SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION

➢ is located on the southernmost tip of ancient Mesopotamia

➢ Industrial
➢ are known for their high degree of cooperation with one another and their desire
for great things

CUNEIFORM
➢ it is the first writing system
➢ the Sumerians used clay wedge tools to carve word pictures and triangular
symbols for their writing system

URUK CITY
➢ another important contribution of the Sumerians
➢ the Sumerians were able to build the city using only mud or clay from the river,
which they mixed the reeds, producing sunbaked bricks- a true engineering
feat

THE GREAT ZIGGURAT OF UR

➢ another engineering and architectural feat of the Sumerians
➢ also called the Mountain of God
➢ the structure was constructed using sunbaked bricks
➢ The ziggurat served as the sacred place of their chief god, where only their
priests were allowed to enter

IRRIGATION AND DIKES

➢ As population increased, so did the demand for food. The Sumerians were
challenged to mass produce food items but the elements in the environment
seemed uncooperative
➢ They used ditches, canals, channels, dikes, weirs, and reservoirs to transport
water to crops.
➢ water management called basin irrigation

SAILBOATS
➢ Boats were used to carry large quantities of products and were able to cover
large distances

WHEEL
➢ In the latter part of their history, the Sumerians were able to invent the wheel
➢ The first wheels were not made for transportation but for farm work and food
processes
THE PLOW
➢ Another farm technology invented by the Mesopotamians
➢ Humans evolved from being food gatherers to farm cultivators it enables them to
dig the ground where the seeds would be planted

THE ROAD
➢ In order to facilitate faster and easier travel, the Sumerians developed the first
road
➢ They made the roads with the same technology they used in making the sunbaked
bricks that they laid down on the ground
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BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION
➢ Babylonian civilization emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
➢ The Babylonians were great builders, engineers, and architects.
➢ One of their major contribution is the hanging gardens of Babylon

HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON

➢ Legend has it that King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon had the gardens built
as a gift to his wife Semiramis, a Persian princess
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EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
➢ Another early civilization famous for its legacy is the Egyptian civilization located
in North Africa
➢ Many stories tell about the engineering feats of the Egyptians especially regarding
about the infrastructures established by the pharaohs
➢ *Pyramid = 8 sides

PAPER OF PAPYRUS
➢ Although Egypt was not the first to develop a system of writing, they were able to
make writing easier for the world
➢ Writing material
➢ safe-keeping and transporting them were a major problem

INK
➢ These inks were typically made from soot and ocher, mixed with some kind of
binder (usually gum Arabic), then suspended in animal glue, vegetable
oil, or vinegar
HIEROGLYPHICS
➢ Hieroglyphics was the language that tells the modern world of the history and
culture of the ancient Egyptians.
➢ Their records were well-preserved since they were carved at the walls of
pyramids and other important Egyptians structures

COSMETICS
➢ their function in ancient Egypt was for both health and aesthetic reasons
➢ Egyptians wore Kohl around the eyes to prevent and even cure eye
diseases

WATER CLOCK/CLEPSYDRA
➢ This device utilizes gravity that affects the flow of water from one vessel to
the other.
➢ The water clock was widely used as a timekeeping device during the ancient
times
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GREEK CIVILIZATION
➢ Greece is an archipelago in the southeastern part of Europe.
➢ Known as the birthplace of western philosophy, some of the major
achievements of the Greeks include in-depth works on philosophy and
mathematics

WATER MILL
➢ They were commonly used in agricultural processes like milling of grains
which was a necessary form of food processing during that time.
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ROMAN CIVILIZATION
➢ The Roman Empire was perceived to be the strongest political and social entity
in the west.
➢ It was considered to be the cradle of politics and governance during that
period

CODEX
➢ According to sources, Julius Caesar started the tradition of stacking up papyrus
to form pages of a book. Later on, they were able to provide covers to protect
the papyrus
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
➢ Roman architecture is one of the most visual contributions of the ancient
Roman Empire to the world.
➢ Roman architecture was considered a continuation of Greek architecture,
hence the resemblance

ROMAN NUMERALS
➢ Symbols that are used to stand for numbers. This number system was
based on the ancient Roman system and was replaced by the
Hindu-Arabic numeral system.
➢ The symbols are I, V, X, L, C, D, and M, standing respectively for 1, 5, 10, 50, 100,
500, and 1,000.
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CHINESE CIVILIZATION
➢ The Chinese Civilization is considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia, If
not the world.
➢ Also known as the middle kingdom, China is located on the far east of Asia.

SILK
➢ Chinese were the ones who developed the technology to harvest the silk and
process it to produced paper and clothing. Silk production resulted in the
creation of a product for trade.

TEA PRODUCTION
➢ It was believed that the first tea “Matcha” was drunk by a Chinese Emperor.
➢ Tea production was developed when an unknown Chinese investor created a
machine that was able to shred tea leaves into strips

GREAT WALL OF CHINA

➢ It was constructed to keep out foreign invaders and control the borders of
China.
➢ Made with stone, brick, wood, earth, and other materials, it showcased the extent
of Chinese Engineering technology at that time.

GUNPOWDER
➢ Originally, it was developed by Chinese Alchemists who aimed to achieved
immortality.
➢ They mixed charcoal, sulphur and potassium nitrate, but instead of
creating an elixir of life, they accidentally invented a black powder that could
generate large amounts of heat and gas in an instant.
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MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE AGES
➢ Wars were prevalent during this time.
➢ Trade and Commerce among nations increased which resulted in greater
demands for transportation technology.

PRINTING PRESS
➢ After the Chinese developed woodblock printing, Johann Gutenberg was able
to invent the printing press, a more reliable way of printing using a cast
type

MICROSCOPE
➢ Expert must understand the sickness through an investigation.
➢ Guided by the principles used for the invention of eyeglasses in earlier
years, Zacharias Janssen was able to develop the first compound
microscope

TELESCOPE
➢ an optical instrument that helps in the observation of remote objects,
was a great help for navigators during this time.

WAR WEAPONS
➢ All sides must develop weaponizes not only as offensive tools but also
defensive instruments.

MODERN TIMES
➢ People needed efficient means of transportation to trade more goods and
cover a larger distance.
➢ Machines that required animals to operate must thus be upgraded.

PASTEURIZATION
➢ Louis Pasteur, a French biologist, microbiologist, and chemist, invented
pasteurization, the process of heating dairy products to kill the harmful
bacteria that allow them to spoil faster.

PETROLEUM REFINERY
➢ Samuel M. Kier was able to invent kerosene by refining petroleum.
➢ Kerosene was later on referred to as “illuminating oil” because it was used at
first to provide lighting to homes.
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TABO MAN
➢ is the oldest confirmed modern human to have been found in the
Philippines.
➢ The first settlers of the Philippines
➢ His bones, which provide evidence of the existence of Home sapiens between
37,000 and 47,000 years ago, were discovered in the Tabon Caves in Quezon,
Palawan Island in 1962.

AETAS/NEGRITOS
➢ The Semang are sometimes referred to as ‘Negritos’ due to their physical
characteristics, and possibly they are descendants of the aboriginal population of
Southeast Asia
➢ Ifugao
➢ The Aeta are thought to have arrived in the Philippines between 13,000 and
10,000 years ago from the Asian continent, most likely from what is now the
Malay Peninsula or Borneo (and perhaps even Australia).

MALAYS
➢ Many believe the first Malays were seafaring, toolwielding Indonesians who
introduced formal farming and building techniques.

ARCHEOLOGICAL FINDINGS
➢ It shows that modern man from Asian mainland first came over land on across
narrow channels to live in Batangas and Palawan about 48,000 B.C.
➢ Old Map
➢ Scarborough Shoal, also known as Bajo de Masinloc ("Masinloc shoal"
in Spanish)
➢ IN THE 17th century, Scarborough Shoal used to be called "Panacot" (as in
"Fearsome"), pronounced phonetically as "panakot",
➢ Subsequently they formed settlement in Sulu, Davao, Zamboanga, Samar,
Negros, Batangas, Laguna, Rizal, Bulacan and Cagayan.
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PRE-COLONIAL
➢ They made simple tools and weapons of stone flakes and later developed
method of sawing and polishing stones.
➢ they were producing adzes ornaments of seashells and pottery
➢ Filipinos learned to produce copper, bronze, iron, and gold metal tools and
ornaments
 ➢ They learned to weave cotton, make glass ornaments, and cultivate lowland rice
and diked fields of terraced fields (Banaue Rice Terraces) utilizing spring
water in mountain regions
➢ They also learned to build boats for trading purposes.
➢ The karakoa was used for raiding and warfare and built in a style to
accommodate a large crew
➢ Filipinos were already engage in activities and practices related to science
forming primitive or first wave technology
➢ some plant were used on how to extract medicine from herbs
➢ the Baybayin (which is the correct term) is believed to be one of indigenous
alphabets in Asia that originated from the Sanskrit of ancient India
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SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD

➢ In 1871 the school of medicine and pharmacy were opened in UST. After
15 years it granted the degree of Licenciado en Medicina to 62 graduates
➢ 1st six graduates who included Leon Ma. Guerrero was considered the
father of Philippine Pharmacy due to his works on Medicinal Plants of
the Philippines.
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AMERICAN PERIOD AND POST-COMMONWEALTH ERA

➢ Science during this period was inclined towards agriculture, food processing,
forestry, medicine and pharmacy
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KARAOKE MACHINE
➢ Filipino Roberto del Rosario did patent the karaoke singalong machine
as we know it.

TWO-WAY VIDEOPHONE
➢ that was invented in 1955 by Filipino physicist and engineer Gregorio
Zara.
➢ He was conferred the "Tres Honorable", the first Filipino to receive that
honor

THE BAMBOO INCUBATOR

➢ Fe del Mundo designed the bamboo incubator, a makeshift incubator that
utilized two wicker laundry baskets of varying sizes
ERYTHROMYCIN
➢ a new type of antibiotic that could cure bacterial infections
➢ Eli Lilly and Company branded it Ilosone (after Iloilo), but never gave
Abelardo Aguilar the credit he was due

MICROCHIPS
➢ Dado Banatao’s efforts resulted in the invention of the PC chipset and the
Windows Graphics accelerator chip, both of which are still used in
computers today.
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CATHOLIC CHURCH AND THE BIBLE

➢ The source of true and false of the world.

BEFORE (BIBLE)
➢ Geocentrism: earth should be the center of the universe
COPERNICAN (COPERNICUS)
➢ Heliocentrism: earth actually revolves around the sun

BEFORE (BIBLE)
➢ Humans were created by God
DARWINIAN (CHARLES DARWIN)
➢ Darwin’s theory of evolution suggested that humans and other species evolved
over time through a process of natural selection

BEFORE (BIBLE)
➢ The Bible and traditional religious teachings often focus on the idea of a
divine soul and human behavior being governed by moral principles.
FREUDIAN (SIGMUND FREUD)
➢ Freud's theories suggested that human behavior is influenced by
unconscious drives, desires, and past experiences
➢ Psychoanalytical Theory of Personality
- Id: Bad, Instincts
- Ego: Balance Bad & Good, Reality
- Superego: Good, Morality