Department of Computer Science & Engineering

School of Engineering Sciences & Technology

JAMIA HAMDARD, New Delhi

(Deemed to be University, NAAC A+)

Computer Networks Lab

Lab Experiments
B. Tech (CSE)- 6th Semester/BTCSE604
Name of the faculty: Ms. Nusrat Jahan

Submitted by
Name: Komal Kumari Sah
Enrolment No: 2021-310-098

Section: B
Komal kumari sah
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  Aim- Compare and contrast the OSI model and TCP/IP model.

1. OSI Model-
• OSI, which stands for Open System Interconnection, is a reference model that elucidates the
transfer of information from a software application in one computer through a physical medium to
the software application in another computer.
• The OSI model encompasses seven layers, with each layer dedicated to a specific network
function.
• Developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1984, the OSI model is
widely recognized as an architectural framework for inter-computer communications.
• The OSI model strategically breaks down the overall task into seven smaller, manageable tasks,
with each layer being assigned a specific responsibility.
• Each layer operates independently and is self-contained, ensuring that the tasks assigned to each
layer can be executed autonomously.

 7 Layers of OSI Model-

1. Physical Layer

2. Data-Link Layer

3. Network Layer

4. Transport Layer
5. Session Layer

6. Presentation Layer

7. Application Layer

1. Physical Layer- The physical layer is the lowest layer in both the OSI (Open Systems
Interconnection) model and the TCP/IP model. It is responsible for the transmission and
reception of raw, unstructured data bits over a physical medium such as cables or wireless
transmission.
o Functions- o Line configuration: It specifies the physical connection method that
can be used to link two or more devices.
o Data Transmission: It specifies the type of transmission between the two devices
connected to the network—simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex. o Topology: It
describes the configuration of network devices. o Signals: It chooses the kind of
signal that will be used to send the data.

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 2. Data-Link Layer- The Data Link Layer, the second layer in networking models,
facilitates reliable data transmission by framing information into frames. It assigns unique
MAC addresses for device identification and manages access to the network medium to
prevent collisions. Error detection, flow control, and addressing are key functions, with
protocols like Ethernet operating at this layer. The Data Link Layer ensures efficient
communication between devices within the same local network.
o Functions-
o framing involves translating raw bit streams into frames, which include headers
specifying hardware destination and source addresses.
o Physical addressing is accomplished by adding a header with the destination
address, ensuring frames reach the intended destination.
o Flow control is a key function of the Data Link Layer, maintaining a consistent data
rate to prevent data corruption and synchronization issues.
o Error control is achieved through CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) in the trailer,
enabling the detection of errors and triggering retransmission when corruption
occurs.
o Access control in the Data Link Layer protocols manages communication channel
access among connected devices, determining control over the link at any given time.

3. Network Layer- The Network Layer, third in networking models, handles logical addressing and
routing, directing packets between devices on diverse networks using IP addresses. It ensures
efficient cross-network communication, with protocols like IP playing a central role. o Functions-
o Internetworking: The network layer's primary duty is internetworking. It offers a
logical connection between various gadgets.
o Addressing: The source and destination addresses are appended to the frame header
by the network layer. On the internet, addressing is used to identify the device.
o Packetizing: The process by which a network layer transforms the packets it receives
from the upper layer into packets. We call this procedure "packetizing." IP is the
means by which it is accomplished.

4. Transport Layer- The Transport Layer, positioned fourth in networking models, focuses on end-
to-end communication, ensuring reliable data transfer and error correction. It manages flow control
and segmentation, breaking data into segments for transmission. Protocols like TCP (Transmission
Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol) operate at this layer, addressing the quality
and characteristics of data delivery between source and destination. o Functions-
o Service-point addressing: To enable data transfer between processes as well as
between computers, the Transport Layer appends a header that contains a service-
point address or port address.
o Segmentation and reassembly: The Transport Layer uses sequence numbers to
divide up messages that it receives. It uses these sequence numbers to reassemble the
message at the destination. o Connection control: Services that are both connection-
oriented and connectionless are provided by the Transport Layer. While connection-

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 oriented service establishes a connection before transmitting packets through a
single route, connectionless service handles segments individually.
o Flow control: The Transport Layer controls the flow of data between the source
and the destination to ensure effective transmission. It is in charge of providing end-
to-end flow control. o Error control: To guarantee accurate message delivery, the
Transport Layer is in charge of managing end-to-end error detection and correction.

5. Session Layer- The Session Layer, fifth in networking, manages communication sessions
between applications, ensuring synchronization and orderly data exchange. It handles dialog
control, token management, and session checkpoints for efficient communication. o Functions-
o Dialogue control: The session layer serves as a dialogue controller, facilitating
half-duplex or full-duplex communication between two processes by
establishing a dialogue between them.
o Synchronisation: When sending data sequentially, the session layer adds a few
checkpoints. The data transmission will restart from the checkpoint if an error
arises during the transmission process. We call this process "recovery and
synchronisation.

6. Presentation Layer- The Presentation Layer, the sixth layer in networking models, ensures
seamless data exchange between applications by handling translation, encryption, and
compression. It enhances interoperability and facilitates secure transmissions through format and
syntax management, contributing to effective communication across diverse systems. o
Functions-
o Translation: - The Presentation Layer facilitates interoperability by
converting data between sender and receiver-dependent formats,
addressing diverse encoding methods. o Encryption: Ensuring
privacy, this layer encrypts transmitted information into a secure
format before network transmission.
o Compression: Critical for multimedia, the Presentation Layer
compresses data to reduce the number of bits transmitted, enhancing
efficiency in text, audio, and video communication.

7. Application Layer-The Application Layer, at the network's top, enables communication

between software applications and the network, supporting user-level services like email and web
browsing. Serving as the interface for users, it facilitates efficient data exchange through
application-specific protocols. o Functions-
o File transfer, access, and management, or FTAM, is the process by which a
user retrieves, accesses, and manages files from a remote computer using an
application layer.
o Email services: The ability to forward and store emails is provided by an
application layer. o Directory services: An application is used to give global
information about different objects and distributes database sources.

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 2. TCP/IP Model-

o TCP/IP was designed and developed by the Department of Defense (DoD) in the 1960s and is
based on standard protocols. It stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. The
TCP/IP model is a concise version of the OSI model. It contains four layers, unlike the seven
layers in the OSI model.

o The number of layers is sometimes referred to as five or four. The Physical Layer and Data
Link Layer are referred to as one single layer as the ‘Physical Layer’ or ‘Network Interface Layer’
in the 4-layer reference.

o TCP/IP's primary function is to move computer data from one device to another. Making data
accurate and dependable is a prerequisite for this process, as it ensures that the recipient receives
the same information that was sent by the sender. The TCP/IP model separates the data into packets
and combines them at the other end to guarantee that each message reaches its destination
precisely. This helps to maintain the accuracy of the data while transferring from one end to
another end.

 Layers of the TCP/IP Model-

1. Link Layer (or Network Interface Layer): - The Link Layer manages the physical
connection between devices on the same network. It handles tasks such as framing data
into frames and transmitting them over the local physical medium, like Ethernet cables
or wireless connections.

2. Internet Layer:
Responsible for routing packets across different networks, the Internet Layer uses logical
addressing (IP addresses) to facilitate global communication. The Internet Protocol (IP),
including both IPv4 and IPv6, is a key protocol at this layer.

3. Transport Layer:
The Transport Layer ensures end-to-end communication between devices on different
networks. It manages data integrity, flow control, and error correction during transmission.
Two major protocols at this layer are Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) for reliable
connections and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) for faster, connectionless communication.

4. Application Layer:
The topmost layer, the Application Layer, provides network services directly to end-users and
applications. It includes a variety of protocols for specific communication services such as email
(SMTP), file transfer (FTP), and web browsing (HTTP). This layer deals with user interfaces,
data formats, and communication semantics.
 Comparison between OSI model and TCP/IP model-

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 OSI Model TCP/IP Model
OSI refers to Open Systems TCP refers to Transmission Control
Interconnection. Protocol.
OSI uses unique presentation and The application layer of TCP/IP
session layers. itself makes use of both the
session and presentation layers.
According to the OSI model, The application layer of TCP/IP
packet delivery assurance is itself makes use of both the
provided by the transport layer. session and presentation layers.
No guarantee of packet delivery
is offered by TCP/IP's transport
layer.
OSI follows a vertical approach. TCP/IP follows connectionless a
horizontal approach.
In the OSI model, the network The network layer of the TCP/IP
layer provides services that are model only offers connectionless
both connectionless and (IP) services. TCP, or the
connection-oriented. transport layer, establishes
connections.
Protocols are easier to replace Protocols cannot be replaced easily
when technology changes and are in TCP/IP model.
better covered in the OSI model.

 Aim- Study of various networking devices like hub, bridges, routers and
gateways.

1. HUB-
• Hubs are networking devices operating at a physical layer of the OSI model that are used
to connect multiple devices in a network. They are generally used to connect computers
in a LAN.
• A hub has many ports in it. A computer which intends to be connected to the network is
plugged in to one of these ports. When a data frame arrives at a port, it is broadcast to
every other port, without considering whether it is destined for a particular destination
device or not.

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 o Features of Hubs-
• A hub operates in the physical layer of the OSI model.
• A hub cannot filter data. It is a non-intelligent network device that sends message to all
ports.
• Transmission mode is half duplex.
• Since they lack intelligence to compute best path for transmission of data packets,
inefficiencies and wastage occur.
• They are passive devices; they don’t have any software associated with it. They
generally have fewer ports of 4/12.

o Types of Hubs -
a. Active Hub
b. Passive Hub
c. Intelligent Hub

2. BRIDGE-
• A bridge functions at the layer of data links. A bridge is essentially a repeater with the
ability to filter content by analysing the source and destination MAC addresses.
• Two LANs using the same protocol can also be connected with it. It is a two-port device
because it has a single input and one output port.

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 o Features of Bridges-
• Segmentation: Divides a network into smaller parts to reduce collisions and improve
efficiency.
• Filtering: Selectively forwards data based on MAC addresses, isolating traffic within
segments for better performance.
• Learning Capability: Dynamically learns and updates MAC address tables to adapt to
changing network configurations.
• Collision Reduction: Isolates collision domains, minimizing the risk of network

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 congestion and improving overall data transmission reliability.

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 o Types of Bridges-
• Transparent Bridges: Stations are oblivious to the bridge's presence, requiring no
network reconfiguration. It utilizes bridge forwarding and learning processes.
• Source Routing Bridges: Source stations handle routing, specifying the frame's route.
Hosts discover paths using a special frame called the discovery frame.

3. ROUTERS-
• The router is a networking device that works under the network layer of OSI model. It
transfers data in the form of packets and used to connect two or more different networks
with each other. The router is having the ability to create multiple paths for data
transmission and choose the best route to transfer the same.
• A router is quite common to find at home, business, school, colleges, etc which allows
your network to communicate with other networks including the internet.

o Functions of Routers-
• Transfers data to the destination node by selecting the best path.
• Shares information with other routers in the network.
• Contains a routing table that keeps track of the routes to networks. Connects
different types of networks.

o Types of Routers-
• Static Routers: It basically uses in small networks. Static Routers enables the
network administrator to enter the route information manually in the routing table.
But this process is very time-consuming.
• Dynamic routers: are utilised in extensive networks. When the network topology
changes or new information is received from other routers, dynamic routers
automatically update the routing table. This method requires little time and is less
prone to mistakes. Routing protocols like RIP, OSPF, BGP, and IGRP help to
accomplish this task.

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 4. GATEWAYS-
• A gateway is a network node that forms a passage between two networks operating with
different transmission protocols. The most common type of gateways, the network
gateway operates at layer 3, i.e. network layer of the OSI model.
• However, depending upon the functionality, a gateway can operate at any of the seven
layers of OSI model. It acts as the entry – exit point for a network since all traffic that
flows across the networks should pass through the gateway. Only the internal traffic
between the nodes of a LAN does not pass through the gateway.

o Functions of Gateways-
• Gateway is located at the boundary of a network and manages all data that inflows or
outflows from that network.
• It forms a passage between two different networks operating with different
transmission protocols.

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 • It also stores information about the routing paths of the communicating networks.
• When used in enterprise scenario, a gateway node may be supplemented as proxy server
or firewall. It uses packet switching technique to transmit data across the networks.

o Types of Gateways-
 On the Basis of the Direction of the Flow of Data-

• Unidirectional Gateways − They allow data to flow in only one direction. Changes made
in the source node are replicated in the destination node, but not vice versa. They can be
used as archiving tools.

• Bidirectional Gateways − They allow data to flow in both directions. They can be used
as synchronization tools.

 On the basis of Functionality-

• Email Security Gateway- It scans email for any type of malicious content before
allowing it to enter into the network.
• Cloud Storage Gateway- It helps in data transfer between the cloud and the nodes of the
network. It converts different API requests into that form which can be understandable by
cloud platforms.

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