MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

TOPICS DISCUSSED

 INTRODUCTION

 REDION OF INTEGRATION

 CHANGING THE ORDER OF INTEGRATION

 PLANE AREA USING DOUBLE INTEGRATION

CARTISEAN FORM

POLAR FORM
 INTRODUTION
 When a function 𝑓(𝑥) is integrated with respect to x between
𝑏
the limits a and b, we get the double integral 𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
 If the integrand is a function 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 and if it is integrated
with respect to x and y repeatedly between the limits 𝑥0 and
𝑥1 (for x ) and between the limits 𝑦0 and 𝑦1 (for y ) we get a
double integral that is denoted by the symbol
𝑦1 𝑥 1
𝑦 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦.
0 0
 Extending the concept of double integral one step further,
we get the triple integral, denoted by
𝑧1 𝑦 1 𝑥 1
𝑧 𝑦 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 .
0 0 0
EVALUATION OF DOUBLE AND TRIPLE
INTEGRALS
𝑦1 𝑥1
 To evaluate 𝑦0 𝑥0
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 first integrate 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 with
respect to x partially, treating y as constant temporarily,
between the limits 𝑥0 and 𝑥1 .
 Then integrate the resulting function of y with respect to y
between the limits 𝑦0 and 𝑦1 as usual.
𝑦1 𝑥1
 In notation 𝑦0 𝑥0
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 ( for double integral)

𝑧1 𝑦1 𝑥1
𝑧0 𝑦0 𝑥0
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 ( for triple
integral).

Note:
 Integral with variable limits should be the innermost integral
and it should be integrated first and then the constant limits.
REGION OF INTEGRATION
𝑑 𝜑 2 (𝑦)
Consider the double integral 𝑐 𝜑 1 (𝑦)
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, 𝑥 varies from
𝜑1 𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝜑2 (𝑦) and 𝑦 varies from 𝑐 𝑡𝑜 𝑑. (i.e) 𝜑1 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥 ≤
𝜑2 𝑦 and 𝑐 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑑. These inequalities determine a region in the
𝑥𝑦 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒, which is shown in the following figure.This region
ABCD is known as the region of integration
EXAMPLE :1
1 2 2
Evaluate 0 0
𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
1 2 2 1 2
0 0
𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑥 𝑦/3 𝑑𝑥
0
8 1
= 0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3
1
8 𝑥2
=
3 2 0

4
=
3
EXAMPLE :2
3 2 1
Evaluate 2 1 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
3 2 1 3 21
2 1 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 2
log 𝑥 1 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

31
=(𝑙𝑜𝑔2 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔1) 2 𝑦
𝑑𝑦

=𝑙𝑜𝑔2 [𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦]32
=𝑙𝑜𝑔2(𝑙𝑜𝑔3 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔2)
=𝑙𝑜𝑔2. log⁡
(3/2)
EXAMPLE :3
2 3 2 2
Evaluate 0 1 1
𝑥𝑦 𝑧𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

Solution:
2
2 3 2 2 2 3 𝑧2
0 1 1
𝑥𝑦 𝑧𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0 1 2 1
𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2 3 3 2
= 0 1 2
𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
3
2 𝑦3
3
= 0 𝑥𝑑𝑥
2 3 1

2
26 𝑥 2
= = 26
2 2 0
EXAMPLE :4
1 2 2 2
Evaluate 0
𝑑𝑥 0
𝑑𝑦 1
𝑦𝑥 𝑧𝑑𝑧

Solution:
2
1 2 2 2 1 2 𝑧2
0
𝑑𝑥 0
𝑑𝑦 1
𝑦𝑥 𝑧𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝑑𝑥 0 𝑑𝑦 𝑦𝑥 2
2 1

2
1 𝑦2
3
= 0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2 2 0

3 1 2
= 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 0
2
𝑥3
= =1
3 0
EXAMPLE :5
𝜋
𝜋 1 2
Evaluate 2
0 0 0
𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑∅

Solution:
𝜋 𝜋 1
𝜋 1 2 𝜋 𝑟3
2
0 0 0
𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑∅ = 0 0
2 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃𝑑∅
3 0
𝜋
1 𝜋
= 0 0
2 sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃𝑑∅
3
𝜋
𝜋1 2
= 0 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 0 𝑑∅
3
1 𝜋
= 𝑑∅
3 0
𝜋
=
3
EXAMPLE :6
1 𝑥
Evaluate 0 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

Solution:
1 𝑥 1 𝑥
0 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0
1
= 0
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑥2
=
2 0

1
=
2
EXAMPLE :7
𝑎 𝑥 𝑦
Evaluate 0 0 0
𝑥𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

Solution:
𝑎 𝑥 𝑦
I= 0 0
[ 0 𝑧𝑑𝑧]𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑦
𝑎 𝑥 𝑧2
= 0 0
𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2 0

𝑎 𝑥 𝑦2
= 0 0
𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2
𝑥
𝑎 𝑥 𝑦3 𝑎 𝑦4
= 0 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑥𝑑𝑥
2 8 0
𝑎
𝑥6 𝑎6
= =
48 0 48
EXAMPLE :8
1 1−𝑥 2 1−𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
Evaluate 0 0 0 1−𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 −𝑧 2

Solution:
1−𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
1 1−𝑥 2 𝑧
I= 0 0
sin−1 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
1−𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 0

1 1−𝑥 2 𝜋 𝜋 1 1−𝑥 2
= 0 0
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
[𝑦]0 𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝜋 1
= 1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2 0

𝜋 𝑥 1 1
−1
= 1− 𝑥2 + sin 𝑥
2 2 2 0

𝜋2
=
8
EXAMPLE :9
𝜋 𝑎 sin 𝜃
Evaluate 0 0
𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃

Solution:
𝑎 sin 𝜃
𝜋 𝑟2
I= 0 2 0
𝑑𝜃
1 𝜋
= 𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2 0

𝑎2 𝜋 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= 0 2
2

𝑎2 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃 𝜋 𝜋𝑎 2
= 𝑋 𝜃− =
2 2 2 4
0
PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE
Evaluate the following
2 1
1. 0 0
4𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 Ans: 4
𝑏 𝑎 1
2. 1 1 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 Ans: loga.logb

1 𝑥
3. 0 0
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 Ans: 1/2
𝜋 sin 𝜃
4. 0 0
𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 Ans: π/4
1 2 3
5. 0 0 0
𝑥𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 Ans: 9/2
1 𝑧 𝑦+𝑧
6. 0 0 0
𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 Ans: ½
EXAMPLE :10
𝑎 𝑎 2 −𝑥 2
Sketch the region of integration for 0 0
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥.

Solution:
Given 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑎 ; 𝑦 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
𝑦 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2
EXAMPLE :11
1 𝑥
Sketch the region of integration for 0 0
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥.

Solution:
Given 𝑥 = 0 ; 𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 0 ; 𝑦 = 𝑥.
Y

x=y
x=1
X
y=0
EXAMPLE :12

Evaluate 𝐷
𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 where D is the region bounded
by the positive octant of the sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 = 𝑎2
Solution:

𝑎 𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
𝐼= 0 0 0
𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
𝑎 𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 𝑧2
= 0 0
𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2 0
 1 𝑎 𝑎 2 −𝑥 2
= 0 0 𝑥𝑦 (𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2

1 𝑎 𝑎 2 −𝑥 2
= 0 0 𝑥 (𝑎2 𝑦 − 𝑦𝑥 2 − 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2

2 2 𝑎 2 −𝑥 2
1 𝑎 2𝑦 2𝑦 𝑦4
= 0 𝑎 −𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑥
2 2 2 4 0

1 𝑎 2
= 𝑥 (𝑎 − 𝑥 2 )2 𝑑𝑥
8 0
1 𝑎 4
= (𝑎 𝑥 − 2𝑎2 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 5 ) 𝑑𝑥
8 0
2 4 𝑎
1𝑥 𝑥 𝑥6 𝑎6
= 𝑎4 − 2𝑎2 − = .
8 2 4 6 0 48
PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE
1.Sketch the region of integration for the following
4 𝑦 𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
(i) 0 𝑦2
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
4

𝑎 𝑎 2 −𝑥 2
(ii) 0 𝑎 −𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

1 1 𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
(iii) 0 𝑥 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

2.Evaluate 𝑉
𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 , where V is the region of
space bounded by x=0,x=1,y=0,y=2,z=0 and z=3.

Ans: 33/2
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
3. Evaluate 𝑉
, where V is the region of space
(1+𝑥+𝑦 +𝑧)3
bounded by x=0,y=0,z=0 and x+y+z=1
1
Ans: (8𝑙𝑜𝑔2 − 5)
16

4. Evaluate 𝑉
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 , where V is the region of space bounded
by x=0,,y=0,,z=0 and 2x+3y+4z=12.

Ans: 12
CHANGE of ORDER OF INTEGRATION
 If the limits of integration in a double integral are
constants, then the order of integration can be
changed, provided the relevant limits are taken
for the concerned variables.
 When the limits for inner integration are
functions of a variable, the change in the order of
integration will result in changes in the limits of
integration.
𝑑 𝑔2 𝑦
i.e. 𝑐 𝑔1 𝑦
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 will take the form
𝑏 ℎ 2 (𝑥 )
𝑎 ℎ 1 (𝑥 )
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

 This process of converting a given double

integral into its equivalent double integral by
changing the order of integration is called the
change of order of integration.
EXAMPLE :13
1 2−𝑦
Evaluate 0 𝑦
𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 by changing the order of
integration.
Solution: X
(1,1)
x=y x=2-y
D1 D2
Y

Given y : 0 to 1 and x : y to 2-y

By changing the order of integration,
In Region D1 x : 0 to 1 and y : 0 to x.
In Region D2 x : 1 to 2 and y : 0 to 2-x.
 1 2−𝑦 1 𝑥 2 2−𝑥
0 𝑦
𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0 0
𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 1 0 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2−𝑥
1 𝑦2 2 𝑦2
= 0
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 0 2 0

1 1 3 1 2
= 0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 1 4𝑥 − 4𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1 4 2
1 𝑥4 1 2 4𝑥 3 𝑥
= + 2𝑥 − +
2 4 0 2 3 4 1

1 5 1
= + =
8 24 3
EXAMPLE :14
𝑦2
∞ 𝑦 −𝑥
Evaluate 0 0
𝑦𝑒 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 by changing the order of integration.

Solution: Y

x=0 x=y
X
Given x=0, x = y, y = 0, y = ∞ .
By changing the order of integration y: x to ∞, x : 0 to ∞
 𝑦 2 𝑦 2
∞ 𝑦 − ∞ ∞ −
0 0
𝑦𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑥
𝑦𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑦 2
∞ ∞ − 𝑦2
= 0 𝑥
𝑦𝑒 𝑥 𝑑 𝑑𝑥
2

𝑦2
∞
−
1 ∞ 𝑒 𝑥 1 ∞
= 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 0 −1/𝑥 2 0
𝑥

𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑢 = 𝑥, 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥, 𝑣 = −𝑒 −𝑥 ,

by integration by parts,
1 𝑒 −𝑥 ∞ 1
= 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 =
2 −1 0 2
EXAMPLE :15
3 4−𝑦
Evaluate 0 1
𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 by changing the order of integration.

Solution:
Y
y=3

x=1
D y=4-x2
X

Given y=0,y=3 and x=1, x= 4 − 𝑦

By changing the order of integration,
In region D, x : 1 to 2 and y : 0 to 4-x2
 3 4−𝑦 2 4−x 2
0 1
𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 1 0
𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
4−x 2
2 𝑦2
= 1
𝑥𝑦 + 𝑑𝑥
2 0

2 2 (4−x 2 )2
= 1
𝑥 4−x + 𝑑𝑥
2

2 𝑥4
= 1 4
− 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 8 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑥5 𝑥4 𝑥3
= − −4 + 2𝑥 2 + 8𝑥
10 4 3 1
241
=
8
EXAMPLE :16
𝑎 2𝑎−𝑥
Evaluate 0 𝑥 2 /𝑎
𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 by changing the order of integration.

Solution:

Given y : 𝑥 2 /𝑎 to 2𝑎 − 𝑥 and x : 0 to a

By changing the order of integration,

In Region D1 x : 0 to 𝑎𝑦 and y : 0 to a.

In Region D2 x : 0 to 2𝑎 − 𝑦 and y : a to 2a.

 𝑎 2𝑎−𝑥 𝑎 𝑎𝑦 2𝑎 2𝑎−𝑦
0 𝑥 2 /𝑎
𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0 0
𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑎 0 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

𝑎𝑦 2𝑎−𝑦
𝑎 𝑥2 1 𝑥2
= 0
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 0
𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2 0 2 0

𝑎 𝑎 2 1 2𝑎
= 0 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑎 4𝑎2 𝑦 − 4𝑎𝑦2 + 𝑦3 𝑑𝑦
2 2
𝑎 3 𝑦 4 2𝑎
𝑎 𝑦3 1 2 2 4𝑎𝑦
= + 2𝑎 𝑦 − +
2 3 0 2 3 4 𝑎

𝑎4 5𝑎 4 3𝑎 4
= + = .
6 24 8
EXAMPLE :17

1 2−𝑥 2 𝑥
Evaluate 0 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 by changing the order of integration.
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

Solution:

Given x = 0, x = 1 and y = x, y2 = 2-x2

By changing the order of integration

In Region D1, y : 0 to 1,x : 0 to y

In Region D2, y : 1 to 2 , x : 0 to 2 − 𝑦2
 1 𝑦 𝑥 2 2−𝑦 2 𝑥
I= 0 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 1 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

1 2 2 2−𝑦 2
= 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 𝑑𝑦 + 1
𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 𝑑𝑦
0 0

1 2
= 0
2𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 1
2 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1 2
𝑦2 𝑦2
= ( 2 − 1) + 2𝑦 −
2 0 2 1

1
= 1-
2
PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE
Evaluate the following by changing the order of integration

𝑎 𝑎 2 2 𝑎4
1. 0 𝑥
(𝑥 + 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 Ans:
3

𝑎 2𝑎−𝑥 3𝑎 4
2. 0 𝑥
2 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 Ans:
8
𝑎

𝑎 𝑎 2 −𝑦 2 𝑎3
3. 0 𝑎−𝑦
𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 Ans:
6

1 2−𝑦 1
4. 0 𝑦
𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 Ans:
3
PLANE AREA USING DOUBLE
INTEGRAL

CARTESIAN FORM
EXAMPLE :18
𝑥2 𝑦2
Find by double integration, the area enclosed by the ellipse 2
+ =1
𝑎 𝑏2

Solution:

𝑥2
𝑎 𝑏 1−𝑎 2
A= 4 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 4 0 0
𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

𝑥2
𝑎 𝑏 1−
𝑎2
=4 0
𝑦 0 𝑑𝑥
4𝑏 𝑎
= 0
𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝑎
4𝑏 𝑥 𝑎2 −1 𝑥
= 𝑎2 − 𝑥2 + sin
𝑎 2 2 𝑎 0

4𝑏 𝑎 2 𝜋
= x x = 𝜋𝑎𝑏 sq.units.
𝑎 2 2
EXAMPLE :19

Find the area between the parabola𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 and the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.

Solution:

Given 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑥 , solving for x,

𝑥 = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 => 0 = 3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 => 0 = 3 − 𝑥 𝑥 => 𝑥 = 0,3

3 4𝑥−𝑥 2 3 4𝑥−𝑥 2
A= 0 𝑥
𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3
= 0
(3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥

3𝑥 2 𝑥3 3 9
= − =
2 3 0 2
EXAMPLE :20

Find the area between the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and the line

𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3.

Solution:
Given 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3.
solving for 𝑥, 𝑥 2 = 2𝑥 + 3 => 𝑥 = −1,3
3 2𝑥 +3 3 2𝑥+3
A= −1 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = −1
𝑦 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
3
= −1
(2𝑥 + 3 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
3
2𝑥 2 𝑥3 32
= + 3𝑥 − =
2 3 −1 3
PLANE AREA USING DOUBLE
INTEGRAL

POLAR FORM
EXAMPLE :21
Find the area bounded by the circle
𝑟 = 2 sin 𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 = 4 sin 𝜃.
Solution: 𝜃 = 𝜋/2

𝜃=𝜋 𝜃=0

4 sin 𝜃
𝜋 4 sin 𝜃 𝜋 𝑟2
A= 0 2 sin 𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = 0 2 2 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝜃
𝜋
=6 0
sin 𝜃 2 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
=3 0
(1 − cos 2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃

sin 2𝜃 𝜋
=3 𝜃− = 3𝜋 .
2 0
EXAMPLE :22

Find the area enclosed by the leminiscate 𝑟 2 = 𝑎2 cos 2𝜃 by double

integration.

Solution:

𝜋
If r = 0 then cos 2𝜃 = 0 implies 𝜃 = .
4
𝜋
𝑎 2 cos 2𝜃
A=4 4
0 0
𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃

𝜋
𝑟2 𝑎 2 cos 2𝜃
=4 0
4 𝑑𝜃
2 0

𝜋
2 cos 2𝜃
= 4𝑎 0
4 𝑑𝜃
2
𝜋
𝑎 2 sin 2𝜃 4
=4 = 𝑎2 .
4 0
EXAMPLE :23

Find the area that lies inside the cardioids 𝑟 = 𝑎(1 + cos 𝜃) and outside
the circle 𝑟 = 𝑎, by double integration.

Solution:

Solving 𝑟 = 𝑎(1 + cos 𝜃) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 = 𝑎

=> 𝑎(1 + cos 𝜃) = 𝑎

=> cos 𝜃 = 0
𝜋
=> 𝜃 = .
2
 𝜋 𝜋 𝑎(1+cos 𝜃)
𝑎(1+cos 𝜃) 𝑟2
A =2 2
0 𝑎
𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = 2 0
2 𝑑𝜃
2 𝑎
𝜋
= 2[ 𝑎(1 + cos 𝜃) 2 − 𝑎 2 ]𝑑𝜃
0
𝜋
= 𝑎2 0
[2
2 cos 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 2 ]𝑑𝜃

𝜋
𝑎2 2
= [4 cos 𝜃 + 1 + cos 2𝜃] 𝑑𝜃
2 0
𝜋
𝑎2 sin 2𝜃 2 𝑎2
= 𝜃+ + 4 sin 𝜃 = 𝜋+8 .
2 2 0 2
EXAMPLE :24

Find the common area to the circles 𝑟 = 𝑎 , 𝑟 = 2𝑎 cos 𝜃.

Solution:

Given 𝑟 = 𝑎 , 𝑟 = 2𝑎 cos 𝜃 , solving

 𝑎 = 2𝑎 cos 𝜃
1
 cos 𝜃 =
2
 θ=π/3

when 𝑟 = 0 => cos 𝜃 = 0 => 𝜃 = 𝜋/2

A=2 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝜋 𝜋
𝑎 2 2𝑎 cos 𝜃
=2 3
0 0
𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 + 2 𝜋
0
𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
3

𝑎 𝜋
𝜋
𝑟2 2 2𝑎 cos 𝜃
2 𝑟
=2 3
0
𝑑𝜃 + 2 𝜋 𝑑𝜃
2 0 2 0
3

𝜋 𝜋
2 2
=𝑎 3
0
𝑑𝜃 + 2𝑎 𝜋
2
cos 𝜃 2 𝑑𝜃
3

𝜋 𝜋
sin 2 𝜃 2
= 𝑎2 𝜃 3
0 + 2𝑎2 𝜃 + 𝜋
2
3

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3
= 𝑎2 + 2𝑎2 − − 𝑎2
3 2 3 2

2𝜋 3
= 𝑎2 −
3 2
PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE
1.Find by double integration, the area bounded by the parabolas
𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦 and 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥.
16𝑎 2
Ans: 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠.
3

2.Find by double integration, the smallest area bounded by the

circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 9 and the line 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 3.
9
Ans: 𝜋 − 2 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠.
4

3.Find by double integration, the area common to the parabola

𝑦 2 = 𝑥 and the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2.
1 𝜋
Ans: + 𝑠𝑞 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠.
3 2

4.Find by double integration, the area lying inside the circle

𝑟 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃 and outside the coordinate 𝑟 = 𝑎(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃).
𝜋
Ans: 𝑎2 1 − 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠.
4
THE END