Evolution - change in the genetic make up and physical

characteristics of species over characteristics.

several generations.
Evidence - information or facts
Natural Selection - indicating whether a belief or
basic mechanism of evolution proposition is true or valid.
● Variation of traits
● Differential Sources of Evidences for Evolution
reproduction ● Data from the fossil records
● Heredity ● Anatomy and morphology
● Embryonic development
Convergent Evolution - ● Biochemistry
unrelated or distantly related
species independently develop Fossil Records
similar traits or features ● Evidence from Fossil Records
- Fossils are traces of
Analogous Traits Arising organisms that lived in the
from Similar Adaptations - past and were preserved by
this results in the creation of natural processes or
analogous structure or traits catastrophic events.
that serve similar functions, ● A Paleontologist is a person
despite the absence of a shared who studies fossils.
genetic lineage. ● Fossils from Sedimentary
Rocks - They were from the
Divergent Evolution - hard parts of the organism like
showcasing how closely related woody stem, bones, or teeth.
species can evolve over time to ● Determining the Age of
become distinct and different Fossils - Fossils found in the
from each other, As they adapt bottom layer are much older
to different circumstances, they than those in the upper layer
accumulate differences in of rocks.
 ● Relative dating is a Ex. the wings of bat, birds, and
method used to insects
determine the age of the
rocks, comparing them Vestigular structures are structures
with the rocks in the that have reduced in function in
other layer. organisms as they adapted to the
● Radiometric dating is a changes in their environment.
method used to Ex. Boa pelvic region and human
determine the age of tailbone
rocks using the decay of
radioactive isotopes Comparative Biochemistry
present in rocks.. The most reliable evidence for
● Carbon dating is used to evolution
tell the age of organic is the comparison of DNA and RNA
materials. nucleotides among organisms.

Hint of Evolution from Genetic Information - It was only

Comparative Anatomy during the early 20th century that
DNA was discovered as a genetic
Homologous structures may material. Therefore, genetic
perform different functions in information as evolutionary evidence
the species living in the through finding similarities in DNA
different environment, or it may sequences is fairly modern but by far
have the same origin but provides
different functions. the strongest evidence in support of
Ex. the structure of wings of the theory of evolution.
bad and birds
Evidences from Embryonic
Analogous structures may be Development - An embryo is an
different in forms and origin early stage of development in
but similar in function. organisms.Embryonicdevelopment
includes stages such as blastula, Ex.variation in ecosystems, such as
gastrula, and organogenesis. deserts, forests, grasslands, wetlands and
oceans.
Biodiversity
 is the “insurance” for life on
our planet.
 can be subdivided into three
different levels
TO ADAPT IS TO SURVIVE
 It involves finding the perfect
Genetic diversity: refers to communication among the species and
different characteristics within a its own ecological segment.
species.
 If an organism has not “adapted” to
Ex. Different breeds of dogs,
its own ecological segment, then
different varieties of rose flower,
extinction will take place.
rice, mangoes, etc.
Adaptation can increase the
What causes loss of Genetic competence in finding or using some
Diversity? necessary resources such as light,air,
Inbreeding, genetic drift, restricted food, etc.
gene flow, and small population
size all contribute to a reduction in Shark’s Perfect Mechanism Sharks
genetic diversity.
have two senses more than us
humans:
Species diversity: it is the
variability of species that can be lateral line sensory organ -It
found in a particular environment. includes a series of small canals
Ex.
along the shark’s sides, and contain
40,000 different plants.
1,300 bird species. tiny sensory hair-like structures that
3,000 species of fish. are sensitive to the water movement.
437 types of mammals.
2.5 million different Ampullae of Lorenzini - This organ
types of insects. found in the area of the shark’s head
contains small pores, with
Ecosystem diversity: it is the
difference in the different containers that are filled with a
environments on the Earth. conductor gel, connected with nerve
fibers.
 Sea Mammals as Great  Diversity could also favor the
Apnea Performers development of complex
Some sea animals can prolong collective behaviors, including in
the time of apnea (their organisms without a nervous
capacity to hold their breath.) system, as demonstrated by a
certain species of bacteria.
High hemoglobin density in the
blood and myoglobin. In the Importance of Diversity
muscles store a great amount of
oxygen.Therefore, their  It sustains through flow of
capacity to hold their breath energy.
will be longer.  Stability of an ecosystem.

Complementarity Effect

 Darwin proposed that Diversity is both a property of living

species diversity might organisms and a necessary condition
increase the productivity of for their survival.
ecosystems due to the
Density-Independent Limiting
division of labor among
Factor
species.
 is when the population’s density
Insurance Effect
does not directly affect in
 Diversity is also believed population.
to make species,
Density-Independent Limiting
populations and
Factor
ecosystems more resistant
to environmental stresses.  Is when the population’s density
does not directly affect in
Development of Complex
population.
Collective Behaviors
Exponential Growth
 When population reaches Predation
carrying capacity,
resources are plenty for  The predator population will
every organism, making eventually reach carrying
the population grow faster capacity—there will not be
and faster as it gets larger. enough prey for all the predators
in the population
Logistic Growth
Emigration
 When population reached
its carrying capacity  Individual organisms leave and
population getting smaller go to another place where they
and smaller. can find food, comfort, and
resources for survival and
Limiting Factor -is a resource reproduction.
or environmental condition
which controls or stops the
population to increase.

Diseases and Parasites

 Infectious and deadly

diseases like Covid 19 and
parasites grow and spread
faster in populated areas.

Competition for Resources

 As the population grows

there is a competition for
resources just like food,
water, and even space.