Title : Properties of Steel

Intended Learning Outcomes :

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to :
1. Define steel
2. Enumerate the diferent steel types
3. Identify the various ASTM steel type per steel section provided.
4. Identify the diferent stress points in a mild steel stress-strain diagram
5. Calculate the design strength based using the LRFD
6. Calculate the design strength based using the ASD

Discussions :
What is steel?
Steel is an alloy of iron, carbon, and other metals (manganese, nickel, chromium,
molybdenum, boron, titanium,vanadium, tungsten, cobalt, and niobium). Carbon is added to reduce
ductility and increase hardness. Stainless Steel 11.5 wt% Chromium.

What are the types of steel based from Carbon content?

Steel types can be grouped according to the following:
1. Plain Carbon Steel (<1% carbon)
2. Low-Alloy Steel (<5% carbon)
3. High-Alloy Steel or Specialty Steel (chromium is added for corrosion resistance)
source: Structural Steel Design fourth edition, William T. Segui

What are material Properties of ASTM A36 Steel?

ASTM A36 Material Properties

Material Density Ultimate Ultimate Yield Yield Modulus Modulus Coefficient Ductility
(kg/m3) Strength Strength Strength Strength of of of thermal Percent
Tension Shear Tension Shear Elastcity Rigidity Expansion Elogation
(MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) 10-6/ oC in 50 mm
Structural ASTM-A36 7860 400 250 145 200000 77200 11.7 21
High-Strength Low Alloy
ASTM-A709 Grade 345 7860 450 345 200000 77200 11.7 21
ASTM-A913 Grade 450 7860 550 450 200000 77200 11.7 17
ASTM-A992 Grade 345 7860 450 345 200000 77200 11.7 21
source : Mechanics of Materials Fourth Edition in SI Units, Beer et. Al, pp.746
What are the percent composition of elements typically found in an ASTM A36 steel?

ASTMA36/A36M-08 Steel Chemical Composition

Element Maximum Percentage
Carbon 0.29
Manganese 0.9
Phosphorous 0.04
Sulphur 0.05
Silicon 0.35
Remaining is iron (Fe) percentage and with few negligible impurities.
source :

What are the ASTM Designations approved for use under the NSCP 2015 section 501?
Structural steel material is approved for use for the following :

1. Hot-rolled structural shapes (I, W, WT, S, H, C, Angles shapes, others)

ASTM A36/A36M
ASTM A529/A529M
ASTM A572/A572M
ASTM A588/A588M
ASTM A709/A709M
ASTM A913/A913M
ASTM A992/A992M

2. Structural Tubing
ASTM A500
ASTM-A501
ASTM-A618
ASTM-A847

3. Pipe
ASTM A53/A53M, Gr. B

4. Plates
ASTM A36/A36M
ASTM A242/A242M
ASTM A283/A283M
ASTM A514/A514M
ASTM A529/A529M
ASTM A572/A572M
ASTM A588/A588M
ASTM A709/A709M
ASTM A852/A852M
ASTM A1011/A1011M
 5. Bars
ASTM A36/A36M
ASTM A529/A529M
ASTM A572/A572M
ASTM A709/A709M

6. Sheets
ASTM A606
ASTM A1011/A1011M
HSLAS (High Strength Low-Alloy Steel)
HSLAS-F

What is the typical the Stress – Strain diagram for Mild Steel?
What are examples of hot-rolled steel shapes?

Differentiate ASD from LRFD with respect to NSCP 2015.

502.3.3 Design for Strength using Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)

Ru ≤ ΦRn (502.3-1)

where : Ru = required strength

Rn = nominal strength
Φ = resistance factor
ΦRn = design strength

502.3.4 Design for Strength using Allowable Strength Design (ASD)

Rn
Ra ≤
Ω
(502.3-1)

where : Ra = required strength (ASD)

Rn = nominal strength
Ω = safety factor
ΩRn = design strength

How do we calcute the factored load given the live load and dead load?
203.3 Load Combinations using Strength Design and Load and Resistance Factor Design

1.4(D+F) (203-1)
1.2(D+F+T) + 1.6(L+H) + 0.5(Lr or R) (203-2)
1.2D + 1.6(Lr or R) + (f1L or 0.5W) (203-3)
1.2D + 1.0W +f1L +0.5(Lr or R) (203-4)
1.2D + 1.0E +f1L (203-5)
0.9D + 1.0W + 1.6H (203-6)
0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H (203-7)

f1 = 1.0 for floors in places of public assembly, for Live loads in excess of 4.8 Kpa
f1 = 0.5 for other live loads
203. 4. Load Combinations using Allowable Stress and Strength Design

D+F (203-8)
D+H+F+L+T (203-9)
D+H+F+(Lr or R) (203-10)
D+H+F+0.75[L+T+(Lr or R)] (203-11)
D+H+F+(0.6W or E/1.4) (203-12)

Example 1.1.
Given : Tension Member in a Truss.
Dead Load : 125 KN
Live Load : 34 KN
Roof Live Load : 22 KN
Wind Load : 27 KN

Required : a. What is the required strength Ru for LRFD?

b. If resistance factor Ø is equal to 0.90, what is the required nominal strength?
c. What is the required strength Ra for ASD?
d. If the safety factor Ω is equal to 1.6, what is the required nominal strength?

Solution:
a. Ru1 = 1.4(D+F) = 1.4(125) = 175 KN
Ru2 = 1.2(D+F+T) + 1.6(L+H) + 0.5(Lr or R) = 1.2(125) + 1.6(34) + 0.5(22) = 215.4 KN
Ru3a = 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or R) + (f1L or 0.5W) = 1.2(125) + 1.6(22) + 0.5(34) = 202.2 KN
Ru3b = 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or R) + (f1L or 0.5W) = 1.2(125) + 1.6(22) + 0.5(27) = 198.7 KN
Ru4 = 1.2D + 1.0W +f1L +0.5(Lr or R) = 1.2(125) + 1.0(27) + 0.5(34) + 0.5(22) = 205 KN
Ru5 = 1.2D + 1.0E +f1L = 1.2(125) + 0 + 0.5(34) = 167 KN
Ru6 = 0.9D + 1.0W + 1.6H = 0.9(125) + 1.0(27) + 0 = 139.5 KN
Ru7 = 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H = 0.9(125) + 0 + 0 =112.5 KN
Answer : The required strength Ru is 215.4 KN.

b. Ru ≤ ØRn
215.4 ≤ 0.9(Rn)
Rn ≥ 239.34 KN
Answer : The required nominal strength Rn is 239.34 KN.

c. Ra1 = D+F = 125 KN

Ra2 = D+H+F+L+T = 125 + 0 + 34 = 159 KN
Ra3 = D+H+F+(Lr or R) = 125 + 0 + 22 = 147 KN
Ra4 = D+H+F+0.75[L+T+(Lr or R)] = 125 + 0 + 0.75[34+22] = 167 KN
Ra5 = D+H+F+(0.6W or E/1.4) = 125 + 0 + 0.6(27) = 141.2 KN
Answer : The required strength Ra is 167 KN.

d. Ra ≤ Rn/Ω
167 ≤ Rn/(1.6)
Rn ≥ 167(1.6)KN
Answer. : The required nominal strength Rn is 267.2 KN.
Self Learning Assessment (Problem Set)
1. What is the unit weight of steel, in KN/m3?

2. What is the difference between elastic Limit and proportion limit in the stress-strain diagram?

3. Download the "AISC Shapes Database" and write the following properties of WT 230x88.5 :
A, Sxx, Ixx, Iyy, W, and J. Indicate the version you have used. Use S.I. units

4. Given : Tension Member in a Truss.

Dead Load : 133KN
Live Load : 39 KN
Roof Live Load : 28 KN
Wind Load : 28 KN
Determine the ff:
a. Required Strength, Ru , use LRFD
b. Required Nominal Strength Rn, use ASD

5. What are the advantage(s) of using LRFD against ASD in steel design? Discuss and cite your
source(s).

References :
1. ASEP, Inc. (2015), National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) 2015
2. Segui, W.T. (2007), Structural Steel Design fourth edition, Nelson Thompson Canada Ltd.
3. American Institute of Steel Construction (2019), COMPANION TO THE AISC STEEL
CONSTRUCTION MANUAL Volume 1: Design Examples Version 15.1, AISC USA
Title : Design of Tension Members

Intended Learning Outcomes :

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to :
1. Identify the applicable shear lag factor for a tension member
1. Calculate the nominal tensile strength Pn of a tension member (KN)
2. Calculate the block shear strength
3. Calculate the nominal tensile strength Pn of a pin-connected tension member(KN)

Discussions :
Steel tension members can be found trusses, towers, and cables. Section 504 of the NSCP can be
used as reference for designing tension members. Load and Resistance Factor Design(LRFD) and
Allowable Strength Design(ASD) are both allowed in the NSCP Code.

Section 504 Design of Members for Tension

504.1 Slenderness Limitation
-Preferably L/r ≤ 300
where :
r = governing radius of gyration, mm
L = length of tension member, mm

504.2 Tensile Strength

Tensile Yielding in the gross section
Pn = Fy Ag (504.2-1)
Øt = 0.90 , Ωt = 1.67
Tensile Rupture in the net section
Pn = Fu Ae (504.2-2)
Øt = 0.75, Ωt = 2.0
where : Ae = Effective Net Area, mm2
Ag = Gross Area, mm2
Fy = Specified minimum yield stress, MPa
Fu = Specified minimum tensile strength, MPa

Yielding Failure vs Rupture/Fracture Failure

504.3.2 Net Area

Nominal Dimension of Hole = Bolt Diameter + 2mm

Width of Bolt Hole = Nominal Dimension of Hole + 2mm

or
Width of Bolt Hole = Bolt Diameter + 4mm

An = Ag – Area of Hole(s)

Add s2/4g for bolts in zigzag/diagonal pattern

Effective Net Area, Ae

Ae = U An (504.3-1)
U = Shear Lag Factor , Table 504.3.1
Example 2.1 An A36 steel plate 127 x 13mm carries a Tension force. The steel plate is connected to a
gusset plate by four 16 mm diameter bolts. Use the shear lag factor U = 1.0 for calculations.

a. Determine the design strength for LRFD.

b. Determine the allowable strength for ASD.

Solution:

Gross Area
Ag = 127(13) = 1651 mm2

Nominal Strength based on gross area

Pn = FyAg = 250(1651) /1000 = 412.75 KN

Net Area
Bolt Diameter = 16 mm
Nominal Hole Diameter = 16 + 2 = 18 mm
Bolt Hole Width = 18 + 2 = 20 mm (504.3.2)

Ae = Ag – Ah = 1651 – 2(20x13) = 1131 mm2

Nominal Strength based on effective area

Pn = FuAe = 400(1131) /1000 = 452.4 KN

a.) Design Strength for LRFD

Yielding
Øt Pn = 0.90(412.75) = 371.475 KN

Rupture
Øt Pn = 0.75(452.4) = 339.30 KN (controls)
Answer : The design strength for LRFD is 339.30 KN.

b.) ASD
Yielding :
Pn/Ωt = (412.75)/1.67 = 247.155 KN

Rupture :
Pn/Ωt = (452.4)/2.0 = 226.2 KN (controls)
Answer : The allowable strength for ASD is 226.2 KN.
Example 2.2 An angle bar L 3½ x3½ x 3/8 is attached to a steel plate with a row of 22 mm-diameter
bolts. The tension forces in the angle bar are 155.70 KN dead load and 66.72 KN live load. Determine
the adequacy of the tension member using NSCP 2015 specifications. Let the effective net area be equal
to 85% of the computed net area. Use A36 steel. Fy = 250 MPa, Fu =400 MPa.
Ag = 2.5 in2 = 1612.9 mm2
a.) Consider LRFD
b.) Consider ASD

Solution:

Gross Section :
Pn = Fy Ag = 250(1612.9)/1000 = 403.225 KN

Net Section :
thickness of angle bar = 3/8 in = 9.525 mm
An = Ag - Ah = 1612.9 – (22+4)(9.525) = 1365.25 mm2

Ae = 0.85An = 0.85(1365.25) = 1160.4625 mm2

Pn = Fu Ae = 400(1160.4625)/1000 = 464.185 KN

a) LRFD
Compute the Factored Loads
Pu1 = 1.4 D = 1.4(155.70) = 217.98 KN
Pu2 = 1.2D +1.6L = 1.2(155.70) + 1.6(66.72) = 293.532 KN (controls)
Use Pu = 293.532 KN

Yielding :
ØtPn = 0.90(403.225) = 362.9025 KN

Rupture :
ØtPn = 0.75(464.185) = 348.13875 KN (controls)
Use ØtPn = 348.13875 KN

Compare
Pu < ØtPn
293.532 KN < 348.13875 KN
The section is adequate.

b.) ASD
Pa = D + L = 155.70 + 66.72 = 222.42 KN
Yielding :
Pn/Ωt = (403.225)/1.67 = 241.452 KN
Rupture :
Pn/Ωt = (464.185)/2.0 = 232.0925 KN (controls)
Use Pn/Ωt = 232.0925 KN
Compare
Pa < Pn/Ωt
222.42 KN < 232.0925 KN

The section is adequate.

Example 2.3 Calculate the effective net area if the member is under tension.

Solution :
Ag = 6910.77 mm2 (ASEP Steel Handbook 1994)
Bolt Hole Width = 20 + 4 = 24 mm

An = Ag – Ah = 6910.77 – 2[24x18] = 6046.77 mm2

U = 1 – x/L = 1 – 56.04/200
U = 0.7198 (Table 504.3.1 Case2)

Three fasteners per line in the direction of loading

U = 0.60 (Table 504.3.1 Case8)

The larger value is permitted to be used.

Ae = U An = 0.7198(6046.77) = 4352.465 mm2
Example 2.4 Calculate the effective net area if the welded angle member is under tension.

Solution :
U = 1 – x/L = 1 – 56.04/215 = 0.7393488372

Ae = U An = (0.7393488372)6910.77 = 5109.46 mm2

Example 2.5 An angle bar L200x200x18mm is attached to a steel plate with 3 rows of M20 bolts. Use
NSCP 2015 specifications. Use A36 steel. Fy = 250 MPa, Fu =400 MPa.
Ag = 6910.77 sq.mm.

a. Determine the design strength for LRFD.

b. Determine the allowable strength for ASD.
Solution :
1. Calculate Pn
Gross Section :
Pn = Fy Ag = 250(6910.77)/1000 = 1727.6925 KN

Net Section :

Hole Width, hw = 20 + 4 = 24 mm (standard hole)

Line abde
An = Ag – Ah
An = 6910.77 – 2(24 x 18)
An = 6046.77 mm2

Line abcde (staggered)

An = Ag – Ah + Σ(s2/4g)t
An = 6910.77 – 3(24 x 18) + 2[502/(4x70)]18
An = 5936.198571 mm2

Use An = 5936.20 mm2

U = 1 – x/L = 1 – 56.04/200 = 0.7198 (Table 504.3.1 case 2 )

U = 0.60 (Table 504.3.1 case 8 )

Larger U is permitted to be used

Use U = 0.7198
Ae = UAn = 0.7198(5936.20) = 4272.875 mm2

Pn = Fu Ae = 400(4272.875)/1000 = 1709.150293 KN

2. Determine ØtPn and Pn/Ωt

a.) LRFD
Based on the Gross Section :
ØtPn = 0.90 (1727.6925) = 1554.92 KN

Based on the Net Section :

ØtPn = 0.75(1709.150293) = 1281.86 KN

Answer. Design Strength : ØtPn = 1281.86 KN

b.) ASD
Based on the Gross Section :
Pn/Ωt = (1727.6925)/1.67 = 1034.54 KN

Based on the Net Section :

Pn/Ωt = (1709.150293)/2.0 = 854.57 KN

Answer. Allowable Strength : Pn/Ωt = 854.57 KN

510.4.3 Block Shear Strength

Example 2.6 Calculate the Block Shear Strength of the Angle bar shown. Use standard holes.
Fy = 250 MPa, Fu = 400 MPa . a. Consider LRFD , b. Consider ASD
Solution :

Hole Width = 22 + 2 + 2 = 26 mm (standard hole)

Shear Area
Agv = (75+80+80)(18) = 4230 mm2
Anv = 4230 – 18(2.5 x 26) = 3060 mm2 (2 and ½ hole width)

Tension Area
Ant = (100 – 0.5x26)18 = 1566 mm2

Ubs = 1.0
(Angle bar, gusset plates and most coped beams – Structural Steel Design 4rth Edition page 61, William
T. Segui)
Nominal Strength
Rn = 0.6FuAnv + UbsFuAnt ≤ 0.6FyAgv + UbsFuAnt
Rn = [0.6(400)3060 + 1.0(400)1566]/1000 = 1360.8 KN
Rn ≤ [0.6(250)4230 + 1.0(400)1566]/1000 = 1260.9 KN

Use Rn = 1260.90 KN

a. LRFD
Design Strength, ØRn = 0.75(1260.9) = 945.675 KN
b. ASD
Allowable Strength, Rn/Ω = 1260.9/2.0 = 630.45 KN
Example 2.7 Calculate the Design Strength ØtPn for the Pin-Connected Tension Member shown.

Solution
Tension Rupture on the Net Effective Area

1. Shear Rupture on the Effective Area

 2. Bearing on the Effective Area of the Pin

4. Yielding on the Gross Section

Answer : Design Strength, ØtPn = 43.2 KN

Self Learning Assessment (Problem Set)

1.) An A36 steel plate 127 x 13mm carries a Tension force. The steel plate is connected to a gusset plate
by four 20 mm diameter bolts. Use the shear lag factor U = 0.95 for calculations.

a. Determine the design strength for LRFD.

b. Determine the allowable strength for ASD.
2.) Calculate the Block Shear Strength of the Angle bar shown. Use standard holes.
Fy = 250 MPa, Fu = 400 MPa . a. Consider LRFD , b. Consider ASD

3.) Calculate the Block Shear Strength of the Angle bar shown. Use standard holes. Fy = 250 MPa, Fu =
400 MPa . a. Consider LRFD , b. Consider ASD

Ans. Rn = 2023.2 KN

References :
1. ASEP, Inc. (2015), National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) 2015
2. Segui, W.T. (2007), Structural Steel Design fourth edition, Nelson Thompson Canada Ltd.
3. American Institute of Steel Construction (2019), COMPANION TO THE AISC STEEL
CONSTRUCTION MANUAL Volume 1: Design Examples Version 15.1, AISC USA
Example 3.1 Flexural Buckling W Shape beam
Given : A W200x86 compression member is axially loaded and pin-supported at its ends
Properties
Ag = 11000 mm2
bf/2tf = 5.07
h/tw = 12.4
rx = 92.70 mm
ry = 53.30 mm

Fy = 250 MPa
Fu = 400 MPa
E= 200,000 MPa

K= 1.0 m
L= 7.5 m use Case 2

Required
a.) Φc Pn
b.) Pn/Ωc

Solution
1. Check for Slender Member
Unstiffened Member
0.56√E/Fy = 0.56 x (200000/250)^1/2
0.56√E/Fy = 15.8392

bf/2tf < 0.56√E/Fy (Table 502.4.1 case3)

5.07 < 15.8392 Not a slender member

Stiffened Member
1.49√E/Fy = 1.49 x (200000/250)^1/2
1.49√E/Fy = 42.1436

h/tw < 1.49√E/Fy (Table 502.4.2 case10)

12.4 < 42.1436 Not a slender member
2. Check KL/r
KL/rx = 1 x7.5x1000/92.7
KL/rx = 80.9061

KL/ry = 1 x7.5x1000/53.3
KL/ry = 140.7129

Max KL/r = 140.7129 < 200 OK

3. Calculate Pn
4.71√E/Fy = 4.71 x (200000/250)^1/2
4.71√E/Fy = 133.2189

Max KL/r > 4.71√E/Fy use Case 2

Fe = π2E/(KL/r)^2 = π^2*200000/140.7129^2
Fe = π2E/(KL/r)^2 = 99.6923 MPa
Case 1
Fcr = 0.658^(Fy/Fe)*Fy = 0.658^(250/99.6923)*250
Fcr = 87.5190 MPa

Case 2
Fcr = 0.877Fe = 0.877*99.6923
Fcr = 87.4302 MPa

Use Fcr = 87.4302 MPa

Pn = FcrAg = 87.4302x11000/1000
Pn = 961.731655 KN

4. Calculate ΦcPn and Pn/Ωc

Φc Pn = 0.9x961.7317
Φc Pn = 865.558 KN

Pn/Ωc = 961.7317/1.67
Pn/Ωc = 575.887 KN
Example 3.2 Flexural-Torsional without Slender Element [WT Shape]
Given : A WT230x88.5 compression member is axially loaded and pin-supported at its ends
Properties
Ag = 11400 mm2 y= 51.6 mm
bf/2tf = 5.31 tf = 26.9 mm
d/tw = 14.5 Ix = 49,500,000.00 mm4
rx = 66 mm Iy = 52,400,000.00 mm4
ry = 68.3 mm ro = 102 mm
G= 77200 MPa
Fy = 250 MPa J= 2.21E+006 mm4
Fu = 400 MPa
E = 200,000 MPa

K= 1.0 m
L= 4.5 m

Required
a.) Φc Pn
b.) Pn/Ωc

Solution
1. Check for Slender Member
Unstiffened Member
0.56√E/Fy = 0.56 x (200000/250)^1/2
0.56√E/Fy = 15.8392

bf/2tf < 0.56√E/Fy (Table 502.4.1 case 3)

5.31 < 15.8392 Not a slender member

Stiffened Member
0.75√E/Fy = 0.75 x (200000/250)^1/2
0.75√E/Fy = 21.2132

h/tw < 0.75√E/Fy (Table 502.4.2 case 8)

14.5 < 21.2132 Not a slender member

2. Check KL/r
KxL/rx = 1 x4.5x1000/66
KxL/rx = 68.1818 < 200 Ok

KyL/ry = 1 x4.5x1000/68.3
KyL/ry = 65.8858 < 200 Ok

3. Calculate Pn , Section 505.4 is applied

4.71√E/Fy = 4.71 x (200000/250)^1/2
4.71√E/Fy = 133.2189

Fcr =
( Fcry+Fcrz )
2H
(1− 1−
√
4H×FcryFcrz
( Fcry+ Fcrz)2
) (505.4-2 No.1 )
 use KL/r = KL/ry for flexural buckling on the y-axis of symmetry
Fy
Fe or Fcry=0.877Fe
Fcry=0.658 Fy

since KL/r = 65.8858 < 133.218917576 use Fcry=0.658Fy/ Fe Fy

Fe = π2E/(KL/r)^2 = 454.7221 MPa

Case 1
Fcry = 0.658^(Fy/Fe)*Fy = 0.658^(250/454.7221)*250
Fcry = 198.6109 MPa

Case 2
Fcry = 0.877Fe = 0.877*454.7221
Fcry = 398.79 MPa

KL/ry = 65.8858 < 4.71√E/Fy = 133.22 use Case 1

Use Fcry = 198.6109 MPa

Shear Center for T-Section

xo = 0 mm
yo = y – tf /2 = 51.6 - 26.9/2
yo = 38.15 mm

Ix +Iy
r̄o=x o + y o+
2 2 2
(505.4-7)
Ag
ro2 = 0^2 + 38.15^2 + (49500000+52400000)/11400
ro2 = 10394.0190 mm2 Note: ro given in AISC table

2 2
x +y
H =1− o ̄2 o (505.4-8)
r o
 H = 1 - (0^2+38.15^2)/10394.019
H= 0.8600

GJ
Fcrz=
Ag r̄2o
Fcrz = 77200 x 2210000/(11400 x 10394.019)
Fcrz = 1439.8631 MPa

Fcr =
( Fcry+Fcrz )
2H
Fcry =
(1− 1−
√
4H×FcryFcrz
( Fcry+ Fcrz)2
198.6109 MPa
)

Fcrz = 1439.8631 MPa

H= 0.8600

substitute values Fcr = 952.6289 [1 - √0.63357]

Fcr = 194.3638 MPa

Pn = Fcr Ag (505.4-1)
Pn = 194.3638 x 11400/1000
Pn = 2215.7473 KN

4. Calculate ΦcPn and Pn/Ωc

ΦcPn = 0.9 x 2215.7473
ΦcPn = 1994.17 KN

Pn/Ωc = 2215.7473 /1.67

Pn/Ωc = 1326.79 KN
Pn for Sections with Slender Elements
Example 3.3.
Giiven : A compression member is axially loaded and pin-supported at its ends
Properties :
Section : HSS203.2x101.6x3.2
Fy = 248 MPa h/tdes = 65.9
E = 200000 MPa rx = 43.6 mm
k= 1.0 ry = 74.2 mm
b= 92.7 mm L= 5 m

b/tdes = 31.5 tdes = 2.95 mm

mm2 h= 194 mm Ag = 1740 mm2

Required : Axial Capacity Pn Cross-section
Solution:
1. Check for Slender Elements
b
t des
vs. 1.40
√ E
Fy (Table 502.4.2, Case 12)

31.5 vs. 1.40(200000/248)^0.5

31.5 < 39.76 Not a Slender Element

h
t des
vs. 1.40
√ E
Fy

65.9 vs. 1.4(200000/248)^0.5

65.9 > 39.76 Slender Element
(Susceptible to Local Buckling)
2. Calculate the Max kL/r
kL
= 1(5/43.6) x1000
rx
kL
rx = 114.68

kL
ry
= 1(5/74.2) x1000

kL
ry = 67.39

use max. kL
r
= 114.68 vs
4.71
√ E
Fy
114.68 < 133.76
3. Reduce h (slender element)

beff =1.92t
√[E
f
1−
0.38 E
b /t f
≤b
√]
since h is to be reduced, use h instead of b
use tdes for t
use Fy for f
use h/t for b/t
E/Fy = 806.45

beff = 1.92(2.95√806.45 [1 - 0.38/65.9 x √806.45]:

beff = 134.51 mm < 194 mm Ok

4. Calculate the Effective Area Aeff

2(h- beff) t = 2(194 - 134.51) 2.95 (two legs)
2(h- beff) t = 351.00 mm2

Aeff = Ag - 2(h- beff) t

Aeff = 1740 - 351
Aeff = 1389.00 mm2

5. Calculate the axial capacity Pn

Calculate the reduction factor Q
Q = Qs Qa
Qs = 1 (505.7, User Note)
all members are stiffened
Aeff
Qa =
A

Qa = 1389/1740
Qa = 0.7983

Q= 0.7983
 KL/r

114.68
vs

vs
4.71
√
E
QFy
4.71√(200000/0.7983 x 248)
114.68 < 149.70 (505.7-2 case a.)

π2 E
Fe =
(KL/ r )2 (505.3-4)

Fe = π^2 x 200000/(114.68)^2
Fe = 150.0938 MPa

QFy
Fcr=Q(0.658 Fe )Fy
(505.7-2)

Fcr = 0.7983[ 0.658^(0.7983 x 248/150.0938) ] 248

Fcr = 113.9844 MPa

Pn = Fcr Ag
Pn = 113.9844(1740) /1000
Pn = 198.33 KN
Example 3.4 Flexural Buckling W Shape beam [rx and ry calculated]
Given : A W-Section compression member is axially loaded and pin-supported at its ends
Properties
Ag = 24800 mm2
bf/2tf = 6.25
h/tw = 3
Fy = 248 MPa
Fu = 400 MPa
E= 200,000 MPa

K= 1.0 m
L= 7m

Required
a.) Φc Pn
b.) Pn/Ωc

Solution
1. Calculate rx & ry
Ix = 136426666.6667 mm4 Iy = 104806666.67 mm4

r x=
√ Ix
A
r y=
√ Iy
A

rx = 74.169 mm rx = 65.008 mm

2. Check for Slender member

Unstiffened Member
0.56√E/Fy = 0.56 x (200000/248)^1/2
0.56√E/Fy = 15.9029

bf/2tf < 0.56√E/Fy (Table 502.4.1 case 3)

6.25 < 15.9029 Not a slender member

Stiffened Member
1.49√E/Fy = 1.49 x (200000/248)^1/2
1.49√E/Fy = 42.3132

h/tw < 1.49√E/Fy (Table 502.4.2 case 10)

3 < 42.3132 Not a slender member

2. Check KL/r
KL/rx = 1 x7x1000/74.169
KL/rx = 94.379

KL/ry = 1 x7x1000/65.008
KL/ry = 107.679

Max KL/r = 107.679 < 200 OK

3. Calculate Pn
4.71√E/Fy = 4.71 x (200000/248)^1/2
4.71√E/Fy = 133.7550

Max KL/r < 4.71√E/Fy use Case 1

Fe = π2E/(KL/r)^2 = π^2*200000/107.6786^2
Fe = π2E/(KL/r)^2 = 170.2436 MPa

Case 1
Fcr = 0.658^(Fy/Fe)*Fy = 0.658^(248/170.2436)*248
Fcr = 134.7891 MPa

Case 2
Fcr = 0.877Fe = 0.877*170.2436
Fcr = 149.3037 MPa

Use Fcr = 134.7891 MPa

Pn = FcrAg = 134.7891x24800/1000
Pn = 3342.770 KN

4. Calculate ΦcPn and Pn/Ωc

Φc Pn = 0.9x3342.7701
Φc Pn = 3008.493 KN

Pn/Ωc = 3342.7701/1.67
Pn/Ωc = 2001.659 KN
Example 3.5 Flexural Buckling HSS Shape beam
Given : HSS 304.8x152.4x12.7 compression member is axially loaded and pin-supported at its ends
Properties
Ag = 9870 mm2
b= 117 mm
h= 269 mm
tdes = 11.8 mm
Fy = 248 MPa
Fu = 400 MPa
E= 200,000 MPa
rx = 107 mm
ry= 62 mm
K= 1.0 m
L= 7m

Required
a.) Φc Pn
b.) Pn/Ωc

Solution
1. Check for Slender member
base b
1.4√E/Fy = 1.4 x (200000/248)^1/2
1.4√E/Fy = 39.76

b/tdes < 1.4√E/Fy

9.92 < 39.7573 Not a slender member

height h
1.4√E/Fy = 1.4 x (200000/248)^1/2
1.4√E/Fy = 39.7573

h/tdes < 1.49√E/Fy

22.80 < 39.76 Not a slender member

2. Check KL/r
KL/rx = 1 x7x1000/107
KL/rx = 65.421

KL/ry = 1 x7x1000/62
KL/ry = 112.903

Max KL/r = 112.903 < 200 OK

3. Calculate Pn
4.71√E/Fy = 4.71 x (200000/248)^1/2
4.71√E/Fy = 133.7550

Max KL/r < 4.71√E/Fy use Case 1

Fe = π2E/(KL/r)^2 = π^2*200000/112.9032^2
Fe = π2E/(KL/r)^2 = 154.8521 MPa
Case 1
Fcr = 0.658^(Fy/Fe)*Fy = 0.658^(248/154.8521)*248
Fcr = 126.8631 MPa

Case 2
Fcr = 0.877Fe = 0.877*154.8521
Fcr = 135.8053 MPa

Use Fcr = 126.8631 MPa

Pn = FcrAg = 126.8631x9870/1000
Pn = 1252.139 KN

4. Calculate ΦcPn and Pn/Ωc

Φc Pn = 0.9x1252.1387
Φc Pn = 1126.925 KN

Pn/Ωc = 1252.1387/1.67
Pn/Ωc = 749.784 KN
Title : Design of Compression Members

Intended Learning Outcomes :

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to :
1. Identify a doubly symmetric, singly symmetric, or asymmetric section.
2. Enumerate the modes of failure in compression members(yielding, buckling, etc.)
3. Calculate the nominal compressive strength Pn of a member based from different cases.

Discussions :
Steel compression members can be found on trusses, towers, and structural frames. Section
505 of the NSCP can be used as reference for designing compression members. Load and Resistance
Factor Design(LRFD) and Allowable Strength Design(ASD) are both allowed in the NSCP Code.

Section 505 Design of Members for Compression

505.1 General Provision
Φc Pn (LRFD), Pn/Ωc (ASD)
Φc = 0.90, Ωc = 1.67

Doubly Symmetric
and Singly Symmetric = Flexural Buckling

Singly Symmetric,

Unsymmetric and
Some Doubly Symmetric(Cruciform) = Torsional Buckling, Flexural-Torsional Buckling

505.2 Slenderness Limitations and Effective Length preferably KL/r ≤ 200

502.4.1 Classification of Sections for Local Buckling

λ = b/t or λ = D/t (depends on the section considered)
Compact : λ < λp
Non-Compact : λp < λ < λr
Slender : λr < λ

Stiffened Elements in a Section

*shaded elements are stiffened members

505.4 Compressive Strength for Torsional and Flexural-Torsional Buckling of Members
without Slender Members

Pn = Fcr Ag (505.4-1)
where
Example 3.1 Compact Section/Non Compact Section

Given : A W200x86 compression member is axially loaded and pin-supported at its ends
Properties : A = 11000 mm2, b/tf = bf/2tf = 5.07, h/tw =12.4 , rx = 92.7, ry = 53.3

Fy = 250 MPa, Fu = 400 MPa, K = 1.0, L = 5.5 m

Required : a.) Φc Pn (LRFD) b.) Pn/Ωc (ASD)

Solution :

1. Check for slender elements

Unstiffened element :
0.56× (
√ E
Fy
)=0.56× (
√
200000
250
)=15.839
Table 502.4.1 case 3
bf/2tf = 5.07 < 15.839 not a slender element!

Stiffened element :
1.49× (
√ E
Fy
)=1.49× (
√
200000
250
)=42.144
Table 502.4.2 case 10

h T des
= =12.4<42.144
tw tw not a slender element!

2. Calculate Pn

KL/rx = 1.0(5500)/92.7 = 59.33118

KL/ry = 1.0(5500)/53.3 = 103.18949

Max KL/r = 103.18949

π 2×E π 2×200000
Fe= = =185.37826 MPa
(KL/ r )2 (103.18949)2

Fy 250
( ) ( )
Fe
Fcr=0.658 ×Fy=0.658 185.37826 ×250=142.1675727 MPa

Pn = Fcr Ag = 142.1675727(11000)/1000= 1563.843299 KN

3. Calculate Φc Pn & Pn/Ωc

Φc Pn = 0.90 (1563.843299) = 1407.45 KN

Pn/Ωc = 1563.843299/1.67 = 936.43 KN

Self-Learning Assessment(Problem Set)
1.) Compact Section/Non Compact Section

Given : A W200x86 compression member is axially loaded and pin-supported at its ends
Properties : A = 11000 mm2, b/tf = bf/2tf = 5.07, h/tw =12.4 , rx = 92.7, ry = 53.3

Fy = 250 MPa, Fu = 400 MPa, K = 1.0, L = 6.1 m

Required : a.) Φc Pn (LRFD) b.) Pn/Ωc (ASD)

2.) HSS -Section

3.) What is the difference between a compact section from a non-compact section?

4.) What is Lateral Torsional Buckling? How will it deform a cross-section?

5.) Differentiate yielding failure from buckling failure in a compression member.

References :
1. ASEP, Inc. (2015), National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) 2015
2. Segui, W.T. (2007), Structural Steel Design fourth edition, Nelson Thompson Canada Ltd.
3. American Institute of Steel Construction (2019), COMPANION TO THE AISC STEEL
CONSTRUCTION MANUAL Volume 1: Design Examples Version 15.1, AISC USA
Title : Design of Members for Flexure and Shear

Intended Learning Outcomes :

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to :
1. Define plastic section modulus
2. Define plastic moment
3. Determine the nominal moment capacity of given section
4. Compare the shear capacity with the factored shear
5. Calculate the deflection in a simply-supported beam and check it against the deflection limits
 Plastic Moment
Discussions :
Plastic Moment Defined

Mp= Fy Z

where
Mp = Plastic Moment
Fy = Specified Yield Stress of Steel
Z = Plastic Section Modulus

The plastic moment occurs when all of the fibers in a steel section has yielded under a flexural
stress. Consider a rectangular section shown below. If the section is elastic the stress distribution is
maximum at the top and bottom fibers. In a plastic analysis, the section has yielded such that all
fibers are under the stress Fy.

The plastic neutral axis(P.N.A.) can be defined as a line that divides the section such that the
compressive force on top and and tensile force at bottom are equal. In most sections, we simply
equate the area on top to the area at the bottom to determine the location of the P.N.A.
To calculate the plastic section modulus of the rectangular section below with respect to the
P.N.A., we consider both the area on top and area at the bottom.

Zx = AT yT + AB yB

AT = AB = bh/2
yT = yB = h/4

Zx = (bh/2)(h/4) + (bh/2)(h/4)
Zx = bh2/4

Page 1
Example 4.1 W-Beam with Compact Flange And Compact Web

Given : Simply Supported Beam carrying uniform loads (wL and wD)
Required : Check the Adequacy of the Beam Shown (consider flexure, shear, deflection).
Assume sufficient camber to counter dead load deflection. Use L/360 for deflection.

A36 Steel Load

Fy = 250 MPa wL = 8 KN/m
Fu = 400 MPa wD = 6 KN/m
E= 200000 MPa Length, L = 6m
Length, Lb = 6m
W250X44.8
bf/2tf = 5.7 d= 267 mm
h/tw = 29.5 tw = 7.62 mm
rx = 111 mm bf = 148 mm
ry = 34.8 mm tf = 13 mm
Sx = 531000 mm3
Zx = 600000 mm3
ho = 254 mm
rts = 40.6 mm
J= 259000 mm4 Ix = 70800000 mm4
A= 5700 mm2 W/m = 0.44 KN/m

Solution:
1. Check for Slender Elements
Flange

λp=0.38
√ E
Fy
λp = 10.75 λr =1.0
√ E
Fy
λr = 28.28 (Table 502.4.1, case 1)

bf
λ= λ= 5.7 < λp = 10.75 Compact
2tf

Web

λp=3.76
√ E
Fy
λp = 106.35 λr =5.70
√ E
Fy
λr = 161.22 (Table 502.4.2, case 9)

h
λ= λ= 29.5 < λp = 106.35 Compact
tw

Table 506.1.1
Section C-Section F.Slender W.Slender Limit States
506.2 I C C Y, LTB

2. Calculate Mp
Mp = Fy Zx = 250(600000) /1000^2
Page 2
 Mp = 150.00 KN-m

Yielding Mn = Mp = 150.00 KN-m (506.2-1)

3. Calculate Mn using LTB

Lp=1.76 ry
√ E
Fy
(506.2-5)

Lp = 1.76(34.8) (200000/250)^0.5 /1000

Lp = 1.732 m

√√
2

Lr =1.95 r ts
E Jc
0.7Fy S x h o√1+ 1+6.76
0.7 F y S x ho
EJc ( ) (506.2-6)

c= 1 for doubly-symmetric I -shape

Lr = 3964.956 (1 + 1.550330189 )^0.5 /1000

Lr = 6.332 m

Case 1 : Lb ≤ Lp
Mn = Mp = 150.00 KN.m

Case 2 : Lp < Lb ≤ Lr

[
Mn=Cb Mp−( Mp−0.7Fy Sx)
( Lb−Lp
Lr−Lp )] ≤ Mp (506.2-2)

Cb = 1.136 uniform load, simply supported

Mn = 1.136 [150 - (150 - 0.7 x 250 x 531000/1000^2) x (6 - 1.732)/(6.332 - 1.732)]

Mn = 1.136 [150 - 57.075(0.927833)]
Mn = 110.2419 KN-m < Mp, Ok

Mn = 110.2419 KN-m

Case 3 : Lr < Lb
Mn= Fcr Sx ≤ Mp (506.2-3)

)√
2 2
Fcr=
Cb π E
2
1+0.078
J c Lb
( )
Sx ho r ts
≤ Mp
ππ
( Lb
r ts
(506.2-4)

Fcr = 1.136 x π^2 x 200000/ (6x1000 /40.6)^2 x [1+ 0.078 x 259000 x 1/(531000x254) x (6x1000/40.6)^2 ]^0.5
Fcr = 212.1955 MPa

Page 3
 Mn = 212.1955 x 531000 /1000^2
Mn = 112.6758 KN-m < Mp, Ok

Mn = 112.68 KN-m

This is case 2
LTB: Mn = 110.2419 KN-m

Compare Mp and Computed LTB Mn's

Use Mn = 110.2419 KN-m

4. Calculate Mu
wu = 1.2x6 + 1.6x8
wu = 20 KN/m

Mu = 1/8 x 20 x (6)^2
Mu = 90.00 KN-m

5. Compare Mu and ΦMn

LRFD ΦMn = 0.90 x 110.2419
ΦMn = 99.22 KN-m

Mu < ΦMn , Ok

ASD Ma = 1/8 x (6 + 8)6^2

Ma = 63 KN-m

Mn/Ω = 110.242 /1.67

Mn/Ω = 66.01 KN-m

Ma < Mn/Ω , Ok

6. Consider Shear

Vn=0.6Fy Aw Cv (507.2-1)

Aw = d tw
Aw = 267x7.62
Aw = 2034.54 mm2

V 1=2.24 √ E / Fy
V1 = 63.36

h/tw = 29.5 < 63.36 , 507.2-2 applies

Φv = 1.00
Ωv = 1.50
Cv = 1.00

Vn = 0.6 x 250 x 2034.54 x 1 /1000

Vn = 305.18 KN

Page 4
 ΦVn = 305.181 KN
Vn/Ω = 203.454 KN

Calculate Vu
Vu = 1/2 x (1.2 x 6 + 1.6 x 8) x 6
Vu = 60 KN 99.2

LRFD Vu < ΦvVn Ok

ASD Va = 42 KN
Va < Vn/Ωv Ok

7. Consider Deflection
Midspan Deflection
5wL 4
Δ mid =
384EI
If camber is provided for DL, consider only LL.

Δmid = 5/384 x 8 x (6 x1000)^4 /(200000 x 70800000)

Δmid = 9.53 mm

Limit Δ = L/360 (IBC 2000)

Limit Δ = 16.67 mm

Δmid < Limit Δ, Ok

If NO CAMBER is provider, use DL and LL combination.

Δmid = 5/384 x (8 + 6) x (6 x1000)^4 /(200000 x 70800000)

Δmid = 16.68 mm

Limit Δ = L/240 (IBC 2000)

Limit Δ = 25.00 mm

Δmid < Limit Δ, Ok

Page 5
Example 4.2 W-Beam with Non-Compact Flange And Compact Web

Given : Simply Supported Beam carrying uniform loads (wL and wD)
Required : Check the Adequacy of the Beam Shown (consider flexure, shear, deflection).
Assume sufficient camber to counter dead load deflection. Use L/360 for deflection.

A992M Steel Load

Fy = 345 MPa wL = 15 KN/m
Fu = 450 MPa wD = 7 KN/m
E= 200000 MPa Length, L = 8m
Length, Lb = 8m
W360X147
bf/2tf = 9.34 d= 361 mm
h/tw = 23.5 tw = 12.3 mm
rx = 157 mm
ry = 94.2 mm
Sx = 2570000 mm3
Zx = 2830000 mm3
ho = 340 mm
rts = 105 mm
J= 2240000 mm4 Ix = 4.62E+008 mm4
A= 18800 mm2 W/m = 1.45 KN/m

Solution:
1. Check for Slender Elements
Flange

λp=0.38
√ E
Fy
λp = 9.15 λr =1.0
√ E λr = 24.08
Fy
(Table 502.4.1, case 1)

bf
λ= λ= 9.34
2t f
λp < λ < λr Non-compact

Web

λp=3.76
√ E
Fy
λp = 90.53 λr =5.70
√ E λr = 137.24
Fy
(Table 502.4.2, case 9)

h
λ= λ= 23.5 < λp = 90.53 Compact
tw

Table 506.1.1
Section C-Section F.Slender W.Slender Limit States
506.3 I NC C LTB, FLB

2. Calculate Mp
Page 6
 Mp = Fy Zx = 345(2830000) /1000^2
Mp = 976.35 KN-m

Yielding Mn = Mp = 976.35 KN-m (506.2-1)

3. Calculate Mn using LTB

Lp=1.76 ry
√ E
Fy
(506.2-5)

Lp = 1.76(94.2) (200000/345)^0.5 /1000

Lp = 3.992 m

√√
2

Lr =1.95 r ts
E Jc
0.7Fy S x h o√1+ 1+6.76
0.7 F y S x ho
EJc ( ) (506.2-6)

c= 1 for doubly-symmetric I -shape

Lr = 8585.286 (1 + 1.5810927 )^0.5 /1000

Lr = 13.793 m

Case 1 : Lb ≤ Lp
Mn = Mp = 976.35 KN.m

Case 2 : Lp < Lb ≤ Lr

[
Mn=Cb Mp−( Mp−0.7Fy Sx) ( Lb−Lp
Lr−Lp )] ≤ Mp
(506.2-2)

Cb = 1.14 uniform load, simply supported

Mn = 1.14 [976.35 - (976.35 - 0.7 x 345 x 2570000/1000^2) x (8 - 3.992)/(13.793 - 3.992)]

Mn = 1.14 [976.35 - 355.695(0.408953)]
Mn = 947.2118 KN-m < Mp, Ok

Mn = 947.2118 KN-m

Case 3 : Lr < Lb
Mn= Fcr Sx ≤ Mp (506.2-3)

)√
2 2
Fcr=
Cb π E
2
1+0.078
( )
J c Lb
Sx ho r ts
≤ Mp
π
( Lb
r ts
(506.2-4)

Fcr = 1.14 x π^2 x 200000/ (8x1000 /105)^2 x [1+ 0.078 x 2240000 x 1/(2570000x340) x (8x1000/105)^2 ]^0.5
Fcr = 569.8147 MPa

Page 7
 Mn = 569.8147 x 2570000 /1000^2
Mn = 1464.4238 KN-m > Mp, use Mp

Mn = 976.35 KN-m

This is case 2
LTB: Mn = 947.2118 KN-m

4. Calculate Mn using FLB

Non-Compact Flange :

[
Mn= Mp−( Mp−0.7Fy Sx )
( λ−λ pf
λrf −λ pf )] (506.3-1)

λpf = λp
λrf = λr

Mn = 976.35 - (976.35 - 0.7 x 345 x 2570000 /1000^2) (9.34 - 9.15) /(24.08 - 9.15)
Mn = 971.8067 KN-m

Compare Mp and Computed Mn's

Use Mn = 947.2118 MPa

4. Calculate Mu
wu = 1.2x7 + 1.6x15
wu = 32.4 KN/m

Mu = 1/8 x 32.4 x (8)^2

Mu = 259.20 KN-m

5. Compare Mu and ΦMn

LRFD ΦMn = 0.90 x 947.2118
ΦMn = 852.49 KN-m

Mu < ΦMn , Ok

ASD Ma = 1/8 x (7 + 15)8^2

Ma = 176 KN-m

Ma < Mn , Ok

6. Consider Shear

Vn=0.6Fy Aw Cv (507.2-1)

Aw = d tw
Aw = 361x12.3
Aw = 4440.3 mm2

Page 8
 V 1=2.24 √ E / Fy
V1 = 53.93

h/tw = 23.5 < 53.93 , 507.2-2 applies

Φv = 1.00
Ωv = 1.50
Cv = 1.00

Vn = 0.6 x 345 x 4440.3 x 1 /1000

Vn = 919.14 KN

ΦVn = 919.1421 KN
Vn/Ω = 612.7614 KN

Calculate Vu
wu = 1.2 x 7 + 1.6 x 15
wu = 32.4 KN/m
Vu = 1/2 x(32.4)(8)
Vu = 129.60 KN

LRFD Vu < ΦvVn Ok

ASD Va = 22 KN
Va < Vn/Ωv Ok

7. Consider Deflection
Midspan Deflection
5wL 4
Δ mid =
384EI
camber is provided for DL, consider only LL
Δmid = 5/384 x15 x (8 x1000)^4 /(200000 x 462000000)
Δmid = 8.66 mm

Limit Δ = L/360 = 22.22 mm

Δmid < Limit Δ , OK

Page 9
Example 4.3 Channel-Beam with Compact Flange And Compact Web

Given : Simply Supported Beam carrying uniform loads (wL and wD)
Required : Check the Adequacy of the Beam Shown (consider flexure, shear, deflection).
Assume sufficient camber to counter dead load deflection. Use L/360 for deflection.

A992 Steel Load

Fy = 345 MPa wL = 3 KN/m
Fu = 400 MPa wD = 2 KN/m
E= 200000 MPa Length, L = 4.8 m
Length, Lb = 4.8 m
C230X30
b/t = 6.42 d= 229 mm
h/tw = 16.8 tw = 11.4 mm
rx = 81.8 mm b= 67.3 mm
ry = 16.3 mm tf = 10.5 mm
Sx = 221000 mm3
Zx = 277000 mm3
ho = 218 mm Cw = 10600000000 mm6
rts = 21.6 mm Iy = 1000000 mm4
J= 178000 mm4 Ix = 25300000 mm4
A= 3790 mm2 W/m = 0.29 KN/m

Solution:
1. Check for Slender Elements
Flange

λp=0.38
√ E
Fy
λp = 9.15 λr =1.0
√ E
Fy
λr = 24.08 (Table 502.4.1, case 1)

b
λ= λ= 6.42 < λp = 9.15 Compact
t

Web

λp=3.76
√ E
Fy
λp = 90.53 λr =5.70
√ E
Fy
λr = 137.24 (Table 502.4.2, case 9)

h
λ= λ= 16.8 < λp = 90.53 Compact
tw

Table 506.1.1
Section C-Section F.Slender W.Slender Limit States
506.2 C C C Y, LTB

2. Calculate Mp
Mp = Fy Zx = 345(277000) /1000^2
Page 10
 Mp = 95.57 KN-m

Yielding Mn = Mp = 95.57 KN-m (506.2-1)

3. Calculate Mn using LTB

Lp=1.76 r y
√ E
Fy
(506.2-5)

Lp = 1.76(16.3) (200000/345)^0.5 /1000

Lp = 0.691 m

√√
2

Lr =1.95 r ts
E
√Jc
0.7Fy S x h o
1+ 1+6.76
EJc (
0.7 F y S x ho
) (506.2-6)

for channel c=
ho
2 √ Iy
Cw
(506.2-8b)

c = 218/2 (1000000/10600000000)^0.5
c = 1.0587016

Lr = 2181.592 (1 + 1.2822697856 )^0.5 /1000

Lr = 3.296 m

Case 1 : Lb ≤ Lp
Mn = Mp = 95.57 KN.m

Case 2 : Lp < Lb ≤ Lr

[
Mn=Cb Mp−( Mp−0.7Fy Sx) ( Lb−Lp
Lr−Lp )] ≤ Mp (506.2-2)

Cb = 1.14 uniform load, simply supported

Mn = 1.14 [95.565 - (95.565 - 0.7 x 345 x 221000/1000^2) x (4.8 - 0.691)/(3.296 - 0.691)]

Mn = 1.14 [95.565 - 42.1935(1.577429)]
Mn = 33.0688 KN-m < Mp, Ok

Mn = 33.0688 KN-m

Page 11
Case 3 : Lr < Lb
Mn= Fcr Sx ≤ Mp (506.2-3)

√
2
J c Lb
( )
2
Cb π E
Fcr= 2
1+0.078
Sx ho r ts
π Lb
r ts( ) (506.2-4)

Fcr = 1.14 x π^2 x 200000/ (4.8x1000 /21.6)^2 x [1+ 0.078 x 178000 x 1.05870158996942/(221000x218) x (4.8x1000/21.6)^2 ]^0.5
Fcr = 182.6506 MPa

Mn = 182.6506 x 221000 /1000^2

Mn = 40.3658 KN-m < Mp, Ok

Mn = 40.3658 KN-m

This is case 3
LTB: Mn = 40.3658 KN-m

Compare Mp and Computed Mn's

Use Mn = 40.3658 KN-m

4. Calculate Mu
wu = 1.2x2 + 1.6x3
wu = 7.2 KN/m

Mu = 1/8 x 7.2 x (4.8)^2

Mu = 20.74 KN-m

5. Compare Mu and ΦMn

LRFD ΦMn = 0.90 x 40.3658
ΦMn = 36.33 KN-m

Mu < ΦMn , Ok

ASD Ma = 1/8 x (2 + 3)4.8^2

Ma = 14.4 KN-m

Mn/Ω = 40.366 /1.67

Mn/Ω = 24.17 KN-m

Ma < Mn/Ω , Ok

6. Consider Shear

Vn=0.6Fy Aw Cv (507.2-1)

Aw = d tw
Aw = 229x11.4
Aw = 2610.6 mm2

Page 12
 V 1=2.24 √ E / Fy
V1 = 53.93

assume unstiffened webs

kv = 5

1.1(kv E/Fy)^0.5 = 59.22

h/tw = 16.80 < 59.22

if
h
tw
≤1.1 kv
√E
Fy Cv = 1.0 (507.2-3)

Φv = 0.90
Ωv = 1.67
Cv = 1.00

Vn = 0.6 x 345 x 2610.6 x 1 /1000

Vn = 540.39 KN

ΦVn = 486.35478 KN
Vn/Ω = 323.58934 KN

Calculate Vu
Vu = (1.2 x 2 + 1.6 x 3)4.8/2
Vu = 17.28 KN

LRFD Vu < ΦvVn Ok

ASD Va = 5 KN
Va < Vn/Ωv Ok

7. Consider Deflection
Midspan Deflection
5wL 4
Δ mid =
384EI
If camber is provided for DL, consider only LL.

Δmid = 5/384 x 3 x (4.8 x1000)^4 /(200000 x 25300000)

Δmid = 4.10 mm

Limit Δ = L/360
Limit Δ = 13.33 mm

Δmid < Limit Δ, Ok

If NO CAMBER is provider, use DL and LL combination.

Δmid = 5/384 x (3 + 2) x (4.8 x1000)^4 /(200000 x 25300000)

Page 13
 Δmid = 6.83 mm

Limit Δ = L/240
Limit Δ = 20.83 mm

Δmid < Limit Δ, Ok

Page 14
Self-Learning Assessment(Problem Set)
1.) Derive/Calculate the plastic section modulus of a solid circle section with a given diameter “d”.
Ans. Z = d3/6

2.) Consider an wide flange given below

Given : Simply Supported Beam carrying uniform loads (wL and wD)
Required : Check the Adequacy of the Beam Shown (consider flexure, shear, deflection).
Assume sufficient camber to counter dead load deflection. Use L/360 for deflection.

A36 Steel Load

Fy = 250 MPa wL = 8 KN/m
Fu = 400 MPa wD = 6 KN/m
E= 200000 MPa Length, L = 6m
Length, Lb = 6m
Use the section below.
W250X67

References :
1. ASEP, Inc. (2015), National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) 2015
2. Segui, W.T. (2007), Structural Steel Design fourth edition, Nelson Thompson Canada Ltd.
3. American Institute of Steel Construction (2019), COMPANION TO THE AISC
STEEL CONSTRUCTION MANUAL Volume 1: Design Examples Version 15.1, AISC
USA

Page 15
Title : Bolted Connection

Intended Learning Outcomes :

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to :
1. Differentiate a Simple Connection from a Moment Connection
2. Differentiate a Slip-Critical Connection from a Bearing Connection
3. Calculate the Nominal Strength of Connection Rn of the Bolted Connnection

Discussions :
Part A. Simple Connection

Types of Bolted Shear Connection failures

Single Shear Failure
Double Shear Failure
Excessive Tension, Shear and Bending
in the parts connected
Bearing Failure

Bearing Strength (510.3.10)

Tear-out Failure

Page 1
Page 2
Page 3
Page 4
Part B. Moment Connection

Page 5
Page 6
Page 7
Page 8
Slip-Critical Connection
Given : Use A36M Steel for both gusset plate and plate
Fy = 250 KN
Fu = 400 KN
t= 15 mm ,Gusset Plate
t= 13 mm ,Plate
d= 20 mm ,M 20 A325M
Required : Design Strength of the Connection, Use Standard Holes, Use Threads in Shear Plane

Solution:

1. Consider Nominal Bearing Strength

Use smaller t t= 13 mm
Rn=2.4 d t F u
Rn = 2.4(20)(13)(400)
Rn = 249.6 KN /bolt

Holes near edge(1,3)

h= 22
Lc = Le – h/2
Lc = 40 - 22/2
Lc = 29 mm

Rn = 1.2 Lc t Fu
Rn = 1.2(29)(13)(400)/1000
Rn = 180.960 KN < 249.6 KN
use Rn = 180.960 KN/bolt
Other holes(2,4)
Lc = s – h
Lc = 75 - 22
Lc = 53 mm

Rn = 1.2 Lc t Fu
Rn = 1.2(53)(13)(400)/1000
Rn = 330.720 > 249.6 KN
use Rn = 249.600 KN/bolt

All Holes
Rn = 2(180.96) + 2(249.6)
Rn = 861.120 KN

Page 9
2. Consider Nominal Shear Strength
Ab = π/4 (20)^2
Ab = 314.159 mm2

For A325M Bolts

Fnv = 372 MPa , from Table 510.3.2
Fnt = 620 MPa

Rn = Fnv(Ab)
Rn = 372(314.159)/1000
Rn = 116.867 KN /bolt
Use 4-Bolts
Rn = 467.469 KN

3. Nominal Slip-Critical Strength

Rn =μ Du hsc Tb Ns

μ= 0.35 Class A surface – Unpainted

Du = 1.13 Default Multiplier
hsc = 1.0 hole factor, Standard Hole
Tb = 142 KN Min. Fastener Tension (Table 510.3.1)
Ns = 1 Number of Slip Planes

Rn = 0.35(1.13)(1)(142)(1)
Rn = 56.161 KN /bolt
Use 4-Bolts
Rn = 224.644 KN

4. Tension on Gross Area

Pn = Fy Ag
Pn = 250(155 x 13) /1000
Pn = 503.750 KN

5. Tension on Net Area

Pn = Fu Ae
Pn = 400(155 - 2(20 + 4))13 /1000
Pn = 556.400 KN

6. Block Shear Strength

Hole Width = 20 + 4 = 24 mm
Agv = (40+75)13
Agv = 1495.00 mm2

Anv = 1495 - (1.5 x 24)13

Page 10
 Anv = 1027.00 mm2

Ant = 1495 - (1.5 x 24)13

Ant = 1027.00 mm2

R n =0.6 F u A nv+U bs F u A nt ≤0.6 Agv F y+U bs Fu A nt (510.4-5)

Rn1 = [0.6(400)1027 + 1.0(400)1027] /1000
Rn1 = 657.280 KN

Rn2 = [0.6(1495)250 + 1.0(400)1027] /1000

Rn2 = 635.050 KN
Rn1≤Rn2
use Rn = 635.050 KN

Strength Summary
Bolt Strength Rn (KN) Φ ΦRn (KN)
Bearing 861.120 0.75 645.84
Shear 467.469 0.75 350.60
prevent slip at
Slip-Critical 224.644 0.85 190.95 the required
strength level

Plate Strength Rn (KN) Φ ΦRn (KN)

Tension on 503.750 0.90 453.38
Gross Area
Tension on
556.400 0.75 417.30
Net Area
Block Shear 635.050 0.75 476.29

Answer : Design Strength of the Connection is ΦRn = 190.95 KN

Page 11
Combined Shear and Tension in Slip-Critical Connection(510.3.9)
Given :
PD = 42 KN
PL = 80 KN
Fy = 250 KN
Fu = 400 KN
Column
tf = 20.6 mm
Bracket
tf = 18.2 mm
Use M16 Bolts, A325M
d= 16 mm
Use A36M Steel for both column and bracket
Neglect Prying Action!

Required : Check the adequacy of the slip-critical connection

Use Standard Holes
Use Threads in Shear Plane
Use LRFD

Solution:
1. Consider Nominal Bearing Strength
Use smaller tf t= 18.2 mm
Rn=2.4 d t F u

Rn = 2.4(16)(18.2)(400)
Rn = 279.552 KN /bolt
Use 4-Bolts
Rn = 1118.208 KN

2. Consider Nominal Shear Strength

Ab = π/4 (16)^2
Ab = 201.062 mm2

For A325M Bolts

Fnv = 372 MPa , from Table 510.3.2
Fnt = 620 MPa

Page 12
 Rn = Fnv(Ab)
Rn = 372(201.062)/1000
Rn = 74.795 KN /bolt
Use 4-Bolts
Rn = 299.180 KN

3. Calculate Shear and Tension Force per Bolt

Pu = 1.2D + 1.6L
Pu = 1.2(42) + 1.6(80)
Pu = 178.40 KN
Force per Bolt
Pu = 178.4/4
Pu = 44.60 KN/bolt

Shear Force Per Bolt

Pu sin30o = 44.6 sin 30
Pu sin30o = 22.30 KN/bolt
Vu = Pu sin30o

Tension Force Per Bolt

Pu cos30o = 44.6 cos 30
Pu cos30o = 38.62 KN/bolt
Tu= Pu cos30o

4. Combined Shear and Tension

Tb = 91 KN , from Table 510.3.1

Du = 1.13 ,multiplier see Section 510.3.7
hsc = 1.0 ,standard size hole
μ= 0.35 ,Class A surface
Ns = 1 Number of Slip Planes
Nb = 4 Number of Bolts
Tu
ks=1 – (510.3-5a)
D u Tb N b
ks = 1 - 38.62/(1.13*91*4)
ks = 0.9061
Rn=k s μ D u h sc T b Ns
Rn = 0.9061 (0.35)(1.13)(1)(91)(1)
Rn = 32.611 KN/bolt

Strength Summary Per Bolt

Strength Rn Φ ΦRn vs. Pu Remarks
Bearing 279.552 0.75 209.66 > 22.30 Ok
Shear 74.795 0.75 56.096 > 22.30 Ok
Combined
Checked
Shear and 32.611 0.85 27.72 > 22.30 Ok against
Tension shear

Page 13
Answer : Slip-Critical Connection is Adequate!

Page 14
Combined Shear and Tension in Bearing-Type Connection(510.3.7)
Given :
PD = 45 KN
PL = 80 KN
Fy = 248 KN
Fu = 400 KN
Column
tf = 21 mm
Bracket
tf = 19 mm

d= 22 mm A325M Bolt
Use A36M Steel for both column and bracket
Neglect Prying Action!

Required : Check the adequacy of the bearing-type connection

Use Standard Holes
Use Threads in Shear Plane
Use LRFD

Solution:
1. Consider Nominal Bearing Strength
Use smaller tf t= 19 mm
Rn=2.4 d t F u

Rn = 2.4(22)(19)(400)
Rn = 401.28 KN /bolt
Use 4-Bolts
Rn = 1605.120 KN

2. Consider Nominal Shear Strength

Ab = π/4 (22)^2
Ab = 380.133 mm2

For A325M Bolts

Fnv = 372 MPa , from Table 510.3.2
Fnt = 620 MPa

Page 1
 Rn = Fnv(Ab)
Rn = 372(380.133)/1000
Rn = 141.409 KN /bolt
Use 4-Bolts
Rn = 565.637 KN

3. Calculate Shear and Tension Force per Bolt

Pu = 1.2D + 1.6L
Pu = 1.2(45) + 1.6(80)
Pu = 182.00 KN
Force per Bolt
Pu = 182/4
Pu = 45.50 KN/bolt

Shear/Bearing Force Per Bolt

Pu sin30o = 45.5 sin 30
Pu sin30o = 22.75 KN/bolt
Vu = Pu sin30o

Tension Force Per Bolt

Pu cos30o = 45.5 cos 30
Pu cos30o = 39.40 KN/bolt
Tu= Pu cos30o

4. Combined Shear and Tension

Fnt f v
F'nt =1.3Fnt− ≤F (510.3-3a)
ΦFnv nt
fv = Vu/Ab
fv = 22.75*1000/(380.133)
fv = 59.848 MPa

F'nt = 1.3(620) - 620(59.848)/(0.75(372)

F'nt = 673.006 MPa > Fnt 620MPa
Use F'nt = 620.000 MPa

Rn = F'nt Ab (510.3-2)
Rn = 620(380.133)/1000
Rn = 235.682 KN /bolt

Strength Summary Per Bolt

Strength Rn Φ ΦRn vs. Pu Remarks
Bearing 401.280 0.75 300.96 > 22.75 Ok
Shear 141.409 0.75 106.057 > 22.75 Ok
Combined
Shear and 235.682 0.75 176.76 > 39.40 Ok
Tension

Answer : Bearing Type Connection is Adequate!

Page 2
Simplified Analysis

Column W200x86 A36 M Steel for Column and Steel

tf = 20.6 mm Fy = 250 MPa
Fu = 400 MPa
Bracket WT205x425 Bearing-Type Connection is Assumed
tf = 12.2 mm M 20 Bolts are used. A325M
Fnv = 372 MPa
e= 175 mm Fnt = 620 MPa
Loads
PD = 45 KN Threads are in shear plane.
PL = 85 KN

Required : Check the adequacy of the connection. Use LRFD.

Use the simplified method.

Solution :
1. Determine the Shear Strength
Ab = π/4(d)2
Ab = (π/4)20^2
Ab = 314.1593 mm2

Rn = Fnv Ab
Rn = 372(314.1593)/1000
Rn = 116.8672 KN /bolt

2. Determine the Bearing Strength

h= 20 + 2 = 22 mm
a. Near Edge hole b. Other holes
Lc = Le – h/2 Lc = Le – h
Lc = 40 - 22/2 Lc = 60 - 22

Page 3
 Lc = 29 mm Lc = 38 mm

Rn = 1.2Lc t Fu Rn = 1.2Lc t Fu
Rn = 1.2(29)(12.2)(400) /1000 Rn = 1.2(38)(12.2)(400) /1000
Rn = 169.824 KN Rn = 222.528 KN

Limit Rn = 2.4 d t Fu
Limit Rn = 2.4(20)(12.2)(400) /1000
Limit Rn = 234.2 KN

3. Factored Load
Pu = 1.2(45) + 1.6(85) Mu = Pu e
Pu = 190 KN Mu = 190(175)
Vu = 190 /8 Mu = 33250 KN-mm
Vu = 23.75 KN (Shear)

4. Calculate rt
Mu = ∑ Mc
Mu = 2rt (90 + 30 + 30 + 90)
33250 = 2rt (240)
rt = 69.27 KN

5. Calculate Tensile Strength

Shear Stress
Vu
f v=
Ab
fv = 23.75(1000) / 314.1593
fv = 75.599 MPa

Fnt f v
F'nt =1.3Fnt− ≤F
ΦFnv nt
F'nt = 1.3(620) - (620 x 75.599) / (0.75 x 372) ≤ 620 MPa
F'nt = 638.003 MPa

use F'nt = 620.000 MPa

Rn = F'nt Ab
Rn = 620 (314.159)
Rn = 194.779 KN/bolt

Summary
Strength per Bolt Rn(KN) Φ ΦRn (KN) vs Factored Load(KN) Remarks
Shear 116.867 0.75 87.65 > 23.75 ok
Bearing 169.824 0.75 127.37 > 23.75 ok
Tensile 194.779 0.75 146.08 > 69.27 ok

Answer : The section is adequate!

Page 4
Given : Bearing-Type Connection, Threads in Shear Plane
Bolts M 22 A325M Plate A36M Steel t= 7 mm
Fnv = 372 MPa Fy = 248 MPa s= 80 mm
Fnt = 620 MPa Fu = 400 MPa

Load
PD = 25 KN
PL = 35 KN
θ= 15 o

Required : Check the Adequacy of the Connection, Use the Elastic Analysis

Solution:
1. Calculate the Bolt Shear Strength
Rn = Fnv Ab
Rn = 372 [ π/4 (22)^2] /1000
Rn = 141.409 KN /bolt

ΦRn = 0.75(141.409)
ΦRn = 106.057 KN /bolt

2. Calculate the Bearing Strength

h= 22 + 2 = 24 mm
Near Edge Hole Other Holes
Lc = 40 - 24 /2 = 28 mm Lc = 80 - 24 = 56 mm
Rn = 1.2Lc t Fu Rn = 1.2Lc t Fu
Rn = 1.2(28)(7)400 /1000 Rn = 1.2*(56)(7)400 /1000
Rn = 94.080 KN /bolt Rn = 188.160 KN /bolt

Limit Rn = 2.4 d t Fu
Limit Rn = 2.4(22)(7)400 /1000
Limit Rn = 147.840 KN /bolt

ΦRn = 0.75(94.08)
ΦRn = 70.560 KN /bolt

Use ΦRn = 70.560 KN /bolt

Page 5
3. Calculate Direct Shear
Pu = 1.2PD + 1.6 PL Components of Pu
Pu = 1.2(25) + 1.6(35) Pu cosθ = 86cos(15)
Pu = 86.00 KN

Components of Pu
Pu cosθ = 86 cos(15) Pu sinθ = 86 sin(15)
Pu cosθ = 83.0696 KN ↓ Pu sinθ = 22.2584 KN ←

For Any Bolt (Equal Force Distribution)

Pcy = (Pu cosθ) /5 Pc /bolt = 17.20 Kn/bolt
Pcy = 16.614 KN /bolt KN ↓
Pcx = (Pu sinθ) /5
Pcx = 4.452 KN /bolt KN ←

4. Locate the Center of Rigidity

y= 80 mm (By Inspection)

Moment about Line 1-4

AT x = Σ Ai xi
5(x) = 3(0) + 2(80)
x= 32 mm

5. Calculate Moment Mu
Mu = Σ Mo
Mu = Pu cosθ(ex) - Pu sinθ(ey)
Mu = 83.0696 [80 + 40 + 2(80) - 32] - 22.2584(80 + 40)
Mu = 83.0696[248] - 22.2584[120]
Mu = 17930.253 KN-mm

Page 6
6. Calculate Shear due to Eccentricity
Σr2 = Σ(x2 + y2) Bolt x y x2 y2
Σr2 = 7680 + 25600 1 -32 80 1024 6400
Σr =
2
33280 mm 2
2 48 80 2304 6400
3 -32 0 1024 0
4 -32 -80 1024 6400
5 48 -80 2304 6400
Σ 7680 25600
Consider Bolt 5 (most stressed)

P mx =M
( ) y
Σr 2
Pmx = 17930.253(80/33280)
P my =M
( )
x
Σr 2
Pmy = 17930.253(48/33280)
Pmx = 43.102 KN ← Pmy = 25.861 KN ↓

Total Shear = Direct Shear + Shear due to Eccentricity

Px = Pcx + Pmx Py = Pcy + Pmy
Px = 4.452 + 43.102 Py = 16.614 + 25.861
Px = 47.553 KN ← Py = 42.475 KN ↓

Pu 5=√( Px +Py )
2 2
= (47.553^2 + 42.475^2)^05 = 63.761 KN , ΦRn = 70.560 KN

Pu5 < ΦRn , Answer : The connection is Adequate!.

Page 7
Given : Bearing-Type Connection, Threads in Shear Plane
Bolts M 20 A325M Plate A36M Steel t= 18 mm
Fnv = 372 MPa Fy = 248 MPa s= 60 mm
Fnt = 620 MPa Fu = 400 MPa

Load
PD = 25 KN
PL = 35 KN

Required : Check the Adequacy of the Connection, Use the Instantaneous Center Method.

Solution:
1. Calculate the Bolt Shear Strength
Rn = Fnv Ab
Rn = 372 [ π/4 (20)^2] /1000
Rn = 116.867 KN /bolt

ΦRn = 0.75(116.867)
ΦRn = 87.650 KN /bolt

2. Calculate the Bearing Strength

h= 20 + 2 = 22 mm
Near Edge Hole Other Holes
Lc = 40 - 22 /2 = 29 mm Lc = 60 - 22 = 38 mm
Rn = 1.2Lc t Fu Rn = 1.2Lc t Fu
Rn = 1.2(29)(18)400 /1000 Rn = 1.2*(38)(18)400 /1000
Rn = 250.560 KN /bolt Rn = 328.320 KN /bolt

Limit Rn = 2.4 d t Fu
Limit Rn = 2.4(20)(18)400 /1000
Limit Rn = 345.600 KN /bolt

ΦRn = 0.75(250.56)
ΦRn = 187.920 KN /bolt

Use ΦRn = 87.650 KN /bolt (Bolt Shear Strength Controls!)

Limit Rn = 116.867 KN /bolt

Page 8
3. Calculate Factored Load
Pu = 1.2PD + 1.6 PL
Pu = 1.2(25) + 1.6(35)
Pu = 86.00 KN

4. Locate the Center of Rigidity

y= 90 mm (By Inspection)
Moment about Line 1-4
AT x = Σ Ai xi
5(x) = 3(0) + 2(60)
x= 24 mm

3. Calculate The Bolt Reactions and the magnitude of P

−0.3937Δ 0.55 r
R=329.1684 (1−e ) Δ= Δ max
r max
Try d = 10 mm Δmax = 8.636 mm
rmax = 114.018 mm TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
Bolt x (mm) y(mm) r(mm) Δ(mm) R(KN) Rx Ry rR(KN-m)
1 10 90 90.554 6.859 316.81 314.88 34.986 28.689
2 70 90 114.018 8.636 323.08 255.02 198.352 36.837
3 10 0 10.000 0.757 156.19 0.00 156.195 1.562
4 10 -90 90.554 6.859 316.81 -314.88 34.986 28.689
5 70 -90 114.018 8.636 323.08 -255.02 198.352 36.837
Σ 0 622.872 132.613

Equilibrium :
ΣFx = 0
ΣFy = 0 P = ΣRy = 622.87 KN
ΣMI.C. = 0 P(d + s + 40+ 1.5s)/1000 - 132.61 = ΣMI.C.
622.87(10 + 60 +40+1.5(60))/1000 - 132.613 = -8.039 KN-m
Negligible Difference!
4. Calculate the Design Strength ΦP of the Connection

Page 9
 P n=P
[ ] Rn
R max
Pn = 622.872(116.867/329.1684) (Based of Limit Rn)
Pn = 221.143 KN

ΦPn = 0.75(221.143) (Design Strength of the Connection)

ΦPn = 165.86 KN > 86.00 KN , Ok.

Answer : The Connection is Adequate!

Visibility TRUE
FALSE

Try d = 12.426 mm

Page 10
Page 11
Page 12
Page 13
Self-Learning Assesment( Problem Set)
P1. Simple Connection

P2. Moment Connection

References :
1. ASEP, Inc. (2015), National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) 2015
2. Segui, W.T. (2007), Structural Steel Design fourth edition, Nelson Thompson Canada Ltd.
3. American Institute of Steel Construction (2019), COMPANION TO THE AISC STEEL
CONSTRUCTION MANUAL Volume 1: Design Examples Version 15.1, AISC USA

Page 14