Engineering Mathematics II (MTH 102)

Indira Mishra

IIIT Bhopal

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 1 / 27

 Linear Transformation

Linear Transformation

Definition: Let V and W be vector spaces.

A function T : V → W is called a linear transformation (V −→ W )

if the following conditions hold:
1 T (x + y) = T (x) + T (y)
2 T (k · x) = k · T (x).

for all x, y ∈ V and the scalar k.

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 2 / 27

 Linear Transformation

The condition 1 is called Additivity property.

The condition 2 is called Homogeneity property.

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 3 / 27

 Linear Transformation

The condition 1 is called Additivity property.

The condition 2 is called Homogeneity property.

Functions that are linear transformations:

• Example 1: The Zero Transformation

T : V −→ W such that T x = 0, for all x ∈ V.

T (x + y) = 0, T (x) = 0, T (y) = 0, T (k · x) = 0.

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 3 / 27

 Linear Transformation

The condition 1 is called Additivity property.

The condition 2 is called Homogeneity property.

Functions that are linear transformations:

• Example 1: The Zero Transformation

T : V −→ W such that T x = 0, for all x ∈ V.

T (x + y) = 0, T (x) = 0, T (y) = 0, T (k · x) = 0.
Therefore

 T (x + y) = 0 = 0 + 0 = T (x) + T (y).

T (k · x) = 0 = k · 0 = k · T (x)


Thus the above map is a linear transformation, known as Zero linear

transformation.
Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 3 / 27
 Linear Transformation

• Example 2: The Identity Linear Transformation.

Consider T : V → V , defined as T (v) = v, ∀v ∈ V .

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 4 / 27

 Linear Transformation

• Example 2: The Identity Linear Transformation.

Consider T : V → V , defined as T (v) = v, ∀v ∈ V .

Then observe that T (u) = u, T (v) = v T (u + v) = u + v, T (kv) = kv.

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 4 / 27

 Linear Transformation

• Example 2: The Identity Linear Transformation.

Consider T : V → V , defined as T (v) = v, ∀v ∈ V .

Then observe that T (u) = u, T (v) = v T (u + v) = u + v, T (kv) = kv.

Thus we have

• T (u + v) = u + v = T (u) + T (v)
• T (k · u) = k · u = k · T (u)

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 4 / 27

 Linear Transformation

• Example 2: The Identity Linear Transformation.

Consider T : V → V , defined as T (v) = v, ∀v ∈ V .

Then observe that T (u) = u, T (v) = v T (u + v) = u + v, T (kv) = kv.

Thus we have

• T (u + v) = u + v = T (u) + T (v)
• T (k · u) = k · u = k · T (u)

Thus the considered map is a linear transformation, known as

Identity linear transformation.

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 4 / 27

 Linear Transformation

Example 3: Linear transformation from Pn+1 to Pn .

Consider map T : Pn+1 −→ Pn , defined as

d
T (f ) = T (f (x)) = f (x).
dx

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 5 / 27

 Linear Transformation

Example 3: Linear transformation from Pn+1 to Pn .

Consider map T : Pn+1 −→ Pn , defined as

d
T (f ) = T (f (x)) = f (x).
dx
Observe that
d d d
T (f + g) = dx (f (x) + g(x)) = dx f (x) + dx g(x) = T (f ) + T (g)
d d
T (k · f ) = dx (k · f (x)) = k · dx f (x) = k · T (f )

Thus considered map is linear transformation.

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 5 / 27

 Linear Transformation

Example 4: Consider T : R → R, defined as

T (x) = 2x.

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 6 / 27

 Linear Transformation

Example 4: Consider T : R → R, defined as

T (x) = 2x.

observe that
T (k · x + y) = 2(k · x + y) = k · 2x + 2 · y
= k · T (x) + T (y)

Thus considered map is a linear transformation on R.

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 6 / 27

 Linear Transformation

Example 5: T : R → R2 , defined as

T (x) = (x, 2x)

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 7 / 27

 Linear Transformation

Example 5: T : R → R2 , defined as

T (x) = (x, 2x)

Observe that
1 T (x + y) = (x + y, 2(x + y)) =(x + y, 2x + 2y)
= (x, 2x) + (y, 2y) = T (x) + T (y).

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 7 / 27

 Linear Transformation

Example 5: T : R → R2 , defined as

T (x) = (x, 2x)

Observe that
1 T (x + y) = (x + y, 2(x + y)) =(x + y, 2x + 2y)
= (x, 2x) + (y, 2y) = T (x) + T (y).
2 T (k · x) = (k · x, 2k · x) =k(x, 2x)
= k · (x, 2x).

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 7 / 27

 Linear Transformation

Example 5: T : R → R2 , defined as

T (x) = (x, 2x)

Observe that
1 T (x + y) = (x + y, 2(x + y)) =(x + y, 2x + 2y)
= (x, 2x) + (y, 2y) = T (x) + T (y).
2 T (k · x) = (k · x, 2k · x) =k(x, 2x)
= k · (x, 2x).

Thus considered map is linear transformation from R to R2 .

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 7 / 27

 Linear Transformation

Example 6:
T : R2 → R2 , defined as
T (X) = T ((x, y)) = (x + y, 2x)

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 8 / 27

 Linear Transformation

Example 6:
T : R2 → R2 , defined as
T (X) = T ((x, y)) = (x + y, 2x)
Let u = (u1 , u2 ) , v = (v1 , v2 ) ∈ R2

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 8 / 27

 Linear Transformation

Example 6:
T : R2 → R2 , defined as
T (X) = T ((x, y)) = (x + y, 2x)
Let u = (u1 , u2 ) , v = (v1 , v2 ) ∈ R2

• T (u + v) = T ((u1 , u2 ) + (v1 , v2 )) = T ((u1 + v1 , u2 + v2 ))

= u1 + v1 + u2 + v2 , 2 (u1 + v1 )

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 8 / 27

 Linear Transformation

Example 6:
T : R2 → R2 , defined as
T (X) = T ((x, y)) = (x + y, 2x)
Let u = (u1 , u2 ) , v = (v1 , v2 ) ∈ R2

• T (u + v) = T ((u1 , u2 ) + (v1 , v2 )) = T ((u1 + v1 , u2 + v2 ))

= u1 + v1 + u2 + v2 , 2 (u1 + v1 )
= (u1 + u2 , 2u1 ) + (v1 + v2 , 2v1 ) = T (u) + T (v)

• T (k · x) = k · T (x) (prove it).

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 8 / 27

 Not a linear transformation

Not a Linear Transformation

Example 1: T : R → R, defined as T (x) = x2 . observe that

T (x + y) = (x + y)2 = x2 + y 2 + 2xy
6= T (x) + T (y)

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 9 / 27

 Not a linear transformation

Not a Linear Transformation

Example 1: T : R → R, defined as T (x) = x2 . observe that

T (x + y) = (x + y)2 = x2 + y 2 + 2xy
6= T (x) + T (y)

Example 2: T : R → R, defined as T (x) = x + 5. Note that

T (x) = x + 5, T (y) = y + 5

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 9 / 27

 Not a linear transformation

Not a Linear Transformation

Example 1: T : R → R, defined as T (x) = x2 . observe that

T (x + y) = (x + y)2 = x2 + y 2 + 2xy
6= T (x) + T (y)

Example 2: T : R → R, defined as T (x) = x + 5. Note that

T (x) = x + 5, T (y) = y + 5

Now observe that

T (x + y) = (x + y) + 5
6= (x + 5) + (y + 5) = T (x) + T (y).

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 9 / 27

 Not a linear transformation

That is
T (x + y) 6= T (x) + T (y)
Hence considered map is not a linear transformation.

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 10 / 27

 Not a linear transformation

Example 3 T : R2 → R2 , defined as

T (x, y) = x2 , 2y

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 11 / 27

 Not a linear transformation

Example 3 T : R2 → R2 , defined as

T (x, y) = x2 , 2y

Observe that T (u) = T ((u1 , u2 )) = u21 , 2u2

T (v) = T ((v1 , v2 )) = v12 , 2v2

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 11 / 27

 Not a linear transformation

Example 3 T : R2 → R2 , defined as

T (x, y) = x2 , 2y

Observe that T (u) = T ((u1 , u2 )) = u21 , 2u2

T (v) = T ((v1 , v2 )) = v12 , 2v2

 
T (u + v) = T ( (u1 + v1 , u2 + v2 )) = (u1 + v1 )2 , 2 (u2 + v2 )
= u21 + v12 + 2u1 v1 , 2u2 + 2v2

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 11 / 27

 Not a linear transformation

Example 3 T : R2 → R2 , defined as

T (x, y) = x2 , 2y

Observe that T (u) = T ((u1 , u2 )) = u21 , 2u2

T (v) = T ((v1 , v2 )) = v12 , 2v2

 
T (u + v) = T ( (u1 + v1 , u2 + v2 )) = (u1 + v1 )2 , 2 (u2 + v2 )
= u21 + v12 + 2u1 v1 , 2u2 + 2v2

6= u21 , 2v2 + v12 , 2v2

= T (u) + T (v) .

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 11 / 27

 Not a linear transformation

Example 3 T : R2 → R2 , defined as

T (x, y) = x2 , 2y

Observe that T (u) = T ((u1 , u2 )) = u21 , 2u2

T (v) = T ((v1 , v2 )) = v12 , 2v2

 
T (u + v) = T ( (u1 + v1 , u2 + v2 )) = (u1 + v1 )2 , 2 (u2 + v2 )
= u21 + v12 + 2u1 v1 , 2u2 + 2v2

6= u21 , 2v2 + v12 , 2v2

= T (u) + T (v) .
Thus T is not a linear transformation.

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 11 / 27

 Computation of basis

Computing with image of basis vectors

Question 1: Let w1 = (1, 0), w2 = (2, −1) and w3 = (4, 3) be three

vectors in R2 .
Let B1 = {e1 , e2 , e3 } be standard basis is for R3 .

Let T : R3 → R2 be a linear transformation such that

T (e1 ) = w1 , T (e2 ) = w2 , T (e3 ) = w3

Find the formula for T (x, y, z), and then use this to compute
T (2, 3, −5).

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 Computation of basis

Solution: For X = (x, y, z) = xe1 + ye2 + ze3

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 13 / 27

 Computation of basis

Solution: For X = (x, y, z) = xe1 + ye2 + ze3

T (X) = T (x, y, z) = x · T (e1 ) + y · T (e2 ) + z · T (e3 )

= x · (1, 0) + y · (2, −1) + z · (4, 3)
= (x + 2y + 4z, − y + 3z)

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 13 / 27

 Computation of basis

Solution: For X = (x, y, z) = xe1 + ye2 + ze3

T (X) = T (x, y, z) = x · T (e1 ) + y · T (e2 ) + z · T (e3 )

= x · (1, 0) + y · (2, −1) + z · (4, 3)
= (x + 2y + 4z, − y + 3z)

Thus
T (x, y, z) = (x + 2y + 4z, − y + 3z) .

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 13 / 27

 Computation of basis

Solution: For X = (x, y, z) = xe1 + ye2 + ze3

T (X) = T (x, y, z) = x · T (e1 ) + y · T (e2 ) + z · T (e3 )

= x · (1, 0) + y · (2, −1) + z · (4, 3)
= (x + 2y + 4z, − y + 3z)

Thus
T (x, y, z) = (x + 2y + 4z, − y + 3z) .
Therefore T (2, 3, −5) = (−12, −18).

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 13 / 27

 Computation of basis

Question: 2 Let B2 = {v1 , v2 , v3 } be another basis of R3 , where

v1 = (1, 1, 1), v2 = (1, 1, 0), v3 = (1, 0, 0), and let T : R2 → R3 , such that

T (v1 ) = w1 , T (v2 ) = w2 , and T (v3 ) = w3 .

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 14 / 27

 Computation of basis

Question: 2 Let B2 = {v1 , v2 , v3 } be another basis of R3 , where

v1 = (1, 1, 1), v2 = (1, 1, 0), v3 = (1, 0, 0), and let T : R2 → R3 , such that

T (v1 ) = w1 , T (v2 ) = w2 , and T (v3 ) = w3 .

Find formula for T (x, y, z) and compute T (2, −3, 5)?

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 14 / 27

 Computation of basis

Solution: Let x = (x, y, z) ∈ R3

x = (x, y, z) = c1 v1 + c2 v2 + c3 v3

(x, y, z) = c1 (1, 1, 1) + c2 (1, 1, 0) + c3 (1, 0, 0)

(x, y, z) = (c1 + c2 + c3 , c1 + c2 , c1 )

⇒ c1 = z, c2 = y − z, c3 = x − y.

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 15 / 27

 Computation of basis

Therefore
(x, y, z) = z · v1 + (y − z) · v2 + (x − y) · v3

T (x, y, z) = z · T (v1 ) + (y − z) · T (v2 ) + (x − y) · T (v3 )

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 16 / 27

 Computation of basis

Therefore
(x, y, z) = z · v1 + (y − z) · v2 + (x − y) · v3

T (x, y, z) = z · T (v1 ) + (y − z) · T (v2 ) + (x − y) · T (v3 )

= z(1, 0) + (y − z)(2, −1) + (x − y)(4, 3)

= (4x − 2y − z, 3x − 4y + z)

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 16 / 27

 Computation of basis

Therefore
(x, y, z) = z · v1 + (y − z) · v2 + (x − y) · v3

T (x, y, z) = z · T (v1 ) + (y − z) · T (v2 ) + (x − y) · T (v3 )

= z(1, 0) + (y − z)(2, −1) + (x − y)(4, 3)

= (4x − 2y − z, 3x − 4y + z)

From this formula, we get

T (2, −3, 5) = (9, 23).

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 16 / 27

 Computation of basis

Exercise. Is there a linear transformation T : R3 → R2 such that

T (3, 1, 0) = (1, 1) and T (−6, −2, 0) = (2, 1) ?

If yes, can you find an expression of T (X) for X = (x, y, z).

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 17 / 27

 Rank Nullity Theorem Ker(T) and Image(T)

Definition: Let V ard W be two vector spaces, and let T : V −→ W

be a linear transformation.
1 Ker(T ) = {v ∈ V | T (v) = 0} is called the kernel of T .
2 Im(T ) = {T (v) ∈ W | v ∈ V } is called the image of T .

Example 1: T : V → W , be zero linear transformation

T (v) = 0 ∀ v ∈ V.
ker(T ) = V.
Im(T ) = {0}.

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 18 / 27

 Rank Nullity Theorem Ker(T) and Image(T)

Example 2: T : V → V , be identity linear transformation

T (v) = v, ∀ v ∈ V.

ker(T ) = {0}, Im(T ) = V.

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 19 / 27

 Rank Nullity Theorem Ker(T) and Image(T)

Example 3: T : R2 → R2 defined as

T (x, y) = (x + y, x − y).

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 20 / 27

 Rank Nullity Theorem Ker(T) and Image(T)

Example 3: T : R2 → R2 defined as

T (x, y) = (x + y, x − y).

ker(T ) = {(x, y) | T (x, y) = (0, 0)}

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 20 / 27

 Rank Nullity Theorem Ker(T) and Image(T)

Example 3: T : R2 → R2 defined as

T (x, y) = (x + y, x − y).

ker(T ) = {(x, y) | T (x, y) = (0, 0)}

= {(x, y) | (x + y, x − y) = (0, 0)}

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 20 / 27

 Rank Nullity Theorem Ker(T) and Image(T)

Example 3: T : R2 → R2 defined as

T (x, y) = (x + y, x − y).

ker(T ) = {(x, y) | T (x, y) = (0, 0)}

= {(x, y) | (x + y, x − y) = (0, 0)}
= {(0, 0)}.

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 20 / 27

 Rank Nullity Theorem Ker(T) and Image(T)

Example 3: T : R2 → R2 defined as

T (x, y) = (x + y, x − y).

ker(T ) = {(x, y) | T (x, y) = (0, 0)}

= {(x, y) | (x + y, x − y) = (0, 0)}
= {(0, 0)}.
Thus ker(T ) = {0̄}.

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 20 / 27

 Rank Nullity Theorem Ker(T) and Image(T)

Im(T ) = T (X) | X = (x1 , x2 ) ∈ R2



= {T (c1 e1 + c2 e2 ) | x = c1 e1 + c2 e2 , c1 , c2 ∈ R}
= {c1 · T (e1 ) + c2 · T (e2 ) | c1 , c2 ∈ R}
where {e1 , e2 } are basis of R2 .

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 21 / 27

 Rank Nullity Theorem Ker(T) and Image(T)

Im(T ) = {c1 · T (e1 ) + c2 · T (e2 ) | c1 , c2 ∈ R}

= {c1 · T (1, 0) + c2 T (0, 1) | c1 , c2 ∈ R}

= {c1 · (1 + 0, 1 − 0) + c2 · (0 + 1, 0 − 1) | c1 , c2 ∈ R}
= {c1 · (1, 1) + c2 (1, −1) | c1 , c2 ∈ R}

= span{(1, 1), (1, −1)} = R2 .

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 22 / 27

 Rank Nullity Theorem Ker(T) and Image(T)

Observe that vector {(1, 1), (1, −1)} are linearly independent. Thus

Im(T ) = R2 .

Theorem
Let T : V → W , be a linear transformation from a vector V to a vector
space W . Then the kernel ker(T ) ⊆ V and the image Im(T ) ⊆ W are
subspaces of V and W , respectively.

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 23 / 27

 Rank Nullity Theorem Ker(T) and Image(T)

Definition:
1 The dimension of subspace ker(T ) is called as nullity of T , and
denoted by η(T ).
2 The dimension of subspace Im(T ), is called as rank of T , and
denoted by ρ(T ).

Example 1: T : V → W, T (v) = 0, ∀v ∈ V .

ker(T ) = V ⇒ η(T ) = dim(V ).

Im(T ) = 0 ⇒ ρ(T ) = 0.

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 24 / 27

 Rank Nullity Theorem Ker(T) and Image(T)

Example 2: T : R2 → R2 , afined by T (x, y) = (x + y, x − y)

ker(T ) = {(0, 0)} dim(ker(T )) = 0 η(T ) = 0

Im(T ) = R2 dim(Im(T )) = 2 ρ(T ) = 2.

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 25 / 27

 Rank Nullity Theorem Ker(T) and Image(T)

Example 2: T : R2 → R2 , afined by T (x, y) = (x + y, x − y)

ker(T ) = {(0, 0)} dim(ker(T )) = 0 η(T ) = 0

Im(T ) = R2 dim(Im(T )) = 2 ρ(T ) = 2.

Example 4:

T : R3 → R2 , defined by T (x, y, z) = (x + y, y + z),

Ker(T ) = span{(1, −1, 1)} ⇒ η(T ) = 1
Im(T ) = span{(1, 0), (1, 1)} ⇒ ρ(T ) = 2.

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 25 / 27

 Rank Nullity Theorem Statement of theorem

Rank-Nullity Theorem let V and W be finite dimensional vector

spaces, and T : V → W be a linear transformation. Then

dim(Im(T )) + dim(ker(T )) = dim V

ρ(T ) + η(T ) = dim(V ).

Indira Mishra (IIIT Bhopal) Linear Transformation 26 / 27

Thank You