Unit – I

FOUNDATIONAL CONCEPTS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

CHAPTER – 1
BASICS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE?
INTELLIGENCE
Intelligence refers to the ability to understand, distinguish, question things/
objects/feelings/situations/ people along with acquiring and applying knowledge and skills in
various domains.
Intelligence refers to the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills in various
domains. In other words, intelligence is the:
 faculty of understanding
 ability to interact with the real world
 capacity of learning, reasoning and understanding e.g., recognising speech, recognizing
objects and images
 application of acquired knowledge e.g., ability to take action: to have an effect
 aptitude in grasping truths, feels, meaning etc. i.e., continuous leaming and adapting
graph
 mental alertness
 using mental capacity and knowledge for decisions, such as :
 Modelling the external world, given input
 Solving new problems, planning and making decisions
 Ability to deal with unexpected problems, uncertainties
TYPES OF INTELLIGENCE
Intelligence can be of various forms, such as intelligence with numbers or music or
understanding own and others feelings and So on. In 1983, an American developmental
psychologist Howard Gardener described nine types of intelligence

1. Naturalist Intelligence (Environmental Skills):- It refers to the human ability to

identify and categorise among living things (plants, animals etc.) as well as
understanding other features of the natural world (clouds, rock configurations etc.).

2. Musical Intelligence (Music Skills):- It refers to the ability to differentiate between

pitch, rhythm, timbre, and tone. This type of intelligence enables to recognize, create
reproduce, and reflect on music. The music composers, conductors, musicians,
vocalists, and sensitive listeners exhibit this intelligence.
 3. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence (Numerical and Logical Skills):- It refers to the
ability to calculate, quantify, use propositions and hypotheses, and carry out complete
mathematical operations. It also includes reasoning skills,
inductive and deductive thinking patterns, logical intelligence etc.

4. Existential Intelligence (Religious and Spiritual Skills):- It refers to that form of

intelligence which people use to ponder over deep questions such as reason of human
existence, meaning of life, why we die, and how we got here, and so forth.

5. Interpersonal Intelligence (People Skills):- It refers to the ability to understand and

interact effectively with others It includes effective communication (verbal and non-
verbal), sensitivity to the moods and temperaments of others and the ability to
understand multiple perspectives.

6. Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence (Mind Body Skills):- It refers to the intelligence

that helps manipulate objects and use a variety of physical skills. Athletes, dancers,
surgeons, and crafts people exhibit well-developed bodily-kinesthetic intelligence.

7. Linguistic Intelligence (Language Processing Skills):- This is the ability to think in

words and to use language to express and appreciate complex meanings. Poets,
novelists, journalists, and effective public speakers are said to have this form of
intelligence. This intelligence is required for activities like writing, reading, telling
stories or doing crossword puzzles.

8. Intra-personal Intelligence (Self-awareness Skills):- It refers to the ability to

understand oneself and one's thoughts and feelings, and to use such knowledge in
planning and directing one's life. This form of intelligence is evident in psychologists,
spiritual leaders, and philosophers.

9. Spatial Intelligence (Visual World Perceiving Skills):- This form of intelligence

makes good use of three dimensions, mental imagery, 3-D reasoning, image
manipulation, graphic and artistic skills, and an active imagination. Sailors, pilots,
sculptors, painters, and architects all exhibit spatial intelligence.

DECISION MAKING
Decision-making is about making a final choice about an action/item/belief for need/problem
from a set of available alternate choices/solutions.
In the process of decision-making, at each step, intelligence plays an important role -whether
while picking alternate solutions, comparing them, implementing the final choice and
evaluating the consequences of the final decision.
Our intelligence is the result of many things, such as:
 Data/Information available
  Relationships among data/information
 Past experience of handling similar situations or data/information
 Understanding and knowledge
 Our intuition and self-awareness
Intelligence gathered this way influences our decision-making through:
 Insights of a situation
 Application of past experience/knowledge to reach at some outcomes
 Visualising the impact of outcomes
Note
In order to make good decisions, we need proper information about the situation, needs,
available factors and challenges. Without proper information, we will have to deal with
unknown factors and face uncertainty. In such situations, we do not make informed decisions
rather we make wild guesses or flip coins, or roll a dice etc.

APPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AROUND US

 Google
 Pocket assistants/ Voice assistants - Alexa, Google Assistant, Cortana, Siri
 Google Maps
 Recommendations platforms - Netflix, Amazon, Spotify, YouTube, Facebook
and Instagram
 Chatbots
 Humanoids
 Gaming

Others applications
 AI in Healthcare
 AI in Content creating
 AI in Autonomous vehicles
 AI in Sales and Marketing
 AI in Agriculture
 AI in Robotics

WHAT IS AI & NOT AI?

Any machine that has been trained with data and can make decisions/predictions on its own
can be termed as AI. Here, the term ‘training’ is important.
A fully automatic washing machine can work on its own, but it requires
human intervention to select the parameters of washing and to do the
necessary preparation for it to function correctly before each wash, which
makes it an example of automation, not AI.
An air conditioner can be turned on and off
remotely with the help of internet but still
needs a human touch. This is an example of
Internet of Things (IoT).

CHAPTER – 2
AI DOMAINS AND TECHNOLOGIES

Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to any technique that enables computers to mimic human
intelligence.It gives the ability to machines to recognize a human's face; to move and
manipulate objects; to understandthe voice commands by humans, and also do other tasks.
The Al-enabled machines think algorithmically andexecute what they have been asked for
intelligently.
John McCarthy(1956)

Machine learning and deep learning is a way of achieving Artificial Intelligence.

Machine Learning is a subset of Artificial Intelligence and Deep learning is a subset of
Machine learning.

Machine Learning (ML) is a subset of Artificial Intelligence which enables machines to

improve at tasks with experience(data). The intention of Machine Learning is to enable
machines to learn by themselves using the provided data and make accurate
predictions/decisions.
Arthur Samuel (1959)

Machine learning is the best tool so far to analyse, understand and identify a pattern in the
data. Machine learning enables people to perform such tasks as predicting the future,
classifying things in meaningful way, and making the best rational decision in a given
context.

Deep Learning, the machine is trained with huge amounts of data which helps it in training
itself around the data, such machines are intelligent enough to develop algorithms for
themselves.
Deep learning is a machine learning technique that teaches computers to do what comes
naturally to humans: "Learn by Example". Deep learning is a computer software that mimics
the network of neurons in a brain.
Andrew Yan-Tak Ng (1976)
Deep Learning is the most advanced form of Artificial Intelligence out of these three. Then
comes Machine Learning which is intermediately intelligent and Artificial Intelligence covers
all the concepts and algorithms which, in some way or the other mimic human intelligence.
APPLICATIONS OF AI, ML,& DL

AI DOMAINS

Data science is a domain of AI related to data systems and processes, in which the system
collects numerous data, maintains data sets and derives meaning/sense out of them. The
information extracted through data science can be used to make a decision about it.
“Data Science is about extraction, preparation, analysis, visualization, and maintenance of
information. It is a cross-disciplinary field which uses scientific methods and processes to
draw insights from data.”
In short, we can say that data science is all about:

Types of Data Science Job

Data Scientist Data Analyst

Machine learning expert Data engineer

Data Architect Data Administrator

Business Analyst Business Intelligence Manager

Computer Vision, often abbreviated as CV, is defined as a field of study that seeks to
develop techniques to help computers "see" and understand the content of digital images such
as photographs and videos.
Computer vision involves the concept of image processing and machine learning models to
build computer vision based application which ultimately helps in building an expert system.
It is a multidisciplinary field that involves the use of specialised methods and learning
algorithms.

Natural Language Processing, abbreviated as NLP, is a branch of artificial intelligence that

deals with the interaction between computers and humans using the natural language. Natural
language refers to language that is spoken and written by people, and natural language
processing (NLP) attempts to extract information from the spoken and written word using
algorithms.
The ultimate objective of NLP is to-
Read decipher understand make sense of the human language
APPLICATION OF DS, CV & NLP

Differences between Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Deep Learning:

Artificial Intelligence Machine Learning Deep Learning

AI stands for Artificial DL stands for Deep Learning,

ML stands for Machine
Intelligence, and is basically the and is the study that makes use of
Learning, and is the study that
study/process which enables Neural Networks (similar to
uses statistical methods
machines to mimic human neurons present in human brain)
enabling machines to improve
behaviour through particular to imitate functionality just like a
with experience.
algorithm. human brain.
 Artificial Intelligence Machine Learning Deep Learning

AI is the broader family

consisting of ML and DL as it’s ML is the subset of AI. DL is the subset of ML.
components.

DL is a ML algorithm that uses

AI is a computer algorithm which ML is an AI algorithm which
deep (more than one layer)
exhibits intelligence through allows system to learn from
neural networks to analyze data
decision making. data.
and provide output accordingly.

It attains the highest rank in

The aim is to basically increase The aim is to increase
terms of accuracy when it is
chances of success and not accuracy not caring much
trained with large amount of
accuracy. about the success ratio.
data.

Three broad categories/types Of Three broad categories/types

AI are: Artificial Narrow Of ML are: Supervised DL can be considered as neural
Intelligence (ANI), Artificial Learning, Unsupervised networks with a large number of
General Intelligence (AGI) and Learning and Reinforcement parameters layers.
Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI) Learning

Less efficient than DL as it

The efficiency Of AI is basically More powerful than ML as it can
can’t work for longer
the efficiency provided by ML easily work for larger sets of
dimensions or higher amount
and DL respectively. data.
of data.

Examples of AI applications Examples of ML applications

Examples of DL applications
include: Google’s AI-Powered include: Virtual Personal
include: Sentiment based news
Predictions, Ridesharing Apps Assistants: Siri, Alexa,
aggregation, Image analysis and
Like Uber and Lyft, Commercial Google, etc., Email Spam and
caption generation, etc.
Flights Use an AI Autopilot, etc. Malware Filtering.

CHAPTER – 3
INTRODUCTION TO AI ETHICS
As we are human beings and we are following some moral principles for doing certain
activities as well as to make our life comfortable with good manners and behavior.
These concerns and principles related to good manners, good behavior is known as ethics.
In other words ethics means what is right and unethical means what is wrong.

Similarly certain ethics are also associated with AI systems and tools. These ethics are known
as AI ethics. So finally AI ethics can be defined as following:
AI ethics refers to the basic principles of AI system design that use the good code of conduct
and produces the results.
Some examples of Al ethical issues
1. Bias and Fairness:-
Ethically an AI system should be free from all types of biases and be fair, e.g., an
AI system designed for picking candidates for a job must not be biased against
any gender, colour and so forth. It should be free from all such things and be
totally fair.
2. Accountability:-
AI learns and evolves over time and data. What if an evolved algorithm makes
some big mistake? Who would be accountable for it?
3. Transparency:-
Transparency means nothing is hidden and everything that AI performs is
explainable. Transparency ensures that there is full information and knowledge
about these:
 data used, its range, interval and sources etc.
 models used are appropriate for the context make sense
 models are thoroughly tested
 why particular decisions are made
4. Safety:-
AI technology, tools and practices should be so implemented such that they cause
no direct or indirect harm to data, people and the outcomes. AI practices must be
safe to ensure the well being of individual persons and the public welfare. AI
practices must uphold public trust through the responsible use of technologies.
5. Trust, Privacy and Control:-
Improved AI "faking" technologies make what once was reliable evidence - into
unreliable evidence - this has already happened to digital photos, sound
recordings, and video. It will soon be quite easy to create (rather than alter) "deep
fake" text, photos, and video material with any desired content.
6. Cyber Security and Malicious use:-
The AI tools and practices have successfully been employed for determining
possible threats to cyber security. Thus, it is the ethical responsibility of an
organisation to have human control over AI usage in terms of its span and control
so that it is not available to hackers for malicious use.
7. Automation and Impact over Jobs:-
AI and robotics are leading to increased automation in all types of fields and
industries and at many places, robots are replacing humans too. This will lead to
many humans losing their jobs.
Thus, it is the ethical responsibility of an organisation to upgrade the skillset of its
workers so that they upgrade their skillset and be ready for futuristic AI oriented
jobs. It is ethical responsibility of governments too (equally and even more) to
bring appropriate changes to the education, training, internships and opportunities
for its people, keeping in mind the evolving nature of jobs and impact of AI over
them.
8. Human Rights in the Age of Al:-
AI has generated new form of threats and it has led to new discussion- how to
protect human rights in the age of AI?

MORAL ISSUES
AI ethics are classified into four categories:
 Self-driven car
 Data Privacy
 AI Bias
 AI Access
Components of a good AI Policy
Good policy refers to the concerns which should be in consumers’ favor. The following
topics can be considered as good AI policy:
 Transparent System
 Right of data collection
 Freedom of leaving the system
 Design
 Data deletion
Transparent System
A transparent system refers to the guideline and system purposes should be very clear to its
users. While collecting data the purpose and the detailed guide about what to be done with
the data should be known to the users.
Right of data collection
When the data is collected by the AI system it must be right to the data which the system is
collecting. Without the collection of data, it cannot take the right decision for the user.
Freedom of leaving system
The user must have the freedom to leave the system. After using such system if user want to
leave the system, the freedom should be given to the users.
Design
The system should be designed in such a manner that the data collection and purpose should
be limited. This helps the users to stay and use the system in a good manner. The interface
itself provides such controls to users.
Data Deletion
When the user leave the system his data should be deleted or sometimes user requests to
delete their data it should be provided in the system itself.

AI Bias (Artificial Intelligence Bias) is an important term, 'Bias' as you must be knowing,
means inclination or prejudice for or against group, especially in a way considered to be
unfair. When AI programs tools and one person or exhibit any kind of bias, it is called AI
bias.
Reasons for Al Bias in Data
These are -
(i) Human bias in decisions
(ii) Flawed and unbalanced data collection
(iii) Wrong assumptions
(iv) No proper bias testing