LIGHT

Reflection of Light Refraction of Light

The phenomenon of bouncing back The bending of light at the interface

of light into the same medium by the of two different mediums is called
smooth surface is called reflection.
Concave Mirror Lens Refraction of light.
If the velocity of light in medium is
more, then medium is called optical
rarer.
Laws of Reflection Spherical Mirror
In this mirror reflecting surface is The transparent refracting medium Eg. Air or vacuum is more optical
concave. It converges the light so it is bounded by two surfaces in which at rarer.
also called converging mirror. least one surface is curved is called If the velocity of light in medium is
. The law of reflection defines that lens. less, then medium is called optical
. Convex lens
upon reflection from a smooth If the reflecting surface is part of the denser.
. Concave lens
Eg. Glass is more denser than air.
surface, the angle of the reflected hollow sphere then the mirror is a Convex Mirror
ray is equal to the angle of the spherical mirror.
incident ray, with respect to the
normal to the surface that is to a line
perpendicular to the surface at the In this mirror reflecting surface is Laws of Refraction
point of contact. Sign Conventions of convex. It diverges the light so it is Convex Lens
. Incident ray, reflected ray and also called a diverging mirror.
normal at a point of incidence ,all lie Spherical Mirror According to this law
on the same plane.. A convex lens is a type of optical lens
. The incident ray, refracted ray and
that is thicker in the center than at the
edges and can converge light rays to a normal at the point of incidence all
. All the distances are measured from
lie in the same plane.
the pole of the mirror as the origin. Virtual Image focal point. Convex lenses are also
known as converging lenses, because
.The ratio of the sine of the angle of
. Distances measured in the direction
they focus parallel rays of light to a single incidence to the sine of the angle of
of incident rays are taken as positive.
Parameters of Mirror . Distances measured opposite to the point. refraction is constant.
sini/sinr = constant (µ)
When the rays of light, after reflection
direction of incident rays are taken
from a mirror, appear to meet at a
as negative.
. Distances measured upward and point, then the image formed by
. Center of Curvature: The centre of
these rays is said to be virtual. Virtual
hollow sphere of which mirror is a perpendicular to the principal axis
images can’t be obtained on a
part. are taken as positive.
screen. Concave Lens Lens formula
. The radius of curvature: The radius . Distances measured downward and
of hollow sphere of which mirror is perpendicular to the principal axis
a part. are taken as negative.
. Pole: The centre of mirror (middle A concave lens is a lens that diverges a . Lens formula
straight light beam from the source to 1/v-1/u = 1/f
point) is pole.
. Principal axis: The line joining the
Real Image a diminished, upright, virtual image. It
can form both real and virtual images.
pole and center of curvature is Concave lenses have at least one
called principal axis.
Mirror formula When the rays of light, after reflection surface curved inside.
. Aperture: Size of mirror is called
from a mirror, actually meet at a
Linear magnification
aperture of mirror.
. Principal Focus: The point on the point, then the image formed by
principal axis, where all the incident 1/f=1/v+1/u …where f, v and u are these rays is said to be real. Real
focal length, image distance, object images can be obtained on a screen. . Linear Magnification: This is the ratio
rays parallel to principal axis
converge or diverge after reflection distance. of the height of the image to the
through mirror. height of the object.
. Focal Length: The distance between . m=h’/h =(v/u)…where
pole and focus point is focal length. m = magnification, h’ = height of
image, h = height of object
Linear magnification For Mirrors, The
Following Results Hold
. Linear Magnification: This is the ratio For the two lenses,
Total Internal Reflection of the height of the image to the . u is – ve, if the object is in front of the sign conventions
height of the object.
. m=h’/h =(-v/u)…where the mirror. (Real object) take the form Refractive Index
. u is + ve, if the object is behind the
When light passes from a denser m = magnification, h’ = height of
image, h = height of object mirror. (Virtual object)
medium to a rarer medium at an . v is – ve, if the image is in front of
angle more than the critical angle . u is- ve, if the object is in front of the It represents the amount or extent of
the mirror. (Real image) bending of light when it passes from
required for refraction, then the light . v is +ve, if the image is behind the lens. (Real object)
is reflected back into the denser . u is +ve, if the object is virtual. one medium to another.
mirror. (Virtual image) . v is – ve, if the image is on the same Relative refractive index: Refractive
medium. This is a phenomenon
called Total Internal Reflection. side as that of the object. index of medium with respect to
(Virtual image ) other medium is called Relative
. v is +ve, if the image is real. Refractive Index.
. Focal length of a concave lens is Absolute refractive index: Refractive
taken as – ve. index of medium with respect to air
. Focal length of a convex lens is or vacuum is called Absolute
taken as +ve. Refractive Index.