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Lesson1 Reproduction

The document outlines the key differences between asexual and sexual reproduction. It discusses several methods of asexual reproduction including binary fission, budding, fragmentation, spore formation and vegetative propagation. It also covers the processes involved in sexual reproduction in animals and plants including meiosis, gamete formation, fertilization, and embryonic development. The advantages and disadvantages of both asexual and sexual reproduction are presented.

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30 views23 pages

Lesson1 Reproduction

The document outlines the key differences between asexual and sexual reproduction. It discusses several methods of asexual reproduction including binary fission, budding, fragmentation, spore formation and vegetative propagation. It also covers the processes involved in sexual reproduction in animals and plants including meiosis, gamete formation, fertilization, and embryonic development. The advantages and disadvantages of both asexual and sexual reproduction are presented.

Uploaded by

shusuishigaki
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COURSE OUTLINE (FINAL TERM)

I. Organ System
A. Plant and animal
1. Reproduction and Development
2. Digestion
3. Gas exchange
4. Transport and Circulation
5. Regulation of body fluids
6. Chemical and Nervous Control
7. Sensory and Motor Mechanism
8. Feedback Mechanism and Homeostasis
REPRODUCTION
REPRODUCTION

• It is one of the characteristics of life


which aims to continue the existence
of an organism.
• There are two types of reproduction:
asexual reproduction and sexual
reproduction.
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
• it involves only one parent that produces two or more
genetically similar organisms. It occurs mainly in organisms with
a simple structure.
• Unicellular organisms such as bacteria and protists as well as
some plants, fungi and a few animals reproduce asexually.
• In multicellular organisms the new individual will arise from a
cellular division of an ordinary body cell (a somatic cell)
• Organisms that reproduce asexually are found in stable
environments to which they are very well suited.
• There are several ways an organism may reproduce asexually:
• Fission and Budding • Fragmentation • Spore Formation •
Vegetative Reproduction • Parthenogenesis
FISSION
Binary fission. Unicellular organism
divides into two cells of the same
size. It is used by most
prokaryotes. The result is a living
cell produced by division into two
equal or near-equal parts.
BUDDING
• It is the formation of a new
organism by the protrusion of part
of another organism. This may be
found in animal organisms such as
the hydra.
• Budding is like fission except that
the division of the cytoplasm is
unequal

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC


FRAGMENTATION
It is a form of asexual reproduction
where an organism is split into
fragments. Each of these fragments
develop into mature, fully grown
individuals that are a clone of the
original organism. It is seen in some
annelid worms and starfish).
SPORE
FORMATION
• Spores are formed by fungi and
are often contained within a
structure known as a sporangium
which will disintegrate releasing
the spores into the environment.
• When a spore lands in a suitable
environment it will germinate
forming a new fungus.
• Spores are formed by budding.
VEGETATIVE
PROPAGATION
• Many plants are capable of
vegetative reproduction which is
the separation of one plant to
form a new, independent plant.
• Vegetative reproduction may arise
form many parts of a plant
including the leaves and
underground stems.
• Rhizomes are underground stems
that branch and give rise to new
shoots and roots
Advantages and Benefits
of Asexual Reproduction
• No need to spend time and energy
finding a mate
• No need to use energy resources
producing eggs and sperm that
potentially would never be used
Disadvantages and Costs of
Asexual Reproduction
• Lack of variation within the population
means the species is less likely to
survive after environmental change
SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
• Most multicellular organisms reproduce
sexually.
• Sexual reproduction involves male and female
gametes (sperm and eggs) uniting to form a
zygote. This zygote is a unique new individual
introducing variation into a population.
• The cells of multicellular organisms can be
divided into two broad categories:
• Germ cells which give rise to the gametes.
Gametes are the cells that combine in sexual
reproduction to form a new organism.
• Somatic cells are all cells of the body except
for the germ cells.
SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
• Sexual reproduction involves the
following processes:
• Meiotic divisions of the germ cells
produce haploid gametes (one set of
chromosomes) usually ova (eggs) and
sperm.
• The ova and sperm fuse to form a
diploid (two sets of chromosomes)
zygote (single cell).
• This zygote then divides by mitotic
divisions to produce many cells that
differentiate to form the various types
of tissues that make up the new
individual
PLANT SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Double Fertilization

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bUjVHUf4d1I
FERTILIZATION

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY


TYPES OF FERTILIZATION

• External fertilization
occurs in some animals
living in water, like fish or
amphibians. The female
releases a large amount of
ova and the male releases
the sperm cells. Sperm
cells join ova by chance.
TYPES OF FERTILIZATION
• Internal fertilization. The male introduce sperm
cells in the female’s body. It occurs in terrestrial
animals, sharks and rays.
• The embryo can develop in different ways:
– Oviparity. Oviparous lay eggs, with little or no other
embryonic development within the mother.
– Ovoviviparity. Ovoviviparous animals develop within
eggs that remain within the mother's body up until they
hatch or are about to hatch.
– Vivipary. A viviparous animal is an animal where the
embryo develops inside the body of the mother, as
opposed to outside in an egg. The mother then gives
live birth.
Advantages and Benefits
of sexual Reproduction
• The genetic diversity
introduced by sexual
reproduction can allow a
species to survive changing
environmental conditions.
This is a major benefit to
the survival of the species.
Disadvantages and Costs of
sexual Reproduction
• The organism must use energy to produce
germ cells
• The organism may have to change its usual
pattern of activity to ensure these gametes are
brought together at the right time of the year.
• Some reproductive behaviors may attract
predators not only a reproductive mate.
• Reproduction in some species leads to
deadly competition between males.
• The costs of sexual reproduction however
clearly outweigh the costs as reflected by the
fact that nearly all eukaryotic organisms
reproduce sexually.

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