Tutorial Exercises : FMS 307 P/FTH 307P /

MAT 340 E: 2024

February 2024

1 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

Exercise 1: Solve each system using Gaussian Elimination methods
3x + 9y = 15
(a)
6x + 12y = 18

x−y =7
(b)
−2x + 5y = −8

3x + 2y = 5
(c)
2x + 3y = 0

9x − 12 = 4y
(d)
3x + 2y = 3
Exercise 2: Solve each system using Gaussian Elimination methods
x + 2y + z = 3
(a) 2x − y − z = 4
−x − y + 2z = −5

3x − y + 4z = 2
(b) −5x + 3y − 7z = 0
7x − 4y + 4z = 12

x+y+z =2
(c) x − y + 3z = 12
2x + 5y + 2z = −2

1
 Exercise 3: Solve the following systems of equations using Gaussian Elim-
ination
2x1 + x2 + 0 = 3
(a) −x1 + 0 + 2x3 = 4
4x1 − 2x2 + 7x3 = 0

−4x1 + 3x2 + 5x3 = 3

(b) 2x1 + 2x2 + 2x3 = 3
7x1 − 2x2 + 7x3 = 0

x+y+z =3
(c) 2x − y + 3z = 0
−x + 2y − z = 3

2x1 + x2 + 3x3 = 0
(d) x1 + 5x3 = 0
x2 + x3 = 0

3x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 0
(e)
5x1 − x2 + x3 − x4 = 0

2 EIGENVALUES AND EIGENVECTORS

Exercise 1: Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors (if any) of the following
matrices
 
" # " # 2 0 2
5 0 20 −3  
A= ,B = ,C =  3 1 0 ,
−3 4 0 2  
0 −1 0
 
2 1 0
 
E=
 −4 0 2 

0 0 6

Exercise 2: Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors (if any) for the follow-
ing matrices

2
    
" # " # 2 −2 0 2 1 0
1 2 17 −3
(a)
   
, (b) , (c) 
 0 1 0  , (d)  0 0 2 
0 4 0 2   
0 −1 1 5 −1 0

3
3 General Vector Space
3.1 Vector Spaces

In the following exercises sets of objects are given together with operations
of addition and scalar multiplication. Determine which sets are vector spaces
under the given operations. For those that are not, list all axioms that fail
to hold.

1. The set of all triples of real numbers (x, y, z) with the operations
(x, y, z) + (x́, ý, ź) = (x + x́, y + ý, z + ź) and k(x, y, z) = (kx, y, z).

2. The set of all triples of real numbers (x, y, z) with the operations
(x, y, z) + (x́, ý, ź) = (x + x́, y + ý, z + ź) and k(x, y, z) = (0, 0, 0).

3. The set of all pairs of real numbers (x, y) with the operations (x, y) +
(x́, ý) = (x + x́, y + ý) and k(x, y) = (2kx, 2ky).

4. The set of all real numbers x with the standard operations of addition
and multiplication.

5. The set of all pairs of real numbers (x, y) where x ≥ 0, with the stan-
dard operations on R2 .

6. The set of all pairs of real numbers (x, y) with the operations (x, y) +
(x́, ý) = (x + x́ + 1, y + ý + 1) and k(x, y) = (kx, ky).

7. The set of all n−tuples (x, x, ..., x) with the standard operations on
Rn .

8. The set of all positive of real numbers x with the operations on x + x́ =

xx́ and kx = xk

9. The set of all 2 × 2 matrices of the form

" #
a 1
1 b

with matrix addition and scalar multiplication.

10. The set of all 2 × 2 matrices of the form

4
 " #
a a+b
a+b b

with matrix addition and scalar multiplication.

11. The set whose only element is the moon. The operations are moon +
moon = moon and k(moon) = moon, where k is a real number.

3.2 Linear combination

1. Determine which of the following is a linear combination of u = h1, −1, 3i

and v = h2, 4, 0i
a = h3, 3, 3i, b = h4, 2, 6i, c = h1, 5, 6i, d = h0, 0, 0i.

2. Express the following as a linear combination of u = h1, −1, 3i, v =

h2, 1, 4i and w = h3, 2, 5i

a = h5, 9, 5i, b = h2, 0, 6i, c = h2, 2, 3i, d = h0, 0, 0i.

3. Determine which of the following is a linear combination of p1 = 2 +

x + 4x2 ,p2 = 1 − x + 3x2 and p3 = 3 + 2x + 5x2

(a) 5 + 9x + 5x2
(b) 2 + 6x2
(c) 2 + 2x + 3x2
(d) 0

3.3 Linear span

1. Determine whether the given vectors span <3

(a) v1 = h1, 1, 1i, v2 = h2, 2, 0i, v3 = h3, 0, 0i.

(b) v1 = h2, −1, 3i, v2 = h4, 1, 2i, v3 = h8, −1, 8i.
(c) v1 = h3, 1, 4i, v2 = h2, −3, 5i, v3 = h5, −2, 9i, v4 = h1, 4, −1i.
(d) v1 = h1, 3, 3i, v2 = h1, 3, 4i, v3 = h1, 4, 3i, v4 = h6, 2, 1i

2. Determine which of the following spaces is spanned by f = cos2 x and

g = sin2 x

5
 (a) cos 2x
(b) 3 + x2
(c) 1
(d) sin x

3. Determine if the following polynomials span P3

(a) p1 = 1 + 2x − x2
(b) p2 = 3 + x2
(c) p3 = 5 + 4x − x2
(d) p4 = −2 + 2x − 2x2

4. Let v1 = h2, 1, 0, 3i,v2 = h3, −1, 5, 2i and v3 = h−1, 0, 2, 1i. Which of

the following vectors are in the linear span of {v1 , v2 , v3 }?

(a) h2, 3, −7, 3i

(b) h0, 0, 0, 0i
(c) h1, 1, 1, 1i
(d) h−4, 6, −13, 4i

3.4 Linear independence

1. Explain why the following are linearly dependent sets of vectors.

(a) v1 = h1, 2i and v2 = h−3, −6i in <2

(b) p1 = 2 + 3x − x2 and p2 = 6 + 9x − 3x2 in P2
(c) v1 = h2, 3i, v2 = h−5, 8i and v3 = h6, 1i in <2 .
" # " #
1 3 −1 −3
(d) A = and B = in M22
2 0 −2 0

2. Which of the following sets of vectors in <3 are linearly dependent?

(a) h2, −1, 4i, h3, 6, 2i,h2, 10, −4i.

(b) h3, 1, 1i, h2, −1, 5i,h4, 0, −3i.
(c) h6, 0, 1i, h1, 1, 4i.

6
 (d) h1, 3, 3i, h0, 1, 4i,h5, 6, 3i,h7, 2, −1i.
3. Which of the following sets of vectors in <4 are linearly dependent?
(a) h1, 2, 1, −2i, h0, −2, −2, 0i,h0, 2, 3, 1i,h3, 0, −3, 6i.
(b) h4, −4, 8, 0i, h2, 2, 4, 0i,h6, 0, 0, 2i ,h6, 3, −3, 0i.
(c) h4, 4, 0, 0i, h0, 0, 6, 6i , h−5, 0, 5, 5i.
(d) h3, 0, 4, 1i, h6, 2, −1, 2i,h−1, 3, 5, 1i,h−3, 7, 8, 3i.
4. Which of the following sets of vectors in P2 are linearly dependent?
(a) 2 − x + 4x2 , 3 + 6x + 2x2 , 2 + 10x − 4x2
(b) 3 + x + x2 , 2 − x + 5x2 , 4 − 3x2
(c) 6 − x2 , 1 + x + 4x2
(d) 1 + 3x + 3x2 , x + 4x2 , 5 + 6x + 3x2 , 7 + 2x − x2
5. Let V be the vector space of all real-valued functions dened on the
entire real line. Which of the following sets of vectors in V are linearly
dependent?
(a) 2, sin2 x, cos2 x
(b) 1, sin x, sin 2x
(c) cos 2x, sin2 x, cos2 x
(d) (1 + x)2 , x2 + 2x, 3

3.5 Basis and Dimension

1. Explain why the following sets of vectors are not bases for the indicated
vector space.
(a) v1 = h1, 2i, v2 = h0, 3i and v3 = h2, 7i for <2
(b) p1 = 1 + x + x2 and p2 = x − 1 for P2
(c) v1 = h−1, 3, 2i and v2 = h6, 1, 1i for <3 .
" # " # " # " #
1 1 6 0 3 0 5 1
(d) A = ,B = ,C = ,D= ,E =
2 3 −1 4 1 7 4 2
" #
7 1
for M22
2 9

7
2. Show
" that#the" following #sets
" of vectors #form
" a bases #for M22
3 6 0 −1 0 −8 1 0
, , ,
3 −6 −1 0 −12 −4 −1 2

3. Determine the dimension of and the basis for the solution space of the
system
2x1 + x2 + 3x3 = 0
(a) x1 + 2x2 = 0
x2 + x3 = 0

3x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 0
(b)
5x1 − x2 + x3 − x4 = 0

3x1 + x2 + 2x3 = 0
(c) 4x1 + 5x3 = 0
x1 − 3x2 + 4x3 = 0

x1 − 3x2 + x3 = 0
(d) x1 − 6x2 + 2x3 = 0
3x1 − 9x2 + 3x3 = 0

8
4 First Order Linear Dierential Equations
1. Solve the following dierential equations:

(a) xy 0 = 2y
(b) (1 + y 2 )dx + (1 + x2 )dy = 0 subject to x = 0 and y = −1
(c) 2x(y + 1)dx − ydy = 0 subject to x = 0 and y = −2
(d) (1 − x)y 0 = y 2
(e) xy 3 dx + ex dy = 0
2

(f) y 0 = y sec θ
(g) y 0 = e2x−y
(h) xydx + e−x (y 2 − 1)dy = 0 subject to y(0) = 1
2

(i) (x2 + 1)dy = ydx

2. Determine if the following equations are homogeneous. If they are solve

the dierential equations using appropriate substitution.

(a) (x + 2y)dx + (2y + x)dy = 0

(b) (x2 + y 2 )dx + xydy = 0
(c) xydx − (x2 + 3y 2 )dy = 0
(d) (x2 + y 2 )dx − xydy = 0
(e) [xcsc xy − y]dx + xdy = 0
(f) ydx = (x +
p
y 2 − x2 )dy
(g) xydx + (x2 + y 2 )dy = 0
(h) y 0 = x+y
2x

(i) (2x + y)dx − xdy = 0

3. Determine if the following dierential equations are exact. If they are

not, make them exact. If they are, nd their general solutions.

(a) 3x(xy − 2)dx + (2y + x3 )dy = 0

(b) (2x3 − xy 2 − 2y + 3)dx − (x2 y + 2x)dy = 0
(c) 2ydx + (−x + y 2 )dy = 0

9
 (d) (x + y)dx + tan xdy = 0
(e) (x + 2y)dx + (2x + y)dy = 0
(f) (2xy − tan y)dx + (x2 − x sec2 y)dy
(g) 2xydx + (x2 + y 2 )dy = 0

4. Solve the following rst-order linear dierential equations. If the prod-

uct of ydy occurs the equation is not linear in y .

(a) 2(y − 4x2 )dx + xdy = 0

(b) ydx + (3x − xy + 2)dy = 0
(c) 2x(y + 1)dx − ydy = 0 subject to x = 0 and y = −2
(d) (2y + x4 )dx − xdy = 0
(e) (y − 2)dx + (3x − y)dy = 0
(f) y 0 = 1 + 3y tan x

5. Solve the following Bernoulli's rst-order linear dierential equations.

(a) y 0 + 2xy = xy 2
(b) y 0 + x1 y = xy 2
(c) yy 0 − 2y 2 = ex

4.1 Application : Modeling with First Order ODE

4.1.1 Model on population growth

The expression for modeling population growth is

dP P
= 1.2P (1 − )
dt 4200
(a) For what value of P is the population increasing?

(b) For what value of P is the population decreasing?

(c) What are the equilibrium solutions?

10
4.1.2 Model for electric current

Find the electric current as a function of time t (in seconds) given that I
satises the dierential equation
dI
L + RI = sin 2t
dt

4.1.3 Compound Interest

The rate of growth of the amount A in the fund is given by

dA
− rA = P
dt
Where P is the amount in rand and r is the interest rate per annum. A = 0
when t = 0. Solve the dierential equation for A as a function of t. Find A if

(a) P = R100000, r = 12%, t = 5yrs

(b) P = R250000, r = 15%, t = 10yrs

Find t if the company needs R800000 and can invest R75000 at 13% com-
pounded continuously.

4.1.4 Half-Life

Find the half-life of uranium if the disintegration constant is k = −4.95×10−3

4.1.5 Falling object under the action of gravity

An object with mass m is dropped from a hovering helicopter. Find the

velocity of the object assuming that air resistance is proportional to the
velocity of the object. Newton's second law gives
dv
m + kv = mg
dt

11
5 Second Order Dierential Equations
1. Find the general solutions of the linear dierential equations:

(a) y 00 − y = 0
(b) y 00 + 2y 0 = 0
(c) y 00 − y 0 − 6y = 0
(d) y 00 − 9y = 0
(e) y 00 − 2y 0 + y = 0
(f) y 4 − y = 0
(g) y 000 − 6y 00 + 11y 0 − 6y = 0
(h) y 000 − 3y 00 + 3y 0 − y = 0
(i) y 00 + 4y = 0

2. Find the particular solution to the linear dierential equation y 00 − y 0 −

30y = 0, subject to y(0) = 1, y 0 (0) = −4.

3. Solve the dierential equations by method of undetermined coecients

(a) y 00 − 4y = 4
(b) y 00 − 3y 0 + 2y = 2x
(c) y 00 + y = 0, y(0) = 1, y 0 (0) = 0.
(d) y 00 + 2y 0 = ex
(e) y 00 + 9y = sin 3x
(f) y 00 + 4y 0 − 5y = sin x + cos x
(g) y 000 − y 00 = 4x2
(h) y 00 − 10y 0 + 25y = 5 + 6ex

4. Solve the dierential equations by method of variation of parameters

(a) y 00 + y = sec x
(b) y 00 + 4y = csc 2x
(c) y 00 − 2y 0 + y = ex ln x

12
(d) y 00 + y = ln x
(e) y 00 + y = sec x tan x
(f) y 00 − 4y 0 + 4y = x2 e2x
(g) y 00 − 4y 0 + 4y = e2x
x

13
6 INFINITE SERIES
6.1 SEQUENCES

1. Write out the rst ve terms of the sequence given by

(a) an = 2n
(b) an = n
n+1

(c) an = (− 12 )n
(d) an = sin nπ
2

(e) an = 3n
n!
(−1)n
(f) an = n2

(g) an = 3n!
(n−1)!
n(n+1)

(h) an = (−1)
n2
2

2. Write down the expression for the nth term of the following sequence

(a) 1, 4, 7, 10, ....

(b) −1, 2, 7, 14, 23, ....
(c) 3, 7, 11, 15, ....
(d) 32 , 43 , 54 , .....
(e) 2, −1, 12 , − 41 , 18 , .....
(f) 2, 1 + 21 , 1 + 31 , 1 + 14 , .....
(g) 1 2 3
2·3 , 3·4 , 4·5 , .....

(h) 1, −1, −1, 1, 1, −1, −1, ....

(i) 1, x, x2 , x6 , x24 , 120
2 3 4
x 5
, .....

3. Determine the convergence or divergence of the sequence with the given

nth term

(a) an = n2
2n −1

(b) an = n
n+1

(c) an = n2 −1
n+1

14
 (d) an = (−1)n n+1
n

(e) an = ( 34n
n

(f) an = ln n2
n

(g) an = 3n2 −n+4

2n2 +1

(h) an = n−1
n − n
n−1

(i) an = 3n!
(n−1)!

(j) an = n2
2n+1 − n2
2n−1

4. Determine if the sequence is monotonic

(a) an = 4 − n1
(b) an = 4n
n+1

(c) an = cosn
n

(d) an = (−1)n n1
(e) an = 3n
4n

(f) an = 4n
3n

5. Use the Bounded monotonic sequence theorem to show that the se-
quence with the given nth term converges and nd its limit

(a) an = 5 + n1
(b) an = 3 − n1
(c) an = 4 + 21n
(d) an = 31 (1 − 31n )

15
6.2 SERIES

1. Write down the expression for the nth partial sum of each of the fol-
lowing series and use it to nd the series' sum if the series converges

(a) 2 + 32 + 29 + 27
2 2
+ .... 3n−1 .....
(b) 9
100 + 9
1002
+ 9
1003
+ ...... + 9
100n + ....
(c) 1 − 12 + 14 − 18 + .... + (−1)n−1 2n−1
1
+
(d) 1 − 2 + 4 − 8 + ... + (−1)n−1 2n−1 ..
(e) 1
2·3 + 1
3·4 + 1
5·6 + 1
(n+1)(n+2) .....

2. (Series with Geometric Terms)Write out the rst ve terms of the
series. Then nd the sum of the series
(−1)n
(a)
P∞
n=0 4n

(b)
P∞ 7
n=0 4n

(c)
P∞ 5 1
n=0 ( 2n + 3n )

(d)
P∞ 5 1
n=0 ( 2n − 3n )
(2)n+1
(e)
P∞
n=0 5n

3. (Telescoping Series) Use partial sums to nd the sum of the series

(a)
P∞ 1
n=1 (4n−3)(4n+1)

(b)
P∞ 6
n=1 (2n−1)(2n+1)

(c)
P∞ 40n
n=1 (2n−1)2 (2n+1)2

(d)
P∞ 2n+1
n=1 n2 (n+1)2

4. Determine the convergence or divergence of the series.

(a)
P∞
√1 )n
n=0 ( 2

(b)
P∞ n+1 3
n=0 (−1) 2n
√
(c)
P∞
n=0 ( 2)n
(d)
P∞ cosnπ
n=0 n

(e)
P∞ 1
n=1 ln n

16
5. (Geometric Series)Write out the rst ve terms of the series to nd
the rst term and the common ratio. Express the inequality |r| < 1 in
terms of x and nd the values of x for which the inequality holds and
the series converges

(a)
P∞ n n
n=0 (−1) x

(b)
P∞ n 2n
n=0 (−1) x

(c)
P∞ (x−1) n
n=0 3( 2 )

6. (Repeating decimals)Express each as a ratio of two integers

(a) 0.23
¯ = 0.232323....

(b) 0.234
¯ = 0.234234234....

(c) 0.7̄ = 0.7777777....

(d) 1.414
¯ = 1.414414414....

7. (Integral Test)Use integral test to determine which of the series con-

verge and which diverge

(a)
P∞ 5
n=1 n+1

(b)
P∞ ln n
n=2 n

(c) en
P∞
n=1 1+e2n

(d)
P∞ 1
n=1 2n−1

(e)
P∞ ln
√n
n=2 n
√
(f)
P∞
√ n
n=1 ( n+1)

8. (Direct Comparison Test)Use Direct Comparison Test to determine

which of the series converge and which diverge

(a)
P∞
√ 1 √
n=1 2 n+ 3 n

(b)
P∞
√3
n=2 n+n

(c)
P∞ 1+cosn
n=1 n2

(d)
P∞ 1
n=1 2n−1

(e)
P∞ 1
n=2 ln(ln n)

17
 9. (Limit Comparison Test)Use Limit Comparison Test to determine which
of the series converge and which diverge

(a)
P∞ 1
n=2 (ln n)2
(ln n)2
(b)
P∞
n=1 n3
(ln n)3
(c)
P∞
n=1 n3

(d)
P∞
√ 1
n=2 n ln n
(ln n)2
(e)
P∞
n=1 (n)1.5

(f)
P∞ 1
n=2 1+ln n

10. (Ratio Test)Use the Ratio Test to determine which of the series con-
verge and which diverge
√

(a) n 2
P∞
n=1 (2)n

(b)
P∞ 2 e−n
n=1 n

(c)
P∞ −n
n=1 n!e

(d)
P∞ n!
n=1 10n

(e)
P∞ n ln n
n=1 2n

(f)
P∞ (n+1)(n+2)
n=2 n!

11. (Root Test)Use the Root Test to determine which of the series converge
and which diverge
(ln n)n
(a)
P∞
n=1 nn

(b) nn
P∞
n=1 (ln n)n

(c)
P∞ 1 1 n
n=1 ( n − n2
)
(d) nn
P∞
n=1 (2n )2

12. Find the Taylor Polynomials of orders 0, 1, 2 and 3 generated by f at

a

(a) f (x) = ln x, a = 1
(b) f (x) = ln(1 + x), a = 0
(c) f (x) = 1
x+2 , a=0

18
 (d) f (x) = cosx, a = π
4

(e) f (x) = sinx, a = π

4
√
(f) f (x) = x, a = 4

13. Find the Maclaurin Polynomials of the functions

(a) f (x) = e−x

(b) f (x) = 1
1+x

(c) f (x) = 1
x+2

(d) f (x) = sin3x

(e) f (x) = (x + 1)2

19
References
[1] Joubert, Kruger and Grimbeek. 1992. Technikon Mathematics 1 .Preto-
ria.Dirk Robin Publishers.

[2] Joubert, Kruger and Grimbeek. 1992. Technikon Mathematics 2 .Preto-

ria.Great White Publishers.

[3] Joubert, Kruger and Grimbeek. 1998. Technikon Mathematics 3 .Preto-

ria.Dirk Robin Publishers.

[4] Howard, Anton. 1977. Elementary Linear Algebra.New York.John Wiley

& Sons.

[5] Fleming, W., Varsberg,D. 1989. Pre-Calculus. Prentice-Hall.

[6] Stewart,J.,Redlin,L.,Watson,S.2006. Precalculs: Mathematics for Cal-

culus (5th ed).Belmont, CA.Brook/Cole.

[7] Larson,R.,Hostetler,R.,Edwards,H.1994. Calculus with Analytic Geom-

etry.(5th ed) . Lexington, Massachusetts.D.C.Heath.

[8] Stewart,J. 1995. Calculus . Pacic Grove, Carlifonia.Brooks/Cole.

[9] Van de Walle, J.A. 2004. Elementary and Middle School Mathematics:

Teaching Developmentally .(5th.ed). Boston. Pearson.

[10] Mathematics, Science Education and other journals and periodicals.

20