3. y = 2x 2 + 3 Test for symmetry: x - axis : Replace y by − y : − y = 2x 2 + 3 ⇒ y = −2 x 2 − 3, which is not equivalent to y = 2x 2 + 3. y - axis : Replace x by − x : y = 2(−x ) + 3 = 2x 2 + 3, 2
which equivalent to y = 2x 2 + 3. Origin : Replace x by − x and y by − y : − y = 2(−x ) + 3 ⇒ y = −2x 2 − 3, 2
which is not equivalent to y = 2x 2 + 3.
Therefore, the graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis.
5. y = x2 −9 y - intercept : Let x = 0, then y = 0 2 − 9 = −9 (0,−9) x - intercepts : Let y = 0, then 0 = x 2 − 9 ⇒ x 2 = 9 ⇒ x = ±3 (−3,0), (3,0)
7. even, odd 9. True
11. Yes 13. No, it only increases on (5, 10).
15. f is increasing on the intervals (−8,−2), (0,2), (5,∞).
17. Yes. The local maximum at x = 2 is 10.
19. f has local maxima at x = − 2 and x = 2 . The local maxima are 6 and 10, respectively.
21. (a) Intercepts: (–2,0), (2,0), and (0,3).
(b) Domain: {x − 4 ≤ x ≤ 4}; Range: {y 0 ≤ y ≤ 3}. (c) Increasing: (–2, 0) and (2, 4); Decreasing: (–4, –2) and (0, 2). (d) Since the graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis, the function is even.
51 Chapter 2 Functions and Their Graphs 23. (a) Intercepts: (0,1). (b) Domain: {x x is any real number }; Range: {y y > 0}. (c) Increasing: (−∞,∞) ; Decreasing: never. (d) Since the graph is not symmetric with respect to the y-axis or the origin, the function is neither even nor odd.
25. (a) Intercepts: (−π,0), (π,0), and (0,0) .
(b) Domain: {x − π ≤ x ≤ π }; Range: {y − 1 ≤ y ≤ 1}. π π π π (c) Increasing: − , ; Decreasing: −π, − and , π . 2 2 2 2 (d) Since the graph is symmetric with respect to the origin, the function is odd.
1 5 1 27. (a) Intercepts: , 0, , 0, and 0, . 2 2 2 (b) Domain: {x − 3 ≤ x ≤ 3}; Range: {y − 1 ≤ y ≤ 2}. (c) Increasing: (2, 3); Decreasing: (−1, 1) ; Constant: (−3, −1) and (1, 2) (d) Since the graph is not symmetric with respect to the y-axis or the origin, the function is neither even nor odd.
29. (a) f has a local maximum of 3 at x = 0.
(b) f has a local minimum of 0 at both x = − 2 and x = 2.
π 31. (a) f has a local maximum of 1 at x = . 2 π (b) f has a local minimum of –1 at x = − . 2
33. f ( x) = −2 x 2 + 4 (a) Average rate of change of f from x = 0 to x = 2:
= ( )( 2
= ) f (2) − f (0) −2(2) + 4 − −2(0) + 4 (−4) − (4 ) −8 2
= = −4 2 −0 2 2 2 (b) Average rate of change of f from x = 1 to x = 3:
= ( )( 2
= ) f (3) − f (1) −2(3) + 4 − −2(1) + 4 (−14 ) − (2) −16 2
= = −8 3 −1 2 2 2 (c) Average rate of change of f from x = 1 to x = 4:
= ( )( 2
= ) f (4) − f (1) −2(4 ) + 4 − −2(1) + 4 (−28) − (2) −30 2
= = −10 4 −1 3 3 3
52 Section 2.3 Properties of Functions 35. f (x) = 5 x 37. f (x) = 1 − 3x f (x) − f (1) 5x − 5 5(x −1) (a) f( x) − f (1) 1 − 3x − (−2) = = =5 = x −1 x −1 x −1 x −1 x −1 (a) −3x + 3 −3(x −1) = = = −3 x −1 x −1 f (2) − f (1) (b) f (2) − f (1) (b) =5 = −3 2 −1 2 −1 (c) Slope = 5; Containing (1, 5): (c) Slope = –3; Containing (1, –2): y − 5 = 5( x −1) y − (− 2) = −3( x −1) y − 5 = 5x − 5 ⇒ y = 5 x y + 2 = −3x + 3 ⇒ y = −3 x + 1
f ( x) = x − 2x f ( x) = x − x 2 3 39. 41. (a) f (x) − f (1) x 2 − 2x − (−1) (a) f( x) − f (1) x3 − x − 0 x 3 − x = = = x −1 x −1 x −1 x −1 x −1 x − 2 x + 1 (x −1) 2 2 x( x −1)( x + 1) = = = = x2 + x x −1 x −1 x −1 = x −1 (b) f (2) − f (1) (b) f (2) − f (1) = 2 −1 =1 = 22 + 2 = 6 2 −1 2 −1 (c) Slope = 1; Containing (1, –1): (c) Slope = 6; Containing (1, 0): y − (−1) =1( x −1) y − 0 = 6(x −1) ⇒ y = 6x −6 y + 1 = x −1 ⇒ y = x − 2
2 43. f ( x) = 45. f ( x) = x x +1 (a) 2 2 2 (a) f ( x) − f (1) x −1 f (x) − f (1) x + 1 − 2 x +1 −1 x −1 = x −1 = = x −1 x −1 x −1 2 − x −1 = x +1 = 1− x x −1 (x −1)(x +1) −1 = x +1 (b) f (2) − f (1) −1 1 (b) f (2) − f (1) 2 −1 = =− = = 2 −1 2 −1 2 +1 3 2 −1 2 −1 (c) 1 (c) Slope = 2 − 1 ; Containing (1, 1): Slope = − ; Containing (1, 1): 3 y − 1 = ( 2 −1)( x − 1) y − 1 = ( 2 −1)x − ( 2 −1) 1 y −1 = − (x −1) 3 1 1 1 4 y = ( 2 −1)x − 2 + 2 y −1 = − x + ⇒ y = − x + 3 3 3 3
2 2 (b) V(10) = 3(24 − 2(10) ) = 3( 4) = 3(16) = 48 cu. in. 2 2 (c) (d) y1 = x(24 − 2x) 2 Use MAXIMUM. 1100 The volume is largest when x = 4 inches.
0 12 0
69. (a) y1 = −16 x 2 + 80x + 6
(b) Use MAXIMUM. The maximum height occurs when t = 2.5 seconds. (c) From the graph, the maximum height is 106 feet.
71. f ( x) = x 2 (a) Average rate of change of f from x = 0 to x = 1: f (1) − f (0) 12 − 0 2 1 = = =1 1− 0 1 1 (b) Average rate of change of f from x = 0 to x = 0.5: f (0.5) − f (0) (0.5) − 0 2 0.25 2
= = = 0.5 0.5 − 0 0.5 0.5 (c) Average rate of change of f from x = 0 to x = 0.1: f (0.1) − f (0) (0.1) − 02 0.01 2
= = = 0.1 0.1− 0 0.1 0.1
55 Chapter 2 Functions and Their Graphs (d) Average rate of change of f from x = 0 to x = 0.01: f (0.01) − f (0) (0.01) − 02 0.0001 2
= = = 0.01 0.01− 0 0.01 0.01 (e) Average rate of change of f from x = 0 to x = 0.001: f (0.001) − f (0) (0.001) − 02 0.000001 2
(g) The secant lines are beginning to look more and more like the tangent line to the graph of f at the point where x = 0. (h) The slopes of the secant lines are getting smaller and smaller. They seem to be approaching the number zero.
73. Answers will vary.
75. One, at most, because if f is increasing it could only cross the x-axis at most one time. The graph of f could not "turn" and cross it again or it would start to decrease.
