E N G G M AT H 2 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 1

THE DERIVATIVE
Δy
The limit of the ratio as Δx approaches zero is called the derivative.
Δx
Δy dy
lim = = y′ = f′(x) - symbol used for derivative.
Δx→0 Δx dx

Five steps differentiation

I. Replace x by x + Δx and y by y + Δy

II. Solve for Δy

III. Transform the right side into one which contains Δx expressed explicitly as a factor.

IV. Divide through Δx

Δx
V. Determine the limit of as Δx approaches zero.
Δy

Differentiate the following:

1. y = x 2 + 3x − 1

I. y + Δy = (x + Δx)2 + 3(x + Δx) − 1

Δy = (x + Δx)2 + 3(x + Δx) − 1 − y
II. = (x 2 + 2xΔx + (Δx)2 + 3x + 3Δx − 1 − (x 2 + 3x − 1)
Δy = 2xΔx + (Δx)2 + 3Δx
III. Δy = Δx (2x + Δx + 3)
Δy
IV. = 2x + Δx + 3
Δx
Δy
lim = lim 2x + Δx + 3
Δx→0 Δx Δx→0
V.
dy
= 2x + 3
dx
E N G G M AT H 2 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2

2. y = (x + 3)2 2
3. y =
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x +3
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 E N G G M AT H 2 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 3

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DERIVATIVE OF ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS

D E R I VA T I V E O F A C O N S T A N T, y = k
y=k
y + Δy = k
Δy = k − y
!
d
=k −k ∴ k =0
dx
Δy = 0
dy
=0
dx
Examples:
1. y = 5 2. y = − 1000 5
3. y =
3
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E N G G M AT H 2 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 4

D E R I VA T I V E O F x n ; n I S A C O N S T A N T
y = xn
y + Δy = (x + Δx)n
n(n − 1) n−2 n(n − 1)(n − 2) n−3
= x n + n x n−1Δx + x (Δx)2 + x (Δx)3 + . . . + n x(Δx)n−2 + (Δx)n
2! 3!
n(n − 1) n−2 n(n − 1)(n − 2) n−3
Δy = x n + n x n−1Δx + x (Δx)2 + x (Δx)3 + . . . + n x(Δx)n−2 + (Δx)n − x n
2! 3!
n(n − 1) n−2 n(n − 1)(n − 2) n−3
Δy = n x n−1Δx + x (Δx)2 + x (Δx)3 + . . . + n x(Δx)n−2 + (Δx)n
2! 3!
Δy n(n − 1) n−2 n(n − 1)(n − 2) n−3
= n x n−1 + x (Δx)1 + x (Δx)2 + . . . + n x(Δx)n−3 + (Δx)n n − 1
Δx 2! 3!
dy
= n x n−1
dx

!
∴
d n
dx
x = n x n−1

Examples:
1. y = x 5 2. y = x 1
3. y =
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D E R I VA T I V E O F A S U M y = u + v; u = f (x), v = g(x)

y=u +v
y + Δy = u + Δu + v + Δv
Δy = u + Δu + v + Δv − (u + v)
Δy Δu + Δv
= d d d
Δx Δx ∴ (u + v) = (u) + (v)
dx dx dx
Δy Δu Δv
= +
Δx Δx Δx
dy du d v
= +
dx dx dx
E N G G M AT H 2 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 5

Examples:
1. y = x 2 + x − 5 1 3
2. y = + x −3
x2
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D E R I VA T I V E O F A P R O D U C T y = uv; u = f (x), v = g(x)

y = uv
y + Δy = (u + Δu)(v + Δv)
Δy = uv + uΔv + vΔu + ΔuΔv − uv
d dv du
Δy uΔv vΔu Δu + Δv ∴ uv = u +v
= + + dx dx dx
Δx Δx Δx Δx
dy dv du
=u +v
dx dx dx
Furthermore,
d dw du dv
uvw = uv + vw + uw
dx dx dx dx
d du
ku = k , where k is a constant
dx dx

Examples:
1. y = (x 2 + 3)(2x − 1)
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E N G G M AT H 2 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 6

2. y = (x 3 + 4)(3x 2 − 1)(6x + 1)
LLL
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D E R I VA T I V E O F A Q U O T I E N T, y =
v
The derivative of a quotient is equal to the denominator multiplied by the derivative of numerator
minus the numerator multiplied by the derivative of the denominator divided by the square of the
numerator.

v ddux − u ddvx dv

dx (v) ( )
d u d k
= Furthermore, = − k d x2 , where k is a constant
v2 dx v v
Examples:
1 b 2x + 1 !
1. y = %

2. y = %

x +3 c x −2 c

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E N G G M AT H 2 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 7

(x 2 + 1)(2x − 3)
3. y =
2x 3 + 1
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D E R I VA T I V E O F A P O W E R , y = u n
d n du
u = nu n−1
dx dx

Examples: *0
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E N G G M AT H 2 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 8

3. y = (x 2 + 2x − 5)5
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CHAIN RULE
dy dy du
If y = f (u) and u = f (x), then is the product of and .
dx du dx
dy d y du
= ⋅
dx du d x

HIGHER DERIVATIVES
Given: y = f (x)
d dy
First derivative: (y) =
dx dx

d x ( d x ) d x2
d dy d 2y
Second derivative: =

d 2y d 3y
d x ( d x2 ) d x3
d
Third derivative: =

d 3y d 4y
d x ( d x3 ) d x 4
d
Fourth derivative: =
E N G G M AT H 2 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 9

Find the indicated derivative:

d 3y
1. y = (x + 2)3(x − 3)4;
d x3

x +2
4 3. y =
2. y = (1 − 2x) ; all x2 − 1
E N G G M AT H 2 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 10

DERIVATIVE IN IMPLICIT F O R M , F(x, y) = 0

If x and y are connected by an equation not solved for y; for example,

x 3 + y 3 = 3a x y

Then y is called an implicit function of x.

Examples:

1. x 2 + y 2 = a 2 3. x 2 + 4x y + y 2 = 5

2. y 2(x + 2y) = c 2 4. (x + y)2 = 2a y