ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
B.Sc. Thesis Project On
Design and Implementation of Bluetooth Based Automatic Irrigation System
Running on Solar Power By:
1. Temesgen Abie………………………….….1133/10

2. Tedi Wordofa……………………………….1127/10

3. Tamiru Kassu.………………………………1125/10

4. Misgana Mitiku……………………….…….0863/10

Advisor: Mr. Girma D

A final Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Addis Ababa
Science & Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for BSc degree in Electrical
Engineering (Electronics and Communication Stream).
June, 2022 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
DECLARATION

We, the undersigned, declare that this thesis’s is our original work, and this project work has not
been presented for a project in this or any other universities, and all sources of materials that
used for this project work are fully acknowledged.
Name Signature

Temesgen Abie…………………………..........................................................__________

Tedi Wordofa…………….................................................................................__________

Tamiru Kassu……………………………….................................................... __________

Misgana Mitiku…………………………………………………………........__________

Date of submission: __________

This thesis has been submitted for examination with our approval as a university advisor.

Project advisor Signature

Girma D ____________

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Starting from thanking the lord, we would like to express our deep gratitude and appreciation to
all those guys gone multiply our effort to complete this project. We place on record and warmly
acknowledge the continuous encouragement, invaluable supervision, timely suggestions and
inspired guidance offered by our adviser Mr. Girma D. for the successful completion of this
project.
Last but not the least we express our sincere thanks to our entire department staff who has
patiently extended all sorts of help for accomplishing this undertaking.
Finally, we must acknowledge with due respect the constant supports and patience of our
parents.

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 Table of Contents
DECLARATION ................................................................................................................................................ i
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ..................................................................................................................................... ii
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................................ v
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................................. vi
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................................... vii
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Background………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….2

1.1 Statement of the problem…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….2

1.3. Objective of the Project ................................................................................................................... 3

1.4. Methodology for the Project………………………………………………………………………3
1.5. Significance of the Project…………………………………………………………………………4
1.6 Scope of the project…………………………………………………….…………….……………..5
1.7 Organization of the project………………………………………………………….……………..5
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………………….………………6
CHAPTER THREE SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND OPERATION ......................................................................... 8
3.1. Sensors ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….8

3.2. Diode ............................................................................................................................................... 14

3.3. Voltage Regulator .......................................................................................................................... 14
3.4 Relay………………………………………………………….……………….……………………………………………………………..16

3.5. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)…………………….……………………………………………………………..…………….17

3.6. Transformer ................................................................................................................................... 18

3.7. Solar PV Panel................................................................................................................................ 20
3.8. Solar Battery................................................................................................................................... 21
3.9. Arduino……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..22

3.10. Pump Motor ................................................................................................................................. 24

3.11. Bluetooth Module HC-05............................................................................................................. 24
3.12. Transistor...................................................................................................................................... 28
3.13. Resistors……………..…………...……………………………………..………………………..29
3.14. Capacitors ..................................................................................................................................... 29
3.15. Solenoid Valve .............................................................................................................................. 30

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CHAPTER FOUR SYSTEM DESIGN, WORKING PRINCIPLE AND ANALYSIS .................................................... 32
4.1 Overall System Block Diagram………………………………………………………….………………………………………32

4.2 Types of Irrigation .......................................................................................................................... 33

4.3. WORKING PRINCIPLE .............................................................................................................. 39
4.4 System Design…………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………….39

4.5 Solar Power Design……………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………..41

4.6 Software Design……………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………..44

CHAPTER FIVE RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.................................................................................................. 47

CHAPTER SIX CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE WORK .............................................. 53
6.1 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………53

6.2 Recommendation………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………53

REFERENCE .................................................................................................................................................. 54
APPENDICES ................................................................................................................................................ 56

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure.3. 1: YL-69 soil moisture sensor..................................................................................8
Figure.3. 2: Water level sensor...............................................................................................11
Figure.3. 3: DHT11 Humidity sensor.....................................................................................11
Figure.3.4: Ultrasonic sensor……………………………….……………………………….14
Figure.3. 5: Diode...................................................................................................................14
Figure.3. 6: Integrated circuit..................................................................................................16
Figure 3.7 Channels 5V Relay Module……….......................................................................17
Figure.3. 8: Liquid Crystal Display (LCD).............................................................................18
Figure 3.9 Bridge rectifier.......................................................................................................19
Figure 3.10 Solar or photovoltaic (PV) cells……………………………….………………..20
Figure3.11 Solar or photovoltaic (PV) pan ale........................................................................21
Figure 3.12 Arduino uno..........................................................................................................22
Figure 3.13 pump motor...........................................................................................................24
Figure 3.14 Bluetooth module..................................................................................................25
Figure 3.15 Bluetooth module pin description……………….................................................25
Figure3.16: Bluetooth module Serial Interface........................................................................27
Figure 3.17 transistor................................................................................................................29
Figure 3.18 DC solenoid valve..................................................................................................31
Figure4. 1: Block diagram of overall system……....................................................................32
Figure 4.2 Drip irrigation..........................................................................................................35
Figure 4.3 analysis Drip irrigation............................................................................................36
Figure4. 4: Relay interfacing of Arduino to the 12V DC pump ..............................................40
Figure4. 5: LEDs Connection to Arduino board……………………………...........................................40
Figure4. 6: LCD connection to Arduino board……………………………………………….41
Figure 4.7: Simulation of sending SMS text to the user……………………………………..45
Figure4.8: Program flow chart…………………………………………………….…………..46
Figure 5.1 Overall circuit diagram……………………………………………………………47
Figure5. 2: Simulation result at normal water content condition……………………….…….48
Figure5. 3: Simulation result at soil dry and tanker medium
condition………………………………………………………………………………….…48
Figure5. 4: Simulation result at soil dry and tanker empty condition……………………....49
Figure 5.5 final hardware assembly……………………………………………………….51

Figure 5.6 AASTU Bluetooth control pest Repeller………………………………………52

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 LIST OF TABLES
Table3. 1: YL-69 soil moisture sensor specification..............................................................9
Table3. 2: Sensor values for different soil ..............................................................................9
Table3. 3: water level sensor specification…………………………………………………10
Table3. 4: Ultrasonic sensor specification…………………………………………………..13
Table3. 5: Channels 5V Relay Module specification…………………………………….…17
Table3.6: Bluetooth module command……………………………………………………..28
Table3. 7: DC solenoid valve specification……………………………………….………...31
Table4. 1: Discharge of Each Line ........................................................................................37
Table4. 2: Selection of Pipe Diameters..................................................................................38
Table4. 3: Yearly average of monthly solar radiation for Addis Ababa solar radiation ........42
Table4. 4: Daily energy for the equipment we used...............................................................42
Table4. 5: PV module specification .......................................................................................43
Table4. 6: Solar battery specification.....................................................................................44
Table5. 1: motor, soil moisture content, water level of the tanker, and display message
conditions………………………………………………………………………………...….49

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 ABSTRACT
This project deals about Bluetooth based automatic solar water pump in the irrigational
agriculture. Previously for many years Ethiopian farmers uses much human efforts for
irrigation. Today Ethiopian farmer’s uses Diesel irrigation pumps for this purpose. But
farmers are facing lots of problems while operating the irrigation pumps. The major
problems faced by the farmers are physical effort and inconvenience, operation cost of
diesel and takes longer time.
To reduce those problems Bluetooth based automatic irrigation system running on solar
power is implemented. This will increase yields, improve crop quality, and most
importantly reduce operation cost and working time for farmers.
The project focuses on detecting the moisture level of the soil using moisture level
sensor. While the moisture level is below the required, automatically the Arduino will
command the Bluetooth and send SMS to the owner to announce the field condition and also
the Arduino gives high output to the relay coil of the pump motor. The level sensor
integrated to Arduino in order to prevents the dry running of the motor and humidity
sensor also integrated with Arduino in order to prevent soil soggy. A DC solar pump motor
is used for this irrigation purpose.
In General, this system reduces the cost required for lobar, fuel and waste of time
required for irrigation and increases quality of productivity our country and improving
the GDP of it.

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i
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Irrigation can be defined as human manipulation of the hydrologic cycle to improve
seasonal crop production and quality throughout the year. Now days, water shortage is
becoming one of the biggest problems in the world. Many different methods are developed
for conservation of water. We need water in each and every field. In our day-to-day life
also water is essential. Water is considered to be basic need of human. Water is needed
for everyone human beings, animals, plants, etc. Agriculture is one of the fields where
water is required in tremendous quantity.
1.1. Background
Irrigation is the artificial application of water to plants for their growth and maturity.
Irrigation water is supplied to supplement the water available from rainfall and the
contribution of soil moisture from ground water. Major part of our expenditure is spent
on agriculture alone and in spite of that we not getting required output. Previously for
many years Ethiopian farmers uses much human efforts for irrigation. Today Ethiopian
farmer’s uses Diesel irrigation pumps are for this purpose. But farmers are facing lots of
problems while operating the irrigation pumps. The major problems faced by the farmers
are;
➢ Physical effort and inconvenience
➢ Operation cost of diesel
➢ Also long time
For the future Our project is aims to reduce the physical efforts faced by the farmers as it
allows the farmers to remotely check to see that there is diesel, water level inside the tank
or gorge, flow rate of water and to automatically turn the pump on and off, and announce
the field condition thought a mobile phone to the user. Goal of the project is to develop
irrigation system by continuously monitoring the availability of electricity to operate the
pump, water level in the reservoir through which the pump drags water, pressure of the
water flowing out of pump. Whenever the failure in the system occurs such as pump
stops watering due to cutting down of electricity or there is lack of water inside the

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reservoir or pump drags water with low pressure, then the controller automatically sends
an alert message to the authorized person by using Bluetooth module. After the person
receives a message, he can take action on the water pump according to his requirement.
1.2. Statement of the Problem
Irrigation of plants usually a very time-consuming activity; to be done in reasonable short
time a lot of human labor should be involved. Traditionally, all the steps of the
irrigational activities are executed by human labor. Using technologies, the number of
worker or the time required for irrigation is reduced. Water has been used excessively for
irrigation, traditionally. The plant/crop is watered beyond its needs, which result massive
wastage of the limited water resource. It also limits the farm to be cultivated using the
available water resource.
For rural areas far from the electric grid, the customary means of pumping irrigation
water are diesel or petrol pumps. These have the double drawback of requiring much and
expensive maintenance and depending on a regular supply of fuel, so that they cannot be
operated unattended. Especially in remote areas of developing countries with inadequate
spare parts and maintenance structures, diesel and petrol pumps are often inoperable for
several days. The resultant lack of water can seriously damage crops, reducing yields and
income. Hence using, conventional pumping system possess an economic risk to farmers.
Moreover, the noise and exhaust from such pumps impact on the environment. The
pollution of ground water and soil by diesel fuel and lubricants is no rare occurrence.
Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems can be an attractive complementary energy source
deployed alongside diesel pumps in areas with plenty of sunshine and where the cost to
run power lines is high.
This project aims at automating irrigation systems using Bluetooth based automatic irrigation
system running on solar power to improve on water management. This will increase
yields, improve crop quality, and most importantly conserve water thus saving money.

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1.3. Objective of the Project
1.3.1. General Objective:
To “Design and implement Bluetooth based automatic irrigation system running on solar
power”
1.3.2. Specific Objectives:
✓ To design driver circuit
✓ To selecting motor rating
✓ To design moisture, humidity and level sensing circuit
✓ To adjust the above sensors parameter
✓ To study different types of irrigation system
✓ To analyze moisture contents for different types of soil

✓ To develop a system which controls pesticide using high frequency generator

✓ To refill the water tank automatically whenever it is needed

✓ To develop the flowchart for controller
✓ Construct schematic diagram and simulate the overall system using proteus
professional software
✓ To implement the system in prototype
1.4. Methodology for the Project
Firstly a number of literatures related to this problem area were investigated and then
valuable data had been gathered and analyzed there.
Then after we made a block diagram to represent the Bluetooth Based Automatic Irrigation
System Running on Solar Power based up on the way we analyzed and figure out to do it
like.
Arduino selection criteria are:
➢ Availability of Arduino
➢ Easy to reset and program using for our specific purpose
➢ Input/output voltage specification
➢ Cheap price
Moisture, Humidity and level sensors selection criteria

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❖ Availability of sensors
❖ Cheap price

❖ Input/output characteristics
❖ Easy to use
As soon as we know the input/output voltage and current characteristics of all devices
from the mathematical modeling, selection of the other remaining materials will be done
based on their specifications calculated before. Those devices are:
❖ LED diode
❖ Transistor

❖ Capacitor
❖ Resistor
❖ Design of solar battery size and solar pan ale
The project will be achieved through the use of world national instrument software
(Proteus professional in our case) the overall circuit diagram will make up and run to
check the result. The procedure we follow will looks like as follows:
❖ Designing the general skeleton diagram of the system.
❖ Examine external and internal factors that will affect the whole system operation
and analyze components specification.
❖ Select the required components for the system based on the result of the above
analysis.
❖ Design the circuit diagram of the system using the selected components.
❖ Constructing the circuit on the simulation software and simulate it.
❖ Implement the prototype of the project
Finally, the output of the simulation data and the output result of prototype are analyzed
with respect to achieving the objective of the project.
1.5. Significance of the Project
This will increase yields of crop, improve crop quality, and most importantly conserve
water thus saving money. Also, it saves the time of farmers that wastes for irrigation and
labor forces required for irrigation also reduced. Additionally, it saves the money that
wastes for the fuel.

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1.6. Scope of the Project
The scope of this project entails the design and implementation of Bluetooth based automatic
irrigation system running on solar power depending on the soil moisture content.

Moisture sensor will be the input of the Arduino microcontroller and a solar water pump
will be the output of the Arduino. A level sensor as the input of Arduino is used for the
protection of the motor. Also, humidity sensors used for preventing soil soggy.
For the realization of our project simulation, Arduino, moister sensors, level sensors,
LCD, relay, pump motor, resister, humidity sensors, Ultrasonic Sensor, transistor and Bluetooth
module are involved on the circuit diagram. The output of this project is demonstrating one way
of solving the farmers problem in irrigation system.
1.7. Organization of the Project
This project document consists of six chapters followed by references and appendix. The
first chapter is an introduction part that contains background of the area which assures
that a number of works are required in this area, contribution of the project and the scope
of the project. The statement of problem and objective of our project, design and
implementation of Bluetooth based automatic irrigation system running on solar power have
been explained in this chapter.
Chapter two contains a review of different literature like books, journals, websites; etc.
related to Bluetooth based automatic irrigation system running on solar power problem and
operation.
A number of system component and their operation have been introduced in chapter
three. This system component includes solar panel, resister, LED diode, voltage
regulator, relay, transistor, humidity sensor, level sensor, moisture sensor, Arduino
platform, Ultrasonic Sensor, Solenoid Valve, liquid crystal display, Capacitor, Transformer and
Bluetooth module.
The fourth chapter consists of the design and analysis of different circuits.
The fifth chapter explains simulation results of the project. It includes the interpretation
and discussion of Bluetooth based automatic control the irrigation system.
Finally the last chapter concludes what has been done and recommends certain remaining
works to be included by future workers in the related area.

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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
Veena Divya, k, AyushAkhouri [1] “A Real time implementation of a GSM based
Automated Irrigation Control System using drip Irrigation Methodology deal on GSM
based irrigation control system, which could give the facilities of maintaining uniform
environmental conditions. for this, a software stack called android is used for mobile
devices that include an operating system, middleware and key applications.
Ventkata Naga Rohit Gunturi (2013) builds a controller based automatic plant irrigation
system. The main aim of the project was to provide automatic irrigation to the plants with
a system that operates with less manpower. This in turn helps to save funds and water.
The user programmed the 8051 microcontroller as giving the interrupt signal to the
sprinkler, and this was used to control the entire system. Temperature sensor and
humidity sensor was connected to internal ports of the microcontroller via a comparator,
and whenever there is a change in temperature and humidity of the surroundings these
sensors sense the change in temperature and humidity and gives an interrupt signal to the
micro-controller and thus the sprinkler is activated. [2]
S.Harishankar, R.Satish etal, [7], proposed the solar energy from solar panels is utilized
to pump water automatically from bore well directly into a ground level storage tank.
Apart from the conventional techniques, the system makes efficient use of renewable
energy.
M. Guerbaoui, a.ed-dahhak [3] Bluetooth based automated drip irrigation system we they
proposed a system contribution to the development of greenhouse production in
Morocco. The proposed solution involves the development of an integrated system for
automate the drip fertilizing irrigation in green house. The solution adopted involves a
data acquisition card controlled by PC. The irrigation is provided by a hydraulic circuit
based on an electric pump. Water needs are evaluated by measuring soil water status by
soil humidity sensor.
Chetana A.Kestikar, Rutuja M.Bhavsar [8], builds Automated Wireless Watering System
(AWWS) the system is facilitated by providing PC control and mobile control for

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monitoring and controlling watering activity. Also, the wiring mess is reduced. The
system is divided into two parts; one is PC side and the other is the hardware components
on the site/field. The GUI interface is developed on NET programming language.
Programming is used to send message to GSM modem on site through PC and vice versa.
Two modes of operation are there manual and automatic. In manual mode system will
work as traditional watering system. The user decides when to start and stop watering. In
automatic mode, once the system is started, the user need not pay attention to stopping of
the system. The watering will be decided according to moisture levels. The user can
initiate the system by sending message to the microcontroller via the GSM modem
through the program. This message being received by the microcontroller will initiate
moisture sensors, water level indicator. Again, the power supply used to run the whole
system is conventional and thus less economical.
Basava Sidramappa Dhanne, Sachin Kedare, and etal, [9], proposed Modern Solar
Powered Irrigation System by Using ARM the design methodology of automated
irrigation system in this paper includes the components, solar panel, arm processor,
sensors, dc motors, relay, and battery. The main stress is laid on generating power supply
by harnessing solar energy and reducing power consumption for irrigation purpose. The
dc current is generated by using solar panel. This dc power is stored in a battery so as to
operate the pump even during the night time. The farmer sends a text message via mobile
phone so as to check the level of water storage tank and condition of moisture in filed. If
task is complete then GSM module sends the message, “watering is complete” to the
user. If the task is not complete then GSM module sends the message,” watering not
completed, lagging resources” also the state of charge of battery is sensed by charge
sensor and send to ARM processor. The good thing about this work is that it also gives
information about watering resources i.e., whether resources are lagging or not.

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CHAPTER THREE
SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND OPERATION
3.1. Sensors
A sensor is a device that detects and measures a physical quantity from the environment
and converts it into an electronic signal. The physical quantity could be moisture,
temperature, motion and light or any other physical phenomenon. Examples of sensors
include: oxygen sensors, temperature sensors, infrared sensors, humidly sensors, level
sensors, soil moisture sensors and motion detection sensors. The output of the sensors is
usually current or voltage signal. This project requires soil moisture sensor, level sensor
and humidity sensor.
3.1.1. Soil Moisture Sensors
A soil moisture sensor is a device that measures the volumetric water content (VWC) of
soil. There are different types of moisture sensors. But for our projects we select YL-69
Moisture Sensor.
YL-69 Moisture Sensor; this is an Electrical resistance, Sensor. The sensor is made up of
two electrodes. This soil moisture sensor reads the moisture content around it. A current
is passed across the electrodes through the soil and the resistance to the current in the soil
determines the soil moisture. If the soil has more water resistance will be low and thus
more current will pass through. On the other hand, when the soil moisture is low the
sensor module outputs a high level of resistance. This sensor has both digital and
analogue outputs. Digital output is simple to use but is not as accurate as the analogue
output.

Figure3.1 YL-69 soil moisture sensor

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Table3. 1: YL-69 soil moisture sensor specification
Vcc power supply 3.3V or 5V

Current 35mA

Signal output voltage 0-4.2V

Digital Outputs 0 or 1

Analog Resistance (Ω)

Panel Dimension 3.0cm by 1.6cm

Probe Dimension 6.0cm by 3.0cm

GND Connected to ground

The calibrations of moisture sensor depend on Volumetric Water Content (VWC) of soil. The
VWC of sand soil, red soil and black soils were calculated. The raw data collected
from the soil moisture sensor was recorded as shown in table below. The soil was
measured in equal amount of 250gramms. Water was added in the soils in steps and the
sensor values recorded.

Table 3.2 Sensor values for different soil

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3.1.2. Level Sensor
Level sensors detect the level of substances that flow, in the form of liquids, slurries and
powders. Such substances that flow to become essentially level in their containers (or
other physical boundaries) due to gravity. The substance that measured can be inside a
container or can be in its natural form (e.g., a river or a lake). The level measurement that
can be either continuous or point values. The continuous level sensors can measure level
within a specified range and determine the exact amount of substance in a particular
place, while the point-level sensors indicate whether the substance is above or below
sensing point. Latter detect levels that are excessively high or low. There are different
types of level sensors. But for this project we used water level sensor. The working principle of
water level sensor is pretty straightforward. The series of exposed parallel conductors, together
acts as a variable resistor (just like a potentiometer) whose resistance varies according to the
water level. The change in resistance corresponds to the distance from the top of the sensor to the
surface of the water. The resistance is inversely proportional to the height of the water.

• The less water the sensor is immersed in, results in poor conductivity and will result in a
higher resistance.
• The more water the sensor is immersed in, results in better conductivity and will result in
a lower resistance.

The sensor produces an output voltage according to the resistance, which by measuring we can
determine the water level. The output of the potential divider terminal is taken in to the Arduino
microcontroller. It is accurate, simple installation, critical altering & easy to setup.

Table3. 3:water level sensor specification

Vcc power supply 3V or 5V

Current < 20mA

Product Dimensions: 62mmx20mmx8mm

Digital Outputs 0 or 1

Analog Resistance (Ω)

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 Operating Temperature (°C) -10 to 30

Detecting Range 40×16 mm

GND Connected to ground

Figure3.2 water level sensor

3.1.3. Humidity Sensor

DHT11 Temperature & Humidity Sensor highlights a temperature & stickiness sensor
complex with a calibrated digital signal input. This sensor incorporates a resistive-sort
moistness estimation segment and a NTC temperature estimation part, and associate with
a high- execution 8-bit microcontroller, offering fabulous quality, quick reaction, hostile
to obstruction capacity and expense adequacy.

Figure 3.3 DHT11 Humidity sensor

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Each DHT11 component will be entirely balanced in the lab that will be to a great degree
exact on dampness adjustment. The adjustment coefficients are put away as projects in
the OTP memory, which are utilized by the sensor's inner sign distinguishing
methodology. The single-wire serial interface makes framework reconciliation brisk and
simple. Its little size, low power utilization and up-to-20-meter signal transmission
settling on it the best decision for different applications, including those most requesting
ones. The part is 3-pin single line pin bundle. It is advantageous to associate and unique
bundles can be given in response to popular demand. Technical specification
Measurement Range 20-90% RH 0-50℃ Humidity Accuracy ± 5% RH Temperature
Accuracy ± 2℃.

3.1.4. Buzzer
Ultrasonic sensors have two main components: the transmitter (which emits the sound using
piezoelectric crystals) and the receiver (which encounters the sound after it has travelled to and
from the target).

Out of these two components, we used the transmitter component which will emits the high
frequency sound to control the pesticides and replaced it with a buzzer. As we know, Ultrasonic
devices operate by emitting short wavelength, high frequency sound waves too high in pitch not
to be heard by the human ear (all frequencies greater than 20,000Hz). This is due to limitations
in human hearing. Humans cannot hear ultrasound because the eardrum does not vibrate fast
enough, but some animals such as dogs, bats and rats can hear well into the ultrasonic range.
Many insects, rats, bats and small mammals communicate through ultrasound. Insect have
sensory structure to produce and detect the ultrasound. Cockroaches have “sensory hair” to sense
ultrasound. Spiders, wasps, beetles and flies have “tympanic membrane” to detect ultrasound.
Fleas communicate using high frequency ultrasound. Male mosquitoes produce ultrasound to
attract female. Female mosquitoes have sensor structures to receive ultrasound. Spider, lizard and
locust also have ability to sense ultrasound. Some insects, such as grasshoppers and locusts can
detect frequencies from 50,000Hz to 100,000Hz, and moths and lacewings and detect ultrasound
as high as 240,000Hz produced by insect - hunting bats. Insects detect sound by special hairs or
sensilla located on the antennae (mosquitoes) or genitalia (cockroaches), or by more complicated
tympanal organs (grasshoppers, locusts, moths and butterflies). "Ultrasound and Arthropod Pest

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Control"[1] an extensive Kansas State University study confirmed that ultrasonic sound devices
do have both a repellent effect as well as a reduction in mating and reproduction of various
insects. However, the results were mixed and ultrasonic sound had little or no effect on some
pests.
Our product repels pests by emitting pulse ultrasonic waves. Using ultrasonic waves creates a
noisy and hostile environment which repels pests, whilst remaining absolutely safe for humans
and household animals. Unfortunately, all pests do not react at the same ultrasonic frequency.
While some pests get repelled at 35 kHz, some others get repelled at 38 to 40 kHz or even higher
frequencies. Thus, to increase the effectiveness, frequency of ultrasonic oscillator has to be
continuously varied between certain limits. Frequency of emission of ultrasonic sound is
continuously varied by our product in different patterns to repel different insects.

3.1.4.1 How does ultrasound affect animals?

The ultrasound sensors are present in the antennae of some insects and mammals. Ultrasound
emitted by the repellent will scare away the pests and confuse them. Ultrasound sound will create
stress on the nervous system of insects and jam their own ultrasound frequency. This will
immobilize the insect and they escape from the source of ultrasound.
Ultrasound pest chasers are design to repel pests from the home and agriculture area. In this
project we focused agriculture area, at field crops and stored products.

Table3. 4: Ultrasonic sensor specification

Vcc power supply 3.3V or 5V

Current < 2mA

Signal output voltage 0-5V

Digital Outputs 0 or 1
Detection Distance 3.3V:2cm-400cm / 5V: 2cm-
450cm
GND Connected to ground

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 Figure 3.4 ultrasonic sensor

3.2. Diode
A diode plays an important role in the system circuit project. It allows the battery voltage
to flow into the circuit only in one direction (called the diode's forward bias direction)
and also block any back electromotive force that may damage the driver transistors. The
diode is a two-terminal electronic component with a nonlinear current–voltage
characteristic. This unidirectional behavior of diode is called rectification and it is used in
this project to protect the back emf of motor.

Figure 3.5 Diode

3.3. Voltage Regulator

A voltage regulator is designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. If the
output voltage is too low (perhaps due to input voltage reducing or load current
increasing), the regulation element is commanded, up to a point, to produce a higher

14
output voltage by dropping less of the input voltage (for linear series regulators and buck
switching regulators), or to draw input current for longer Periods (boost-type switching
regulators); if the output voltage is too high, the regulation element will normally be
commanded to produce a lower voltage.

3.3.1. Integrated Circuit

Integrated circuit (IC), also called microelectronic circuit, microchip, or chip, an assembly of
electronic components, fabricated as a single unit, in which miniaturized active devices (e.g.,
transistors and diodes) and passive devices (e.g., capacitors and resistors) and their
interconnections are built up on a thin substrate of semiconductor material (typically silicon).
The resulting circuit is thus a small monolithic “chip,” which may be as small as a few square
centimeters or only a few square millimeters. The individual circuit components are generally
microscopic in size.

Basic IC types

Analog Vs Digital Types

Analog, or linear, circuits typically use only a few components and are thus some of the simplest
types of ICs. Generally, analog circuits are connected to devices that collect signals from the
environment or send signals back to the environment. For example, a microphone converts
fluctuating vocal sounds into an electrical signal of varying voltage. An analog circuit then
modifies the signal in some useful way—such as amplifying it or filtering it of undesirable noise.
Such a signal might then be fed back to a loudspeaker, which would reproduce the tones
originally picked up by the microphone. Another typical use for an analog circuit is to control
some device in response to continual changes in the environment. For example, a temperature
sensor sends a varying signal to a thermostat, which can be programmed to turn an air
conditioner, heater, or oven on and off once the signal has reached a certain value.

A digital circuit, on the other hand, is designed to accept only voltages of specific given values.
A circuit that uses only two states is known as a binary circuit. Circuit design with binary
quantities, “on” and “off” representing 1 and 0 (i.e., true and false), uses the logic of Boolean

15
algebra. (Arithmetic is also performed in the binary number system employing Boolean algebra.)
These basic elements are combined in the design of ICs for digital computers and associated
devices to perform the desired functions.

Figure 3.6 Integrated circuit

We used, commonly IC 7812 and 7805 respectively.

IC 7812: - The 7812 is a commonly used linear regulator. Input voltage can range from 14 –
35VDC and it outputs a fixed 12V at over 1A of current and up to 2.2A of surge current.

IC 7805: - These are used in various electronic circuits to provide a stable o/p voltage for a
different i/p voltage. So this IC can be used in most of the electronic projects. In this IC, 78
signifies a +ve voltage regulator whereas 05 signifies 5V output voltage.
3.4. Relay
This is an electromagnetic switch which is activated when a current is applied to it. A
relay uses small currents to switch huge currents. Most relays use principle of
electromagnetism to operate but still other operating principles like solid state are also
used. The relay uses an electric current to open or close the contacts of a switch. This is usually
done using the help of a coil that attracts the contacts of a switch and pulls them together when
activated, and a spring pushes them apart when the coil is not energized. There are two
advantages of this system – First, the current required to activate the relay is much smaller than
the current that relay contacts are capable of switching, and second, the coil and the contacts are
galvanically isolated, meaning there is no electrical connection between them. This means that

16
the relay can be used to switch mains current through an isolated low voltage digital system like
a microcontroller.

3.4.1 TWO Channels 5V Relay Module

The 2 Channels Relay Module is a convenient board which can be used to control high voltage,
high current load such as motor, solenoid valves, lamps and AC load. It is designed to interface
with microcontroller such as Arduino, PIC and etc. The relays terminal (COM, NO and NC) is
being brought out with screw terminal. It also comes with a LED to indicate the status of relay.

Table3. 5: Channels 5V Relay Module specification

Digital output controllable Digital output controllable

Control signal: TTL level

Rated through-current 10A (NO) 5A (NC)

Max. switching voltage 250VAC/30VDC

Max. switching current 10A

Size: 50mm x 38mm x 17mm

Figure 3.7 Channels 5V Relay Module

3.5. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) screen is an electronic display module. An LCD has a wide range

17
of applications in electronics. The most basic and commonly used LCD in circuits is the 16x2
display. LCDs are commonly preferred in display because they are cheap, easy to program and
can display a wide range of characters and animations. A 16x2 LCD have two display lines each
capable of displaying 16 characters. This LCD has Command and Data registers. The command
registers stores command instructions given to the LCD while the Data register stores the data to
be displayed by the LCD.

Figure 3.8 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

When using 8-bit configuration all 8 data pins (DB0-DB7) are used while only 4 data pins (DB4-
DB7) are used in a 4-bit configuration.

3.6. Transformer

A transformer is a device used in the power transmission of electric energy. The transmission
current is AC. It is commonly used to increase or decrease the supply voltage without a change
in the frequency of AC between circuits. The transformer works on basic principles of
electromagnetic induction and mutual induction.

Based On Voltage Level

Commonly used transformer type, depending upon voltage they are classified as:

• Step-up Transformer: They are used between the power generator and the power grid.
The secondary output voltage is higher than the input voltage.
• Step down Transformer: These transformers are used to convert high voltage primary
supply to low voltage secondary output.

18
We used Step-down transformer in order to lower the voltage that we will draw from the source
inlet. We lowered it because, we don’t have sufficient fund to buy the solar panel and solar
battery together. So, what we come up with, is to lower the 250V to 24V and to regulate it using
rectifier and integrated circuit (both IC 7812 and IC 7805) and convert it to DC source voltage.

We used bridge wave rectifier. This type of single-phase rectifier uses four individual rectifying
diodes connected in a closed loop “bridge” configuration to produce the desired output. The
main advantage of this bridge circuit is that it does not require a special center tapped
transformer, thereby reducing its size and cost. The single secondary winding is connected to one
side of the diode bridge network and the load to the other side as shown below.

Figure 3.9 Bridge rectifier

The bridge rectifier circuit diagram consists of various stages of devices like a transformer, Diode
Bridge, filtering, and regulators. Generally, all these blocks combination is called a regulated DC
power supply that powers various electronic appliances. The first stage of the circuit is a
transformer which is a step-down type that changes the amplitude of the input voltage. Most of the
electronic projects use a 230/12V transformer to step-down the AC mains 230V to 12V AC supply.
The next stage is a diode-bridge rectifier which uses four or more diodes depending on the type of
bridge rectifier. Choosing a particular diode or any other switching device for a corresponding
rectifier needs some considerations of the device like Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV), forward current
If, voltage ratings, etc. It is responsible for producing unidirectional or DC current at the load by
conducting a set of diodes for every half cycle of the input signal. Since the output after the diode
bridge rectifiers is of pulsating nature, and for producing it as a pure DC, filtering is necessary.
Filtering is normally performed with one or more capacitors attached across the load, as you can
observe in the below figure wherein smoothing of the wave is performed. This capacitor rating

19
also depends on the output voltage. The last stage of this regulated DC supply is a voltage regulator
that maintains the output voltage to a constant level. Suppose the microcontroller works at 5V DC,
but the output after the bridge rectifier is around 16V, so to reduce this voltage, and to maintain a
constant level – no matter voltage changes in the input side – a voltage regulator is necessary.

3.7. Solar PV Panel

Solar or photovoltaic (PV) cells are made of semiconducting materials that can convert sunlight
directly into electricity. When sunlight strikes the cells, it dislodges and liberates electrons within
the material which then move to produce a direct electrical current (DC). This is done without
any moving parts.

Figure 3.10 Solar or photovoltaic (PV) cells

The diagram shows how individual cells make up a module. An array consists of sets of modules.
PV cells are combined to make modules that are encased in glass or clear plastic. Modules can be
aggregated together to make an array that is sized to the specific application. Most commercial
PV cells are made from silicon, and come in three general’s types those are monocrystalline,
multi-crystalline, and amorphous. Single crystal or monocrystalline cells are made using silicon
wafers cut from a single, cylindrical crystal of silicon. This type of PV cell is the most efficient,
with approximately 15% efficiency (defined as the fraction of the sun’s energy that is converted
to electrical power), but is also one of the most expensive to produce. Multi-crystalline or
polycrystalline silicon cells are made by casting molten silicon into ingots, which crystallize into
a solid block of inter grown crystals. The size of the crystals is determined mostly by the rate at
which the ingot is cooled, with larger grains made by slower cooling. Cells are then cut from the
ingot. Multi-crystalline cells are less expensive to produce than monocrystalline ones, due to the
simpler manufacturing process and lower purity requirements for the starting material. However,
they are slightly less efficient, with average efficiencies of around 12%. Amorphous silicon PV

20
cells are made from a thin layer of non-crystalline silicon placed on a rigid or flexible substrate.
They are relatively easy to manufacture and are less expensive than monocrystalline and
polycrystalline PV, but are less efficient with efficiencies of around 6%. Their low cost makes
them the best choice where high efficiency and space are not important. Photovoltaic modules
have been around for more than 50 years and have been mass-produced since 1979. Due to
improvements in manufacturing technology and economies of scale, the cost of PV has fallen by
90% since the early 1970s. PV modules are now readily available in a wide range of sizes from
several well-established companies. The reliability of PV is such that 20- to 25-year power
warranties are typical, with life expectancies beyond 30 years.

Figure3.11 Solar or photovoltaic (PV) pan ale

3.8. Solar Battery
Batteries chemically store electrical energy in renewable energy systems.
Fundamental concepts to be taken for the selection of appropriate solar batteries are:
➢ Nominal capacity
➢ State of charge
➢ Charge or discharge regime
➢ Efficiency
➢ Life time
➢ In addition; dimensions, weight, inner resistance, capacity under different
discharging rate, capacity under different temperature rate, capacity under different store time,

21
maximum charging current and limiting charging voltage to be considered.
3.9. Arduino
Arduino is an open-source electronics design platform. The Arduino board is specially designed
for programming and prototyping with Atmel microcontrollers. An Arduino interacts with
physical world via sensors. Using Arduino, electric equipment can be designed to respond to
change in physical elements like temperature, humidity, heat or even light. This is the automation
process. For example, reading a humidity sensor and turning on and off of an automatic irrigation
system. There are several types of Arduino boards. But, for our projects we use Arduino Mega
2560.
3.9.1. Arduino UNO
Arduino UNO is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P. It has 14 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic
resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains
everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB
cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. You can tinker with your
UNO without worrying too much about doing something wrong, worst-case scenario you can
replace the chip for a few dollars and start over again.

Figure 3.12 Arduino uno

General Pin Function

• LED: There is a built-in LED driven by digital pin 13. When the pin is high value, the
LED is on, when the pin is low, it is off.

22
 • VIN: The input voltage to the Arduino board when it is using an external power source
(as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You
can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it
through this pin.
• 5V: This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be
supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 20V), the USB connector (5V),
or the VIN pin of the board (7-20V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses
the regulator, and can damage the board.
• 3V3: A 3.3-volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is
50 mA.
• GND: Ground pins.
• IOREF: This pin on the Arduino board provides the voltage reference with which the
microcontroller operates. A properly configured shield can read the IOREF pin voltage
and select the appropriate power source, or enable voltage translators on the outputs to
work with the 5V or 3.3V.
• Reset: Typically used to add a reset button to shields that block the one on the board.

Special Pin Function

Each of the 14 digital pins and 6 analog pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, under
software control (using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions). They operate at
5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive 20 mA as the recommended operating condition and has
an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50K ohm. A maximum of 40mA must
not be exceeded on any I/O pin to avoid permanent damage to the microcontroller. The Uno has
6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5; each provides 10 bits of resolution (i.e., 1024 different
values). By default, they measure from ground to 5 volts, though it is possible to change the
upper end of the range using the AREF pin and the analogReference() function.

In addition, some pins have specialized functions:

23
 • Serial / UART: pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL
serial data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-
to-TTL serial chip.
• External interrupts: pins 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on
a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value.
• PWM (pulse-width modulation): pins 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Can provide 8-bit PWM
output with the analogWrite() function.
• SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface): pins 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), and 13 (SCK).
These pins support SPI communication using the SPI library.
• TWI (two-wire interface) / I²C: pin SDA (A4) and pin SCL (A5). Support TWI
communication using the Wire library.
• AREF (analog reference): Reference voltage for the analog inputs.

3.10. Pump Motor

This project uses 12V DC Pump Motors rated at a horsepower of 2 HP and speeds up to
5,000RPM. It consists of one inlet and one outlet for maintaining the level in a tank by
pumping water. In this project the motor is controlled by an Arduino microcontroller line
of port 7 through a relay which is operates with +12V.

Figure 3.13 pump motor

3.11. Bluetooth Module HC-05

Introduction

24
 • It is used for many applications like wireless headset, game controllers, wireless mouse,
wireless keyboard and many more consumer applications.
• It has range up to <100m which depends upon transmitter and receiver, atmosphere,
geographic & urban conditions.
• It is IEEE 802.15.1 standardized protocol, through which one can build wireless Personal
Area Network (PAN). It uses frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) radio
technology to send data over air.
• It uses serial communication to communicate with devices. It communicates with
microcontroller using serial port (USART).

HC-05 Bluetooth module

• HC-05 is a Bluetooth module which is designed for wireless communication. This

module can be used in a master or slave configuration.

Figure 3.14 Bluetooth module

Pin Description

Figure 3.15 Bluetooth module pin description

25
Bluetooth serial modules allow all serial enabled devices to communicate with each other using
Bluetooth. It has 6 pins,

1. Key/EN: It is used to bring Bluetooth module in AT commands mode. If Key/EN pin is set to
high, then this module will work in command mode. Otherwise by default it is in data mode. The
default baud rate of HC-05 in command mode is 38400bps and 9600 in data mode.

HC-05 module has two modes,

1. Data mode: Exchange of data between devices.

2. Command mode: It uses AT commands which are used to change setting of HC-05.
To send these commands to module serial (USART) port is used.

2. VCC: Connect 5 V or 3.3 V to this Pin.

3. GND: Ground Pin of module.

4. TXD: Transmit Serial data (wirelessly received data by Bluetooth module transmitted out
serially on TXD pin)

5. RXD: Receive data serially (received data will be transmitted wirelessly by Bluetooth
module).

6. State: It tells whether module is connected or not.

HC-05 module Information

• HC-05 has red LED which indicates connection status, whether the Bluetooth is
connected or not. Before connecting to HC-05 module this red LED blinks continuously
in a periodic manner. When it gets connected to any other Bluetooth device, its blinking
slows down to two seconds.
• This module works on 3.3 V. We can connect 5V supply voltage as well since the module
has on board 5 to 3.3 V regulator.
• As HC-05 Bluetooth module has 3.3 V level for RX/TX and microcontroller can detect
3.3 V level, so, no need to shift transmit level of HC-05 module. But we need to shift the
transmit voltage level from microcontroller to RX of HC-05 module.

Bluetooth Communication Between Devices

26
E.g., Send data from Smartphone terminal to HC-05 Bluetooth module and see this data on PC
serial terminal and vice versa. To communicate smartphone with HC-05 Bluetooth module,
smartphone requires Bluetooth terminal application for transmitting and receiving data. You can
find Bluetooth terminal applications for android and windows in respective app. store.

Figure 3.16 Bluetooth Module Serial Interface

So, when we want to communicate through smartphone with HC-05 Bluetooth module, connect
this HC-05 module to the PC via serial to USB converter. Before establishing communication
between two Bluetooth devices, 1st we need to pair HC-05 module to smartphone for
communication.

Pair HC-05 and smartphone:

1. Search for new Bluetooth device from your phone. You will find Bluetooth device with
“HC-05” name.
2. Click on connect/pair device option; default pin for HC-05 is 1234 or 0000.

After pairing two Bluetooth devices, open terminal software (e.g., Tera term, real term etc.) in
PC, and select the port where we have connected USB to serial module. Also select default baud
rate of 9600 bps.

In smart phone, open Bluetooth terminal application and connect to paired device HC-05. It is
simple to communicate, we just have to type in the Bluetooth terminal application of
smartphone. Characters will get sent wirelessly to Bluetooth module HC-05. HC-05 will
automatically transmit it serially to the PC, which will appear on terminal. Same way we can
send data from PC to smartphone.

27
Command Mode

• When we want to change settings of HC-05 Bluetooth module like change password for
connection, baud rate, Bluetooth device’s name etc.
• To do this, HC-05 has AT commands.
• To use HC-05 Bluetooth module in AT command mode, connect “Key” pin to High
(VCC).
• Default Baud rate of HC-05 in command mode is 38400bps.
• Following are some AT command generally used to change setting of Bluetooth module.
• To send these commands, we have to connect HC-05 Bluetooth module to the PC via
serial to USB converter and transmit this command through serial terminal of PC.

Command Description Response

AT Checking communication OK
Set Password
AT+PSWD=XXXX OK
e.g., AT+PSWD=4567
Set Bluetooth Device Name
AT+NAME=XXXX OK
e.g., AT+NAME=MyHC-05
Change Baud rate
AT+UART=Baud rate,
OK
stop bit, parity bit
e.g., AT+UART=9600,1,0
+Version: XX OK
Respond version no. of Bluetooth
AT+VERSION?
module
e.g., +Version: 2.0 20130107 OK
Send detail of setting done by Parameters: device type, module mode,
AT+ORGL
manufacturer serial parameter, passkey.
Table 3.6 Bluetooth module command

3.12. Transistor
A transistor is a negative-positive-negative (NPN) or positive–negative-positive junction
semiconductor device that is used for many purposes. Together with other electronic
components, such as resistors, coils, and capacitors, it can be used as the active component for
switches and amplifiers. Like all other NPN transistors, this type has an emitter terminal, a base
or control terminal, and a collector terminal. In a typical configuration, the current flowing from
the base to the emitter controls the collector current. A short vertical line, which is the base, can
indicate the transistor schematic for an NPN transistor, and the emitter, which is a diagonal line
connecting to the base, is an arrowhead pointing away from the base.

28
 Figure 3.17 transistor

The output of Arduino cannot be connected directly to the relay since the controller pins does not
have the capability to withstand the current. So, we will introduce an interfacing driver circuit.
3.13. Resistors
A resistor is a linear component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element.
It is used to bias the switching transistor that energizes the relay. It also used to limit the amount
of current flowing. The current through a resistor is in direct proportion to the voltage across the
resistor's terminals. Thus, the ratio of the voltage applied across a resistor's terminals to the
intensity of current through the resistor is called resistance.

3.14. Capacitors

The capacitor is a component which has the ability or “capacity” to store energy in the form of
an electrical charge producing a potential difference (Static Voltage) across its plates, much like
a small rechargeable battery. There are many different kinds of capacitors available from very
small capacitor beads used in resonance circuits to large power factor correction capacitors, but
they all do the same thing, they store charge. In its basic form, a capacitor consists of two or
more parallel conductive (metal) plates which are not connected or touching each other, but are
electrically separated either by air or by some form of a good insulating material such as waxed
paper, mica, ceramic, plastic or some form of a liquid gel as used in electrolytic capacitors. The
insulating layer between a capacitors plate is commonly called the Dielectric.

29
3.15. Solenoid Valve

The definition of a solenoid valve is an electro-mechanical valve that is commonly employed to

control the flow of liquid or gas. There are various solenoid valve types, but the main variants
are either pilot operated or direct acting. Pilot operated valves, the most widely used, utilize
system line pressure to open and close the main orifice in the valve body. While Direct operated
solenoid valves directly open or close the main valve orifice, which is the only flow path in the
valve. They are used in systems requiring low flow capacities or applications with low pressure
differential across the valve orifice.

How Solenoid Valve Function?

How a solenoid valve works is by controlling the flow of liquids or gases in a positive, fully-
closed or fully-open mode. They are often used to replace manual valves or for remote control.
Solenoid valve function involves either opening or closing an orifice in a valve body, which
either allows or prevents flow through the valve. A plunger opens or closes the orifice by raising
or lowering within a sleeve tube by energizing the coil.

Solenoid valves consist of a coil, plunger and sleeve assembly. In normally closed valves, a
plunger return spring holds the plunger against the orifice and prevents flow. Once the solenoid
coil is energized, the resultant magnetic field raises the plunger, enabling flow. When the
solenoid coil is energized in a normally open valve, the plunger seals off the orifice, which in
turn prevents flow.

Why is Solenoid Valve used?

In most flow control applications, it is necessary to start or stop the flow in the circuit to control
the fluids in the system. An electronically operated solenoid valve is usually used for this
purpose. By being solenoid actuated, solenoid valves can be positioned in remote locations and
may be conveniently controlled by simple electrical switches.

Solenoid valves are the most frequently used control elements in fluidics. They are commonly
used to shut off, release, dose, distribute or mix fluids. For that reason, they are found in many

30
application areas. Solenoids generally offer fast and safe switching, long service life, high
reliability, low control power and compact design.

Figure 3.18 DC solenoid valve

Table3. 7: DC solenoid valve specification

Working Pressure: Inlet Valve: 0.02 Mpa - 0.8 Mpa; Drainage
Valve: 0-0.2 Mpa

Working Temperature: 1 ℃ - 75 ℃

Response time (open): ≤ 0.15 sec

Response time (close): ≤ 0.3 sec

Actuating voltage: 12VDC (but we found it would work down

to 6V)

Dimensions: 3" x 2.25" x 2"

31
 CHAPTER FOUR
SYSTEM DESIGN, WORKING PRINCIPLE AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Overall System Block Diagram
Before we start designing each part of the system, a block diagram representing this Bluetooth
based automatic irrigation controller running on solar power has been made based up on the way
we analyzed and figure out to do it like. The block diagram of overall system is shown in figure
[4.1] below,

Solar Panel

Ultrasonic/
Buzzer
Soil
LCD
Moisture Sensor
Arduino
Soleoid LED
Valve Level
Sensor Relay Motor

Humidity User Cell

Sensor Bluetooth
Module Phone

Figure 4.1 Block diagram of Bluetooth based automatic irrigation controller running on solar
power

32
4.2 Types of Irrigation
4.2.1 Ditch Irrigation
This is one of the earliest irrigation methods to be used. Ditches/trenches are dug out and crops
are planted along the ditches in rows.
4.2.2 Terrace Irrigation
The land is shaped into steps. Crops are planted on the flat areas. Water flows down the steps
watering each of the flat areas. This method is both time and labor intensive in building the
terraces.
4.2.3 Sprinkler irrigation
This method uses overhead sprinklers. Each sprinkler irrigates a given area. During installation
care should be taken to avoid over or under watering some areas. If poorly installed a lot of water
is wasted via runoff.
4.2.4 Drip Irrigation
In this irrigation system:
➢ Water is applied directly to the crop i.e. entire field is not wetted. Water is conserved
➢ Weeds are controlled because only the places getting water can grow weeds.
➢ There is a low pressure system.
➢ There is a slow rate of water application somewhat matching the consumptive use.
➢ There is reduced evaporation, only potential transpiration is considered.
➢ There is no need for a drainage system
Information required for the proposed areas are:
Soil Properties: Texture and structure, moisture equilibrium points, water holding
capacity, agricultural potential, land classification, kinds of crops that the soil can
support.
Water Sources: water source availability, hydrologic data of the area, water quantity, water
quality and possible engineering works are necessary to obtain water.
Weather data: Temperature, relative humidity, sunshine hours and rainfall. Information about
crops grown in the area: Check preference by people, market potential, and adaptability to area,
water demand, growth schedules and planting periods.
Topography (e.g. slopes): This helps to determine the layout of the irrigation system and method

33
of irrigation water application suited for the area.
History of People and Irrigation in the area: Check past exposure of people to irrigation and land
tenure and level of possible re-settlement or otherwise.
4.2.4 .1 Design of Drip Irrigation System
The general principles of design, the design procedure and system layout of drip system is that
the spacing of emitters is much less than that of sprinklers and that water must be filtered and
treated to prevent blockage of emitters.
✓ Not all areas are irrigated. In design, therefore, the area irrigated is only the accounted area
✓ The irrigation interval is advisable to be daily as the application rate is small.
✓ Emitter spacing is not a function of wind
Emitter discharge may be described by:
q=khX
where:
q is the emitter discharge.
K is constant for each emitter.
h is pressure head at which the emitter operates and x is the exponent characterized by the
flow regime.
Sizing of drip laterals:
➢ The diameter of the lateral should be selected so that the difference in discharge between
emitters operating simultaneously will not exceed 10 %.
➢ This allowable variation is same as for sprinkler irrigation laterals already discussed.
➢ To stay within this 10 % variation in flow, the head difference between emitters should not
exceed 10 to 15 % of the average operating head for long-path or 20 % for turbulent flow
emitters.
➢ The maximum difference in pressure is the head loss between the control point at the inlet
and the pressure at the emitter farthest from the inlet.
➢ The inlet is usually at the manifold where the pressure is regulated.
➢ The manifold is a line to which the drip laterals are connected.
➢ For minimum cost, on a level area 55 % of the allowable head loss should be allocated to the
lateral and 45 % to the manifold.

34
➢ The Friction Loss for Mains and Sub-mains can be computed by Darcy Weisbach
equation.
➢ F should be used to compute head loss for laterals and manifolds with multiple outlets, by
multiplying a suitable F factor.
➢ For minimum cost, on a level area 55 % of the allowable head loss should be allocated to the
lateral and 45 % to the manifold.
➢ The Friction Loss for Mains and Sub-mains can be computed from Darcy Weisbach
equation for smooth pipes in trickle systems when combined with the Blasius equation for
friction factor.
➢ The equation is:
Hf = K L Q 1.75 D – 4.75……… ……… ……… ……… ……… ….(4.1)
Where: Hf is the friction loss in m;
K is constant = 7.89 x 105 for S.I. units for water at 20 ° C;
L is the pipe length in m;
Q is the total pipe flow in l/s; and D is the internal diameter of pipe in mm

Figure 4.2 Drip irrigation

Design a drip Irrigation System for a fully matured orchard with the layout below .
We Assume that:
The field topography: level
➢ Maximum time for irrigation: 12 hours per day
35
➢ Allowable pressure variation in the emitters: 15%,
➢ Water source: Well
➢ Maximum suction lift at the well = 10m
➢ Peak ET rate: 7mm/day
➢ the matured orchard shades 70% of the area;
➢ Drip irrigation efficiency is 80%.
➢ Sections 1 and 2 are to be irrigated at the same time and alternated with sections
3 and 4.
➢ Each tree is to be supplied by 4 emitters.
➢ Efficiency of pump=70%
➢ Efficiency of motor=70%
➢ Assuming that the half lateral contains 12 tree

Figure 4.3 analysis Drip irrigation

36
 1st we calculate ETt
ETt = ET x P/85…… ……… ……… ……… ……… ………. (4.2)
where: ETt is the average evaporation rate for crops
ET is the conventional evaporation rate for crops = 7 mm/day
P is the percentage of total areas shaded by the crop = 70%
Using equation (4.2) ETt = 7 mm/day x 70/85 = 5.8 mm/day.
2nd we determine the discharge for each tree
Assuming that tree spacing is 4m x 7m
Discharge for each tree with a spacing of 4 m x 7 m
qt = 4 m x 7 m x 5.8 x 10-3 m/day = 0.162 m3/day
qt = 0.00675 m3/hr (24 hr. day)
For 12 hour working day the discharge is
Discharge required (qt) = 0.00675 x 24/12 = 0.0135 m3/hr = 0.00375 L/s With an application
efficiency of 80%, the required discharge per tree
is: 0.00375/0.8 = 0.0047 L/s
3rdThe discharge per emitter, with 4 emitters per tree is then
= 0.0047/4 = 0.00118 L/s = 0.0012 L/s
4th Discharge of Each Line
Table4. 1: Discharge of Each Line
Required
Line No. of trees No. of emitters
Discharge(L/S)
Half Lateral 12 48 0.0576
Half main fold 168 672 0.8060
Sub main, A to
336 1344 1.6130
section 1
Main, A to pump 672 2688 3.2260
From manufacturer’s catalogue, select emitter. Say a medium long-path emitter with average
discharge of 0.0012 L/s, k= 0.000073 and x= 0.63 is selected. Substituting in equation q=k*hx,
the average operating pressure of the emitter can be found by first transforming the characteristic
equation into logarithmic form and solving for h:

37
log q=logk +xlogh…… ……… ……… ……… ……… …….(4.3)
Logh= (logq-logk)/x=8.9m
Ha is then found as 8.9 m. This is the average operating head.
5th Total allowable pressure loss:-of 15 % of Ha in both the Lateral and Manifold =8.9
x 0.15 =1.3 of which, 0.55 x 1.3 = 0.7 m is allowed for Lateral and 0.45 x 1.3 = 0.6 is allowed
for the main fold.
6th Compute the friction loss in each of the lines by Darcy-Weisbach equation by
selecting a diameter to keep the loss within the allowable limits of 0.7 m and 0.6 m,
already determined.
7th Compute the Friction Loss in each of the Lines using equation (4.1).
Selection of Pipe Diameters:
Table4. 2: Selection of Pipe Diameters
Line Q Pipe Diameter Pipe Diameter L(m) Hf‟(m)
OD(mm) ID(mm)
Half Lateral 0.0576 16 12.70 46 0.51

Half Main fold 0.8060 32 31.75 45.5 0.68

Sub-main, A to 1.6130 50 44.45 243 6.59

section 1
Main, A to 3.2260 55 50.80 60 2.90
pump
8th Pressure Head at Manifold Inlet and at inlet of lateral
The pressure head at inlet of lateral:
HL = Ha + 0.75hfL ± 0.5HzL……… ……… ……… ……… ….. (4.4)
Where,
Ha = the operating pressure head of emitter
hfL = friction head loss in lateral
HzL = elevation head difference along the lateral
The pressure head at inlet of manifold:
Hm = HL + 0.75hfm ± 0.5Hzm…… ……… ……… ……… …… (4.5)
Where,
hfm = friction head loss in manifold
Hzm = elevation head difference along manifold
38
Therefore, using the eq (4.4) HL= 8.9 + 0.75x 0.51 = 9.28 m.
And, from eq (4.5) Hm = 9.28+0.75x0.68 = 9.79 m.
9th finally determine the Size of pump:
Total Head for Pump = Manifold Pressure = 9.79 m + Pressure loss at sub-main = 6.59 m
+Pressure loss at Main = 2.90 m + suction lift = 10 m + Net Positive Suction head for
pump = 3 m (assumed) + pressure head loss at control head = 3m = 35.28 m i.e. The pump must
deliver 2.03 L/s at a head of about 36 m.
Hp = (Qs x H)/(75xEpxEm) = (2.03x37.28)/(75x0.7x0.7) = 1.95 hp or we can
approximate to the highest power 2hp.

4.3. WORKING PRINCIPLE

First by using soil moisture sensor, humidity sensor and water level sensor we will read the soil
moisture content, the surrounding climate temperature and the distance of the water inside the
tanker, respectively. The sensors will read

The values in analog data and these analog data will be the input to the Arduino Uno and the
Arduino will change these values into digital values. These digital values will be evaluated
according to the conditions that we used in our program and then, these values will be the output
of the Arduino and the input to the motor and solenoid valve. The pump motor will then push the
water through the pipe and using drip irrigation, the water will reach to the farm land where it is
needed. And if the reading value of the water level sensor is below our given condition which
means the water tank is empty then the solenoid valve will be open and let the water pass
through and fill the tank.
4.4. System design
4.4.1. Water pump connection to the Arduino
To implement the final bit of the automated irrigation system an electric motor (12V DC)
was selected as the water pump. The first two units of the system i.e., sensing unit and the
control unit (microcontroller) are powered by 5V DC. To interface the control units with
the motor a 5V DC relay was used as the isolation unit. The microcontroller was connected to the
relay via an NPN transistor. To protect the transistor; while turning it on, a resistor was used. The
resistor limits the current flowing through the transistor. Ohms law was utilized to determine the

39
size (in ohms) of the protection resistor to be interfaced with the transistor. From Ohms law
Rmin = (5 – 0.7) V / 40mA = 107.5

Figure4. 4: Relay interfacing of Arduino to the 12V DC pump

4.4.2. LED design

To indicate the three states of the soil three LEDs were used. The three LEDs lit up depending on
the soil moisture content. When the soil was dry LED connected to Arduino digital pin 6 was lit.
For moist soil (required condition) LED connected to Arduino digital pin 9 lit up and for soggy
soil LED connected to Arduino digital pin 8 lit up. The three LEDs were connected to the
microcontroller as shown below.

Figure4. 5: LEDs Connection to Arduino board

Ohms law was utilized to determine the size (in ohms) of the protection resistor to be interfaced
with the LEDs. From Ohms law
Voltage (V) = {Current (I)}*{Resistance(R)} … ……… ……… . (4.6)
Where as in our case;

40
V= Vcc (5V) -Voltage drop across LED (selected LEDs has 2.0V)
ILED= LED current (20mA)
VLED = LED Voltage drop (2V)
R= minimum required resistance value
Therefore, Rmin = {(5-2) V}/ {20mA} =150 Ω
To achieve current limitation a resistance value higher than the calculated Rmin was
selected. A 220Ω resistor was used and thus only 13.6mA current was allowed to pass
through each of the three LEDs.

4.4.3. LCD Interface with Arduino

To affect display a 16x2 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) was chosen. LCD pins D4, D5, D6 and
D7 were used as data lines in a 4-bit mode configuration. These pins were connected to Arduino
pins 5, 4, 3 and 2 respectively. LCD‟s pin E (Enable) was connected to digital pin 11 on the
Arduino board. Pin RS (Register Select) on the LCD was connected to Arduino digital pin 12.
R/W pin of the LCD was connected to GND (ground). The figure below shows the LCD
microcontroller interface.

Figure4. 6: LCD connection to Arduino Uno board

4.5 Solar power design

4.5.1. Solar PV system sizing
Different size of PV modules will produce different amount of power. To find out the
sizing of PV module, the total peak watt produced needs. The peak watt (WP) depends on

41
the size of PV module and climate of site location.
Average Daily Solar Radiations: To provide long-term average monthly solar radiation
data, an average of monthly solar radiation is calculated for each year over a period of
typically 5 years.

The first step to design PV system is collect the data

Table4. 3: Yearly average of monthly solar radiation for Addis Ababa solar radiation

Month J F M A M J J A S O N D Annual
2011 9.2 10.5 8.0 9.4 8.2 7.1 5.2 4.3 6.1 9.1 9.3 9.9 8.1

2012 8.9 10.1 9.2 9.8 8.2 5.6 4.5 4.0 5.9 9.5 8.6 9.9 7.9
2013 9.7 9.8 9.3 7.9 8.6 6.6 4.2 2.9 6.8 8.3 9.7 9.9 8.0
2014 9.8 9.7 9.1 9.9 77 6.9 4.9 4.7 6.0 8.6 9.7 9.7 7.9
2015 9.6 10.0 9.8 9.9 84 6.8 7.1 5.6 6.7 8.8 9.4 8.3
2016 9.7 10.1 9.1 9.1 7.1 74 4.5 4.6 6.4 8.7 7.7

The second step to the design PV system is to estimate the load

Taking the sample of loads for the materials used in our prototype
Table4. 4: Daily energy for the equipment we used

Electrical Appliance Power(w) No. Required Hour/Day Energy consumed(wh/d)

DC pump motor 152 1 6 780
LED lamp 6 3 7 126
DH11 sensor 3.5 1 24 84

Level sensor 5.83 1 24 140

Soil moisture sensor 6.167 1 24 148
Arduino 2 1 24 48
Others 20 1 2 40
Total 173.5 1366

The 3rd Calculate the total load:

Therefore, total energy needed = energy consumed per day *1.25= 1. 7075kwh/ day
Taking power factor of 0.7

42
Then the total PV panels energy needed=Total Energy Needed/Power factor =1.7075kwh/0.7 =2.
277kwh/ day
The 4th Determine the size of PV panel.
Peak watt of PV panel=total PV panel energy needed/sunshine duration per day
=(2.277kwh/day)/(7.7h/day) = 295. 7Wp
Therefore, the available size of PV panel in the market is 300w.
Table4. 5: PV module specification

Module type YL300P-35B

Rated maximum power 300W

Rated voltage 35.8V

Rated current 8.37A

Maximum rated fuse 15A

Open circuit voltage 45.2V

Short circuit current 8.86A

This is a monocrystalline type panel, since monocrystalline panels have:

✓ Higher efficiency rates
✓ Made out of the highest-grade silicon
✓ It is space efficient compared to polycrystalline of the same rate
✓ It has long life span
4.5.2.Determine the battery size
The size of inverter = (Total power requirement * battery backup power)/(battery efficiency *
depth of charge * battery bank voltage)… (4.7)
But total power requirement is given by power rating multiplied by the required quantity.
Total power requirement = (152×1+6×3+3.5×1+5.833×1+6.167×1+2×1+20×1) =185.497.Using
equation (4.7) the size of inverter is =(185.49*7hr)/(0.85*060*12V) =1314/6.12V =
217.7Ah, But the available battery size in the market is 12v, 260Ah, for 3 hours autonomy

43
 Table4. 6: solar battery specification
Size of battery 260Ah

Battery bank voltage 12V

Battery backup hour 3hr

Depth of discharge of battery 60%

Battery efficiency 85%

4.5.3 Determine the solar charger controller

Solar charge controller = short circuit current×1.3………… …. (4.8) But from the PV
specification the short circuit current is 8.86A. From eq (4.8) solar charge controller = 8.86A×1.3
= 11.518A, So the solar charge controller should be rated 10A at 12/24 V

4.6. Software Design

To be able to interpret the different states of the soil as prompted by the soil sensor the
microcontroller was programmed. The Arduino integrated development environment
(IDE) was used. The idea is based on C++ and thus can be extended using C++ libraries.
Arduino programs (sketches) are cross platform, Simple, clear and at the same time
flexible for advanced programmers. The project sketch is attached at the appendices
page.
4.6.1. Program Pseudo code
READ sensor value
COMPARE sensor value with set threshold
IF sensor value > maximum set value
TURN-ON pump
DISPLAY soil condition on LCD
LIGHT dry soil LED
Send SMS text to user
ELSE IF sensor value < maximum set value > minimum set value
TURN-OFF pump

DISPLAY soil condition on LCD

LIGHT moist soil LED

44
Send SMS text to user
ELSE IF sensor value < minimum set value
TURN-OFF pump
DISPLAY soil condition on LCD
LIGHT soggy soil LED
Send SMS text to use

Figure 4.7: Simulation of sending SMS text to the user

45
 4.6.2 Program flow chart

Start

Initializations

Read Moisture, level and

Humidity Sensor Values

YES If moisture sensor value > NO

Motor max Motor
On OFF
Level sensor value<max

Humidity sensor value <max

YES NO
Valve IF level Valve
On sensor OFF
< max

LED LCD User

Cellphone

END

Figure4. 8: Program Flow Chart

46
CHAPTER FIVE
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
After have been designed successfully, the circuit were constructed based on our design
in order to simulate using selected simulation proteus software, which is based on the
process of modeling a real phenomenon with a set of mathematical formulas. It is,
essentially, a program that allows the user to observe an operation through simulation
without actually performing that operation. Proteus 8 professional assisted by Arduino
IDE have been used to simulate the whole work. Then, the simulation is compiled and the
result has been observed at different soil moisture and water level.

Figure 5.1 Overall circuit diagram

Case 1: -When the water content of the soil is high and the water tanker is full. The
microcontroller checks the availability of water in the soil and receives in terms of voltage
from soil moisture sensor and at the same time it checks the water level of the tanker and
gives high output through Arduino pin 6 that makes the soggy soil LED high. This indicates
the normal water content of the soil.

47
 Figure5. 2: Simulation result at normal water content condition
Case 2: when the soil is dry and water tanker is medium. In this case the microcontroller
gives high output through Arduino pin 9 that makes the dry soil LED high and Arduino pin
7 that makes the relays connected to a pump will be energized through the transistor and
then water pump becomes ON. At this condition the pump motor starts irrigate the farm
field.

Figure5. 3: Simulation result at soil dry and tanker medium condition

48
Case 3: when the soil is dry and water tanker is empty. In this case the microcontroller gives
high output through Arduino pin 9 that makes the dry soil LED high and low output through
Arduino pin 7 that makes water pump off. At this condition the water tanker is empty and
even if the soil dries pump motor is off to avoid dry running of the motor. When the water
tanker is empty, it will let the solenoid valve open which will let the pipe on and pass water
through it and fill the tanker and close the valve when the tanker is full.

Figure5. 4: Simulation result at soil dry and tanker empty condition

The overall system results showing different conditions including the motor condition, soil
moisture content, water level of the tanker, and display message have been discussed as
shown in the table 5.1.

Table5. 1: motor, soil moisture content, water level of the tanker, and display message
conditions
Soil moisture Level Humidity Pump Display
sensor sensor Sensor Motor condition
V<350 D<300 H<700 Pump Motor off Soil soggy, less humidity and
water tanker full
350<V<550 D<300 H<700 Pump Motor off Moisture soil, less humidity and
water tanker full

49
V>550 D<300 H<700 Pump motor running Soil dry, less humidity and
tanker is full

V<350 300<D<700 H<700 Pump Motor off Soil soggy, less humidity and
medium water level

V<350 D<300 700<H<900 Pump Motor off Soil soggy, medium humidity
and less water level

V<350 300<D<700 700<H<900 Pump Motor off Soil soggy, medium humidity
and medium water level

V>550 300<D<700 700<H<900 Pump motor running Soil dry, medium humidity and
medium water level

350<V>550 D<300 700<H<900 Pump Motor off Moisture soil, medium humidity
and water tanker full

350<V<550 D>700 700<H<900 Pump Motor off Moisture soil, medium humidity
and empty water tanker, Valve
open
350<V<550 300<D<700 700<H<900 Pump Motor off Moisture soil, medium water
level and medium humidity

350<V<550 D<300 H>900 Pump Motor off Moisture soil, water tanker full
and high humidity

V<350 D>700 H<700 Pump Motor off Soil soggy, empty water tanker
and less humidity, Valve open

350<V<550 300<D<700 H<700 Pump Motor off Moisture soil, medium water
level
and less humidity
350<V<550 300<D<700 H>900 Pump Motor off Moisture soil , medium water
level and high humidity

V>550 D>700 H>900 Pump Motor off Soil dry, empty water tanker
and high humidity, valve open

350<V<550 D>700 H>900V Pump Motor off Moisture soil, empty water
tanker and high humidity, valve
open
V<350 D>700 H>900 Pump Motor off Soil soggy, empty water tanker
and high humidity, valve open

V>550 300<D<700 H>900 Pump Motor off Soil dry, medium water level
and high humidity

50
V>550 D<300 H>900 Pump Motor off Soil dry, water tanker full and
high humidity

V>550 D>700 700<H<900 Pump Motor off Soil dry, empty water tanker and
medium humidity, valve open

V>550 D>700 H<700 Pump Motor off Soil dry, empty water tanker and
less humidity, valve open

Using the design and simulation data, the prototype has been implemented successfully.
After constructing, troubleshooting, and assembling the overall hardware components, the
correct functioning has been observed by using the above conditions listed on the table. That
is at low water content of the soil motor becomes on whereas either the water Tanker is
empty or the atmospheric air is high motor becomes automatically off. Besides each
condition of the system displays on LCD and LED. The final hardware assembly is as shown
in the figure 5.5.

Figure 5.5 final hardware assembly

Case 5: The Buzzer device is the device that will produce the high frequency whenever
there is a pesticide around the field and it is operating manually which means whenever

51
there is a pesticide like grasshopper around the field, the owner of the field or the one which
will be there in the field will turn it on (the buzzer) and once the antenna in this pesticide
pick that signal, they will start to behave abnormally which in turn makes them to get away
from that field. The buzzer will be controlled using an app which developed by ourselves
based on Bluetooth.

Figure 5.6 AASTU Bluetooth control pest Repeller

52
CHAPTER SIX
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE WORK
6.1. Conclusion
As shown in the work including simulation and prototype of the system, Bluetooth based
automatic irrigation system, the motor pumps the water depending up on the filed
conditioned, LCD displays the field conditions, the led shows light about the filed
condition and the controller send message to the user through Bluetooth module.
Once the system is going to be implemented, the cost required for lobar, fuel and waste of
time required for irrigation can be reduced.

Generally, if we make our country irrigation system automatic like this, we will increase quality
of productivity in our country and improving the GDP of it.
6.2. Recommendations
This project can pump water automatically depending up on the filed condition and the
controller sends message about the condition of the system but at the faulty condition
even if the controller sends message to the user the pump stops working. This causes
wastage of time for the user in order to find where is the problem as well as it reduces the
productivity. Thus, we want to recommend that the project can be controlled by using the
SCAD system in order to detect the position of fault condition.

We recommend to actually control the pesticide using just like the above proposed method but
with some modification like the ultrasonic device will be turned on whenever there is some kind
of pesticide in the field which will be detected using cameras that will be integrate to the
Arduino using image processing method of MATLAB or we can actually send this image to the
user phone using GSM based system and let the owner decide whether to turn it on or off.

Finally, we want to recommend for future work to integrate the SCAD system with GSM
module.

53
REFERENCE
[1].Veena Divyak, Ayush Akhouri, “A Real time implementation of a GSM based
Automated Irrigation Control System using drip Irrigation Mythology” (Volume 4, Issue
5, May 2013).
[2].Venkata Naga Rohit Gunturi (2013), “Micro Controller Based Automatic Plant
Irrigation System”, International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology,
Vol. Is ISSN 22-77.
[3].M. Guerbaoui, Y.Dahhak, “pc-based automated drip irrigation system” (Vol. 5 No.01
January 2013).
[4].C.Mansour, H.Melhem, “Impact the automatic control of closed circuits Rain gun
irrigation system on yellow corn growth and yield” (International Journal of Advanced
Research (2013), Volume 1, Issue 10, 33-42).
[5].Rojiha, C. (2013), “Sensor Network Based Automatic Control System for Oil
Pumping Unit Management”, International Journal of Scientific and Research
Publications, Vol. 3, Iss.3. Pp. 14
[6].Massimo Banzi, Getting started with Arduino, Second Edition, Reilly Media, Inc,
2011.
[7].Chetana A.Kestikar, Rutuja M.Bhavsar, “Automated Wireless Watering System”,
International Journal of Applied Information Systems, Volume 2, Number 3, February
2012.
[8].Chetana A.Kestikar, Rutuja M.Bhavsar, “Automated Wireless Watering System”,
International Journal of Applied Information Systems, Volume 2, Number 3, February
2012.
[9].Basava Sidramappa Dhanne, Sachin Kedare, Shiva Sidramappa Dhanne, “Modern
Solar Powered Irrigation System by Using ARM”, International Journal of Research in
Engineering and Technology, Volume 3, Issue 3, May 2014.
[10].Francis Z. Karina and Alex Wambua Mwaniki, irrigation agriculture in Kenya,
Nairobi, Kenya, 2011.
[11].Allan Trevennor, Practical AVR Microcontrollers, New York, USA, Springer
Science + Business Media, 2012.

54
[12].Clemmens, A.J. “Feedback Control for Surface Irrigation Management”, ASAE
Publication 04 -90, 1990.
[13].W. C. Dunn, “Introduction to Instrumentation Sensors, and Process Control”, British
Library Cataloguing, 2005.
[14]. Atul Kulkarni, R.N. Karekar and R.C.Aiyer, Liquid level sensor, Review of
Scientific Instruments, Volume 76, Issue 10, October.

55
APPENDICES
Proteus- is a virtual system modeling (VSM) that combines circuit simulation, animated
components and microprocessor models to simulate the complete microcontroller based
design.
Arduino compiler: name of code compiler software. Arduino Code for the
Implementation of Bluetooth based automatic irrigation control running on solar power.

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

#include<dht.h>

dht DHT;

// pins definition

int soggyLEDPin = 6;

int ValvePin = 10;

int moistSoilPin = 8;

int drysoilLEDPin = 9;

int PumpPin = 7;

int distance;

// initialize the library with the numbers of the interface pins

LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);

// variables

int moistureSensorValue;

String text;

void setup()

pinMode(13, OUTPUT);

56
 Serial.begin(9600); // serial initialization

pinMode(soggyLEDPin, OUTPUT); // Arduino pins initalization

pinMode(drysoilLEDPin, OUTPUT);

pinMode(moistSoilPin, OUTPUT);

pinMode(PumpPin, OUTPUT);

pinMode(ValvePin, OUTPUT);

lcd.begin(16, 2);

void loop()

while (Serial.available())

delay(10);

char c = Serial.read();

text += c;

if (text.length() > 0)

Serial.println(text);

if (text == "on")

digitalWrite(13, HIGH);

57
 }

if (text == "off")

digitalWrite(13, LOW);

text = "";

moistureSensorValue = analogRead(A0); // reads the moisture sensor values

distance = analogRead(A1);

DHT.humidity = analogRead(A2);

//int chk = DHT.read11(DHT11_PIN);

Serial.print("Humidity=");

Serial.println(DHT.humidity);

Serial.print("Level=");

Serial.println(distance);

Serial.print("Moisture=");

Serial.println (moistureSensorValue);

if ((moistureSensorValue < 350) && (distance < 300) && (DHT.humidity < 700))

digitalWrite(drysoilLEDPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(PumpPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(soggyLEDPin, HIGH);

digitalWrite(moistSoilPin, LOW);

58
 digitalWrite(ValvePin, HIGH);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("SoilSog,lesshum");

lcd.setCursor(1, 1);

lcd.print("Empty tanker");

Serial.println("New Message From Arduino: Soil Soggy and Empty tanker ");

if ((moistureSensorValue < 350) && (distance < 300) &&((DHT.humidity > 700) &&
(DHT.humidity < 900)))

digitalWrite(drysoilLEDPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(PumpPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(soggyLEDPin, HIGH);

digitalWrite(moistSoilPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(ValvePin, HIGH);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("SoilSog,lesshum");

lcd.setCursor(1, 1);

lcd.print("Empty tanker");

Serial.println("New Message From Arduino: Soil Soggy and Empty");

59
 if ((moistureSensorValue < 350) && (distance < 300) && (DHT.humidity > 900))

digitalWrite(drysoilLEDPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(soggyLEDPin, HIGH);

digitalWrite(PumpPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(moistSoilPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(ValvePin, HIGH);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Soil Soggy");

lcd.setCursor(1, 1);

lcd.print("Empty tanker");

Serial.println("New Message From Arduino:Soil Soggy and Empty tanker");

if ((moistureSensorValue < 350) && ((distance > 300) && (distance < 700)) &&
(DHT.humidity < 700))

digitalWrite(drysoilLEDPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(soggyLEDPin, HIGH);

digitalWrite(moistSoilPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(PumpPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(ValvePin, LOW);

lcd.clear(); // system messages via LCD

60
 lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Soil soggy!");

lcd.setCursor(1, 1);

lcd.print("Midium Tanker");

Serial.println("New Message From Arduino: Soil Soggy and Midum Tanker");

if ((moistureSensorValue < 350) && ((distance > 300) && (distance < 700)) &&
((DHT.humidity > 700) && (DHT.humidity < 900)))

digitalWrite(drysoilLEDPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(soggyLEDPin, HIGH);

digitalWrite(PumpPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(moistSoilPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(ValvePin, LOW);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Soil Soggy");

lcd.setCursor(1, 1);

lcd.print(" Midium Tanker");

Serial.println("New Message From Arduino: Soil soggy and Midium Tanker");

if ((moistureSensorValue < 350) && ((distance > 300) && (distance < 700)) &&
(DHT.humidity > 900))

61
{

digitalWrite(drysoilLEDPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(soggyLEDPin, HIGH);

digitalWrite(PumpPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(moistSoilPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(ValvePin, LOW);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Soil soggy!");

lcd.setCursor(1, 1);

lcd.print("Midium Tanker");

Serial.println("New Message From Arduino: Soil Soggy and Midium Tanker");

if ((moistureSensorValue < 350) && (distance > 700) && (DHT.humidity < 700))

digitalWrite(drysoilLEDPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(PumpPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(soggyLEDPin, HIGH);

digitalWrite(moistSoilPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(ValvePin, LOW);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Soil Soggy");

62
 lcd.setCursor(1, 1);

lcd.print("Tanker Full ");

Serial.println("New Message From Arduino: Soil Soggy and Tanker Full");

if ((moistureSensorValue < 350) && (distance > 700) && ((DHT.humidity > 700) &&
(DHT.humidity < 900)))

digitalWrite(drysoilLEDPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(PumpPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(soggyLEDPin, HIGH);

digitalWrite(moistSoilPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(ValvePin, LOW);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Soil Soggy");

lcd.setCursor(1, 1);

lcd.print("Tanker Full ");

Serial.println("New Message From Arduino: Soil Soggy and Tanker Full");

if ((moistureSensorValue < 350) && (distance > 700) && (DHT.humidity > 900))

{ digitalWrite(drysoilLEDPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(PumpPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(soggyLEDPin, HIGH);

63
 digitalWrite(moistSoilPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(ValvePin, LOW);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Soil Soggy");

lcd.setCursor(1, 1);

lcd.print("Tanker Full");

Serial.println("New Message From Arduino: Soil Soggy and Tanker Full");

if (((moistureSensorValue > 350) && (moistureSensorValue < 550)) && (distance < 300) &&
(DHT.humidity < 700))

digitalWrite(drysoilLEDPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(PumpPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(soggyLEDPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(moistSoilPin, HIGH);

digitalWrite(ValvePin, HIGH);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Moist Soil");

lcd.setCursor(1, 1);

lcd.print("Empty Tanker");

Serial.println("New Message From Arduino: Moist Soil, Empty Tanker");

64
 }

if (((moistureSensorValue > 350) && (moistureSensorValue < 550)) && (distance < 300) &&
((DHT.humidity > 700) && (DHT.humidity < 900)))

digitalWrite(drysoilLEDPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(PumpPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(soggyLEDPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(moistSoilPin, HIGH);

digitalWrite(ValvePin, LOW);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Moist Soil");

lcd.setCursor(1, 1);

lcd.print("Empty Tanker");

Serial.println("New Message From Arduino: Moist Soil, Empty Tanker");

if (((moistureSensorValue > 350) && (moistureSensorValue < 550)) && (distance < 300) &&
(DHT.humidity > 900))

digitalWrite(drysoilLEDPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(PumpPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(soggyLEDPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(moistSoilPin, HIGH);

65
 digitalWrite(ValvePin, LOW);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Moist Soil");

lcd.setCursor(1, 1);

lcd.print("Empty Tanker ");

Serial.println("New Message From Arduino: Moist Soil, Empty Tanker");

if (((moistureSensorValue > 350) && (moistureSensorValue < 550)) && ((distance > 300) &&
(distance < 700)) && (DHT.humidity < 700))

digitalWrite(drysoilLEDPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(PumpPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(soggyLEDPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(moistSoilPin, HIGH);

digitalWrite(ValvePin, LOW);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Moist Soil");

lcd.setCursor(1, 1);

lcd.print("Midium Tanker ");

Serial.println("New Message From Arduino: Moist Soil and Midium Tanker");

66
 if (((moistureSensorValue > 350) && (moistureSensorValue < 550)) && ((distance > 300) &&
(distance < 700)) &&((DHT.humidity > 700)&& (DHT.humidity < 900)))

digitalWrite(drysoilLEDPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(PumpPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(soggyLEDPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(moistSoilPin, HIGH);

digitalWrite(ValvePin, LOW);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Moist Soil");

lcd.setCursor(1, 1);

lcd.print("Midium Tanker ");

Serial.println("New Message From Arduino: moist Soil and Midium Tanker");

if (((moistureSensorValue > 350) && (moistureSensorValue < 550)) && ((distance > 300) &&
(distance < 700))&& (DHT.humidity > 900))

digitalWrite(drysoilLEDPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(PumpPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(soggyLEDPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(moistSoilPin, HIGH);

digitalWrite(ValvePin, LOW);

67
 lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Moist Soil");

lcd.setCursor(1, 1);

lcd.print("Midium Tanker ");

Serial.println("New Message From Arduino: Moist Soil and Midium Tanker");

if ((((moistureSensorValue > 350) && (moistureSensorValue < 550)) && (distance >
700))&& (DHT.humidity < 700))

digitalWrite(drysoilLEDPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(PumpPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(soggyLEDPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(moistSoilPin, HIGH);

digitalWrite(ValvePin, LOW);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Moist Soil");

lcd.setCursor(1, 1);

lcd.print("Tanker Full");

Serial.println("New Message From Arduino: Moist soil, tanker full");

68
 if (((moistureSensorValue > 350) && (moistureSensorValue < 550)) && (distance > 700)&&
((DHT.humidity > 700)&&(DHT.humidity < 900)))

digitalWrite(drysoilLEDPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(PumpPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(soggyLEDPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(moistSoilPin, HIGH);

digitalWrite(ValvePin, LOW);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Moist Soil");

lcd.setCursor(1, 1);

lcd.print("Tanker Full");

Serial.println("New Message From Arduino: Moist soil, tanker full");

if (((moistureSensorValue > 350) && (moistureSensorValue < 550)) && (distance > 700)&&
(DHT.humidity > 900))

digitalWrite(drysoilLEDPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(PumpPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(soggyLEDPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(moistSoilPin, HIGH);

digitalWrite(ValvePin, LOW);

69
 lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Moist Soil");

lcd.setCursor(1, 1);

lcd.print("Tanker Full");

Serial.println("New Message From Arduino: Moist soil, tanker full");

if ((moistureSensorValue > 550) && (distance < 300) && (DHT.humidity < 700))

digitalWrite(drysoilLEDPin, HIGH);

digitalWrite(PumpPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(soggyLEDPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(moistSoilPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(ValvePin, HIGH);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Dry Soil");

lcd.setCursor(1, 1);

lcd.print("Empty Tanker ");

Serial.println("New Message From Arduino: Dry Soil and Empty Tanker");

if ((moistureSensorValue > 550) && (distance < 300) && ((DHT.humidity >
700)&&(DHT.humidity < 900)))

70
{

digitalWrite(drysoilLEDPin, HIGH);

digitalWrite(PumpPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(soggyLEDPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(moistSoilPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(ValvePin, LOW);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Dry Soil");

lcd.setCursor(1, 1);

lcd.print("Empty Tanker ");

Serial.println("New Message From Arduino: Dry Soil and Empty Tanker");

if ((moistureSensorValue > 550) && (distance < 300) && (DHT.humidity > 900))

digitalWrite(drysoilLEDPin, HIGH);

digitalWrite(PumpPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(soggyLEDPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(moistSoilPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(ValvePin, HIGH);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Dry Soil");

71
 lcd.setCursor(1, 1);

lcd.print("Empty Tanker ");

Serial.println("New Message From Arduino: Dry Soil and Empty Tanker");

if ((moistureSensorValue > 550) && ((distance > 300) && (distance < 700)) &&
(DHT.humidity < 700))

digitalWrite(drysoilLEDPin, HIGH);

digitalWrite(PumpPin, HIGH);

digitalWrite(soggyLEDPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(moistSoilPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(ValvePin, LOW);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Soil Dry");

lcd.setCursor(1, 1);

lcd.print("Midium Tanker");

Serial.println("New Message From Arduino: Soil Dry and Midium Tanker");

if ((moistureSensorValue > 550) && ((distance > 300) && (distance < 700)) &&
((DHT.humidity > 700) && (DHT.humidity < 900)))

digitalWrite(drysoilLEDPin, HIGH);

72
 digitalWrite(PumpPin, HIGH);

digitalWrite(soggyLEDPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(moistSoilPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(ValvePin, LOW);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Soil Dry");

lcd.setCursor(1, 1);

lcd.print("Midium Tanker ");

Serial.println("New Message From Arduino: Soil Dry and Midium Tanker");

if ((moistureSensorValue > 550) && ((distance > 300) && (distance < 700)) &&
(DHT.humidity > 900))

digitalWrite(drysoilLEDPin, HIGH);

digitalWrite(PumpPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(soggyLEDPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(moistSoilPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(ValvePin, LOW);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Soil Dry");

lcd.setCursor(1, 1);

lcd.print("Midium Tanker ");

73
 Serial.println("New Message From Arduino: Soil Dry, Midium Tanker");

if ((moistureSensorValue > 550) && (distance > 700) && (DHT.humidity < 700))

digitalWrite(drysoilLEDPin, HIGH);

digitalWrite(PumpPin, HIGH);

digitalWrite(soggyLEDPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(moistSoilPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(ValvePin, LOW);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Soil Dry");

lcd.setCursor(1, 1);

lcd.print("Tanker Full");

Serial.println("New Message From Arduino: Soil Dry and Tanker full");

if ((moistureSensorValue > 550) && (distance > 700) && ((DHT.humidity > 700) &&
(DHT.humidity < 900)))

digitalWrite(drysoilLEDPin, HIGH);

digitalWrite(PumpPin, HIGH);

digitalWrite(soggyLEDPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(moistSoilPin, LOW);

74
 digitalWrite(ValvePin, LOW);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Soil Dry");

lcd.setCursor(1, 1);

lcd.print("Tanker Full");

Serial.println("New Message From Arduino: Soil Dry and Tanker Full");

else if ((moistureSensorValue > 550) && (distance > 700) && (DHT.humidity > 900))

digitalWrite(drysoilLEDPin, HIGH);

digitalWrite(PumpPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(soggyLEDPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(moistSoilPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(ValvePin, LOW);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Soil Dry");

lcd.setCursor(1, 1);

lcd.print("Tanker Full");

Serial.println("New Message From Arduino: Soil Dry and Tanker Full");

75
 delay(1500);

}}

76