GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM

Submitted By:
ROLL NO . NAME

03 Shubham A. Khadse

05 Akash S. Game

12 Vinayak M. Kolhe

15 Pratik M. Goley

17 Mayur R. Jadhav
PRINCIPAL GUIDED BY H.O.D
Dr. B.G. Gawalwad Mr. H. D. Sonune Mr.R.N.Jarudkar
(Ph.D. in ME) (HOD of Dept.)
(Lect. HPE.Dept.)

DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

2023-2024
 GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that
Mr/Miss Roll No. of Department
of Automobile Engineering has completed this Micro Project of the subject within
CNC four walls of the institute.

Date: / /2023
Place: Washim

Mr. H. D. Sonune Mr. R. N. Jarudkar

Lecturer, Head of Department
 CONTENTS

Sr No Name of the Chapter Page no

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. MEANING OF CNC 2
3. USE OF TYPICAL CNC MACHINE 2
4. PARTS OF CNC MACHINE 4
5. CNC MACHINE - INPUT, PROCESS, OUTPUT 6
6. CONTOL PANEL OF CNC 7
7. CNC ROUTER - THE IMPORTANT PARTS 9
8. CNC MACHINE AND SAFETY 10
9. SETTING UP THE CUTTING TOOL TO THE
CORRECT LENGTH 12

10. REFERENCE 15
 ABSTRACT

The introduction of CNC machines has radically changed the manufacturing

industry. Curves are as easy to cut as straight lines, complex 3-D structures are
relatively easy to produce, and the number of machining steps that required human
action has dramatically reduced. With the increased automation of manufacturing
processes with CNC machining, considerable improvements in consistency and
quality can be achieved. CNC automation reduced the frequency of errors and
provided CNC operators with time to perform additional tasks. CNC automation
also allows for more flexibility in the way parts are held in the manufacturing
process and the time required to change the machine to produce different
components. In a production environment, a series of CNC machines may be
combined into one station, commonly called a "cell", to progressively machine a
part requiring several operations.
 INTRODUCTION

In Industry it is not efficient or profitable to make everyday products by hand. On a CNC

machine it is possible to make hundreds or even thousands of the same items in a day. First a
design is drawn using design software, and then it is processed by the computer and
manufactured using the CNC machine. This is a small CNC machine and can be used to machine
woods, plastics and aluminum. In industry, CNC machines can be extremely large.

MEANING OF ‘CNC’
 CNC means Computer Numerical Control. This means a computerconverts the design into
numbers which the computer uses to control the cutting and shaping of the material.

USE OF TYPICAL CNC MACHINE

1. The design is loaded into the computer which is attached to the CNC machine. The
computer changes the design into a special code (numerical) that controls the way the CNC
cuts and shapes the material.

2. The material to be shaped is taped on to a block with double sided tape. This must be done
carefully so that it does not come off the block during machining.
3. The block is then placed in the vice, inside the CNC. It must be tightened up carefully. If it is
not secure when the machine starts to cut the material it can come away from the vice.
When the machine starts working, the vice moves up, down, right and left according to the
design.

4. The guard is placed in position. It protects the machine operator in case the material is
pulled out of the vice by the power of the cutter. For safety reasons, if the guard is not in
position the motor will not start.

5. The CNC is turned on and the shape is cut from the material. When the cutter has stopped
the shaped material can be removed from the vice.
 PARTS OF CNC MACHINE

VICE:This holds the material to be cut or shaped. Material must be held securely otherwise it
may 'fly' out of the vice when the CNC begins to machine. Normally the vice will be like a clamp
that holds the material in the correct position.

GUARD:The guard protects the person using the CNC. When the CNC is machining the material
small pieces can be 'shoot' off the material at high speed. This could be dangerous if a piece hit
the person operating the machine. The guard completely encloses the dangerous areas of the
CNC.

CHUCK: This holds the material that is to be shaped. The material must be placed in it very
carefully so that when the CNC is working the material is not thrown out at high speed.

MOTOR:The motor is enclosed inside the machine. This is the part that rotates the chuck at high
speed.

LATHE BED:The base of the machine. Usually a CNC is bolted down so that it cannot move
through the vibration of the machine when it is working.

CUTTING TOOL: This is usually made from high quality steel and it is the part that actually cuts
the material to be shaped.

CNC MACHINE - INPUT, PROCESS, OUTPUT

A CNC production facility needs three pieces of equipment:

A Computer:
The computer is used to draw the design. However, the design is only a picture and the CNC
machine cannot use this to manufacture the product. The computer software must also convert
the drawing into numbers (coordinates) that the CNC machine can use when it starts to cut and
shape the material.

An Interface:
A computer cannot be directly connected to a CNC machine. The computer is connected to an
interface. This converts the signals from the computer to a form that the CNC machine
understands. The signals are in the form of digital signals when they are sent to the CNC
machine.

CNC (Computer Numerical Control) Machine:

The signals from the interface control the motors on the CNC machine. The signals determine the
way the vice moves. The vice moves in three directions X, Y and Z. (Horizontally, vertically and
depth). The signals also control the speed of the cutting tool.

CONTROL PANEL OF CNC

A CNC machine is normally controlled by a computer and software. However, most CNC
machines have a range of controls for manual use. It is rare for a CNC machine to be used
manually as simple operations are best carried out on cheap/basic/manual machines. When a
CNC machine is used manually it is been used well below its capability and specification.
RESET BUTTON: The must important control button is usually the reset button. When the CNC
machine is turned on, the reset button is pressed by the machine operator. This ‘zeros’ the cutter,
moving the cutter to coordinates 0, 0, 0 on the X, And Z axis. In simple terms, the reset button
moves the cutter to the corner of the machine, above the work table.
If the reset button is not pressed, it is possible that the CNC machine will start cutting the material
in the wrong place or even miss cutting the material and plunge into the work table.

MANUAL CONTROL:The cutter can be controlled manually although this is rarely needed. The
‘X’ and ‘Y’ buttons control the movement of the cutter along the horizontal surfaces. The ‘Z’
buttons control depth and up / down movement.

STOP BUTTON: Most control panels have stop buttons. When pressed these stop the machine
very quickly.

SPEED AND FEED: On some CNC machines it is possible to manually vary the speed and feed of
the cutter.
CNC ROUTER - THE IMPORTANT PARTS
 CNC MACHINES AND SAFETY

CNC machines are very safe to use as they are designed to be as safe as possible. One of the
main advantages of CNC machines is that they are much safer than manually operated machines.
1. Most modern CNC machines are designed so that the cutting tool will not start unless the guard
is in position. Also, the best CNC machines automatically lock the guard in position whilst the
cutter is shaping material. The guard can only be opened if the cutter has stopped.

2. It is essential that pupils / students / machine operators receive ‘quality’ instruction before
attempting to use any CNC equipment.

3. CNC routers, used for shaping materials such as woods and plastics, have built in extraction.
Dust can be very dangerous if inhaled and can also cause eye irritation. The CNC Router shown
above has an outlet for an extraction unit. As the router is fully enclosed, dust cannot escape into
the atmosphere. If an extraction unit is attached the dust is removed automatically. Most manually
operated machine routers have very limited extraction systems which leave some dust in the air.

4. The CNC router above has a single phase electrical supply. Older machines such as manually
operated milling machines and centre lathes have three phase supplies. A single phase electrical
supply can be ‘plugged’ into any available socket. The electrical supply for the machine comes
through a residual circuit breaker (RCB). If an electrical fault develops the RCB will cut off
electrical power immediately.

5. Single phase CNC machines can be moved more easily because they are simply unplugged and
relocated. Three phase machines are specially wired by an electrician into the electrical supply and
cannot be unplugged.

6. Most CNC machines work behind a guard or even a closed, transparent safety door. This means
that the operated cannot be hurt by 'flying' pieces of sharp/hot material.
7. Commonsense applies to the use of all machines including CNC machines. Basic safety training
regarding working in a workshop and with other machines applies to CNC machines as well.

SETTING UP THE CUTTING TOOL TO THE

CORRECT LENGTH

One of the few operations that the machine operator carries out is to change the cutting tool.
Each CNC machine has a range of cutting tools. Straight cutters chamfer V-groove and radius
cutters are some examples. If a detailed design is being manufactured, it may be necessary to
change the cutting tool at least once during the manufacturing process. It is very important that all
the cutters are set up to exactly to the same length in the cullet. If this is not done the material
being machined will be machined at incorrect depths.
A special depth gauge is used to accurately set up the cutting tools. (See diagram below). This
‘rule’ applies to all CNC machines although different techniques may be used depending on the
type of the CNC machine.
A pair of spanners is used to loosen the cullet and locking nut. The cutting tool can then be
removed and the new tool put in position. Once the depth gauge has be used to check the distance
from the end of the cutting tool to the cullet, the spanners are used again to tighten the cullet and
locking nut.
 REFERENCE

WIKIPEDIA……………
GOOGLE………………..

THANK YOU