, such as fluid velocity, for use in

10
engineering designs of the system being modelled. For turbulent flows, the range of
length scales and complexity of phenomena involved in turbulence make most
modelling approaches prohibitively expensive; the resolution required to resolve all
scales involved in turbulence is beyond what is computationally possible. The primary
approach in such cases is to create numerical models to approximate unresolved
phenomena. This section lists some commonly used computational models for turbulent
flows.

Turbulence models can be classified based on computational expense, which

corresponds to the range of scales that are modelled versus resolved (the more turbulent
scales that are resolved, the finer the resolution of the simulation, and therefore the
higher the computational cost). If a majority or all of the turbulent scales are not
modelled , the computational cost is very low, but the trade-off comes in the form of
decreased accuracy.

In addition to the wide range of length and time scales and the associated computational
cost, the governing equations of fluid dynamics contain a non-linear convection term
and a non-linear and non-local pressure gradient term. These nonlinear equations must
be solved numerically with the appropriate boundary and initial conditions.

BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

As the flow decelerates rapidly near a solid wall, the viscosity effects become
significant in a thin region also known as the boundary layer. Boundary layers are
classified into two main groups: laminar boundary layers at low Reynolds numbers and
turbulent boundary layers at high Reynolds numbers

11
TURBULENT ESPILAN

Fig (4) ALUMINIUM

Fig (5) CARBON FIBER

12
TURBULENTOMEGA

Fig (6) ALUMINIUM

Fig (7) CARBONFIBER

13
LAMINAR

Fig (8) ALUMINIUM

Fig (9) CARBONFIBER

14
5 COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS (CFD)
It is a branch of fluid mechanics that uses numerical analysis and data structures to analyze and solve
problems that involve fluid flows. Computers are used to perform the calculations required to simulate
the free-stream flow of the fluid, and the interaction of the fluid (liquids and gases) with surfaces
defined by boundary conditions. With high speed super computer better solutions can be achieved,
and are often required to solve the largest and most complex problems. Ongoing research yields
software that improves the accuracy and speed of complex simulation scenarios such as transonic
or turbulent flows .Initial validation of such software is typically performed using experimental
apparatus such as wind tunnels. In addition, previously performed analytics or empirical analysis of a
particular problem can be used for comparison. A final validation is often performed using full-scale
testing, such as flight tests.

CFD is applied to a wide range of research and engineering problems in any fields of study and
industries ,including aerodynamics and aerospace analysis, weather simulation, natural science and
environmental engineering, industrial system design an analysis ,biological engineering and fluid
flows, and engine and combustion analysis.

TURBULENCE ESPILAN

Fig (10) ALUMINUM LM25

15
TURBULANCE KINETIC ENERGY

Fig (11) ALUMINUM COMPOSITE WITH CARBONFIBER

TEMPERATURE

Fig (12) ALUMINUM LM25

16
 Fig (13) ALUMINUM COMPOSITE WITH CARBONFIBER

VELOCITY

Fig (14) ALUMINUM LM25

17
 Fig (15) ALUMINUM COMPOSITE WITH CARBONFIBER

TURBULENCE OMEGA

TURBULANCE KINETIC ENERGY

Fig (16) ALUMINUM LM25

18
 Fig (17) ALUMINUM COMPOSITE WITH CARBONFIBER

TEMPERATURE

Fig (18) ALUMINUM LM25

19
 Fig (19) ALUMINUM COMPOSITE WITH CARBONFIBER

VELOCITY

Fig (20) ALUMINUM LM25

20
 Fig (21) ALUMINUM COMPOSITE WITH CARBONFIBER

LAMINAR

VELOCITY

Fig (22) ALUMINUM LM25

21
 Fig (23) ALUMINUM COMPOSITE WITH CARBON FIBER

TEMPERATURE

Fig (24) ALUMINUM LM25

22
 Fig (25) ALUMINUM COMPOSITE WITH CARBON FIBER

ALUMINIUM LM25

EDDY VISCOSITY

Fig (26) TURBULENCE EPSILAN

23
 Fig (27) TURBULENCE OMEGA

TURBULANCE K.E;

Fig (28) TURBULENCE EPSILAN

24
 Fig (29) TURBULENCE OMEGA

TURBULENCE EDDY

Fig (30) TURBULENCE EPSILAN

25
 Fig (31) TURBULENCE OMEGA

STREAMLINE VELOCITY

Fig (32) TURBULENT EPSILAN

26
Fig (33) TURBULENT OMEGA

Fig (34) LAMINAR

27
CARBON FIBER
EDDY VISCOSITY

Fig (35) TURBULENT EPSILAN

TURBULANCE K.E

Fig (36) TURBULENT OMEGA

28
Fig (37) TURBULENT EPSILAN

TURBULENCE EDDY

Fig (38) TURBULENT OMEGA

Fig (39) TURBULENT EPSILAN

STREAMLINE VELOCITY:

29
 Fig (40) TURBULENT EPSILAN

Fig (41) TURBULENT OMEGA

30
Fig (42) LAMINAR

31
 CHAPTER -2
RESULT

RESULT
TURBULENT EPSILAN

ALUMINIUM CARBONFIBER
TURBULENCEK.E 3.80e+001 3.54e+001
;[N/mm^2]
TEMPERATURE[k] 3.50e+002 3.495e+002

VELOCITY[m/s] 7.77e+001 8.07e+001

TABLE (2)

TURBULENT OMEGA:

ALUMINIUM CARBONFIBER

TURBULENCE 3.78e+001 3.54+001

K.E[N/mm^2]
TEMPERATURE[k] 3.5e+002 3.49e+002

VELOCITY[m/s] 7.5e+001 8.075e+001

TABLE (3)

As per the graphs (1-6) result the velocity and turbulence kinetic energy of carbon fiber were high
when compared to aluminum. But because of slower molding Process and less dense, so aluminum
with a carbon fiber composition will be best enough for designing of an aeroplane.

32
K-omega

temperature(k)
3.51E+02

3.50E+02

3.50E+02

3.50E+02

3.50E+02

3.50E+02

3.49E+02

3.49E+02

3.49E+02

3.49E+02

3.49E+02
aluminum LM25 al with carbonfiber

graph (1) temperature variation

turbulance K.E(N/mm^2)
3.80E+01

3.75E+01

3.70E+01

3.65E+01

3.60E+01

3.55E+01

3.50E+01

3.45E+01

3.40E+01
aluminum LM25 al with carbonfiber

graph (2) turbulance K.E variation

33
 Velocity (m/s)
8.20E+01

8.10E+01

8.00E+01

7.90E+01

7.80E+01

7.70E+01

7.60E+01

7.50E+01

7.40E+01

7.30E+01
aluminum LM25 al with carbonfiber

graph (3) velocity variaton

K-epsilon

temperature(k)

3.49E+02
3.49E+02
3.49E+02
3.48E+02
3.48E+02
3.48E+02
3.48E+02
3.48E+02
3.47E+02
aluminum LM25 al with carbonfiber

graph (4)temperature variation

34
 Velocity (m/s)
8.62E+01

8.61E+01

8.61E+01

8.61E+01

8.61E+01

8.61E+01

8.61E+01

8.61E+01
aluminum LM25 al with carbonfiber

graph (5) Velocity variation

turbulance K.E(N/mm^2)
8.50E+01

8.00E+01

7.50E+01

7.00E+01

6.50E+01

6.00E+01
aluminum LM25 al with carbonfiber

graph (6) turbulance K.E variation

35
 CHAPTER -3

CONCLUSION

The material changes for the material of an aero plane from aluminum to aluminum LM25 and
carbon fiber with aluminum composite offers several advantages. The use of aluminum LM25
provides a higher strength-to-weight ratio, improved ductility and best performance other than
the aluminum with carbon fiber composite in the k-omega turbulence model. The use of carbon
fiber reinforced aluminum composite offers even greater weight savings, resulting in even
greater fuel efficiency, longer range, and higher payload capacity when compared with the
aluminum lm25 in the k-epsilon turbulence model. The k-epsilon turbulence model plays a
crucial role thank-epsilon model in optimizing the design of these materials and predicting their
performance in real-world applications. Overall, the use of these materials in aircraft
construction represents a significant step forward in the pursuit of more sustainable and
efficient aviation. The benefits of these materials include lower operating costs, increased
durability, and improved safety. With continued research and development, it is likely that even
more advanced materials will be developed in the future, leading to even greater gains in
efficiency and sustainability for the aviation industry.

36
 CHAPTER-4
Future Scope

The future scope of this project lies in the fact that the aerodynamics analysis of an aircraft
is a vast field of research and development. So, it can be seen that the R&D can be done
in the fields of aero-acoustics. Fluid structure interaction, etc., For this project flow is
assumed to be incompressible and for a zero-degree angle of attack. So, that research can
be done for compressible flow and various values of angle of attack.

37
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