Applied Mathematics-I

Unit-3

Partial Differentiation

Department of Applied Mathematics

Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg (C.G.)
B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-3
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 SYLLABUS
UNIT – III: Partial Differentiation CO3
Partial derivatives; Euler’s theorem on Homogeneous functions; Jacobians; Maxima and
Minima of function of two variables; Method of Lagrange’s undetermined multipliers.
[10 Hrs.]

Course Outcome:
CO3: Solve the problems of Maxima & Minima of functions of two variables and use
Jacobians in formulation of practical problems.

Question 1: Find the first and second partial derivatives of z  x 2 y  sin xy.

Ans. 1: Given that z  x 2 y  sin xy

z  2
then  ( x y  sin xy )
x x

z
  2 xy  y cos xy
x

z  2
and  ( x y  sin xy )
y y

z
  x 2  x cos xy
x

 2 z   z  
Also     (2 xy  y cos xy )
x 2 x  x  x

2 z
  2 y  y 2 sin xy
x 2

2 z   z   2
and    ( x  x cos xy )
y 2
 y   y   y

2 z
  0  x 2 sin xy
y 2

2 z   z  
and     ( x 2  x cos xy )
x  y x   y  x

2 z
  2 x  xy sin xy
x  y

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-3

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 2 z 2 z
Question 2: Prove that for z  x3  y 3  3a x y,  .
xy y x

Ans. 2: Given that z  x3  y 3  3axy

z  3
then  ( x  y 3  3axy )
x x

z
  3x 2  3ay
x

z  3
 ( x  y 3  3axy )
y y

z
  3 y 2  3ax
y

2 z   z  
also     (3 y 2  3ax)
x  y x   y  x

2 z
  3a …(i)
x  y

2 z   z  
    (3x 2  3ay )
 y x  y  x   y

2 z
  3a …(i)
 y x

From equation (i) and (ii)

2 z 2 z

x  y  y x

 3u
Question 3: If u  e xyz , find the value of .
x y z

Ans. 3: Given that u  e xyz

u
then  e xyz .xy
z

 2u   u   xyz
   (e .xy )
 y z  y  z   y

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-3

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  2u 
  x. (e xyz . y )
 y z y

 2u
  x.[e xyz .1  ye xyz .xz ]
 y z

 2u
  ( x  x 2 yz )e xyz
 y z

 3u    2u  
again     [( x  x 2 yz )e xyz ]
x  y z x   y z  x

 3u  
  ( xe xyz )  [ x 2 yz e xyz ]
x  y z x x

 3u 
  [1.e xyz  x.e xyz . yz ]  yz [ x 2e xyz ]
x  y z x

 3u
  [1  xyz ]e xyz  yz[2 xe xyz  x 2e xyz . yz ]
x  y z

 3u
  (1  3xyz  x 2 y 2 z 2 )e xyz
x  y z

2
    
Question 4: If u  log( x  y  z  3xyz ), show that  
3 3 3
  u  9( x  y  z )2 .
 x  y z 

Ans. 4: Given that u  log( x3  y 3  z 3  3xyz )

Partially differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

u 1
 3 .3x 2  3 yz …(1)
x x  y  z  3xyz
3 3

u 1
Similarly,  3 .3 y 2  3xz …(2)
 y x  y  z  3xyz
3 3

u 1
and  3 .3z 2  3xy …(3)
z x  y  z  3xyz
3 3

Adding equation (1), (2) and (3), we get

u u u 3( x 2  y 2  z 2  xy  yz  zx)
  
x  y z x 3  y 3  z 3  3xyz

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-3

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 3( x 2  y 2  z 2  xy  yz  zx)

( x  y  z )( x 2  y 2  z 2  xy  yz  zx)

u u u 3
    …(4)
x  y z x  y  z

2
            
Further     u        u
 x  y z   x  y z  x  y z 
2
          u u u 
     u        
 x  y z   x  y z  x  y z 
2
         3 
     u      
 x  y z   x  y z  x  y  z 

 1 1 1 
 3   2
 ( x  y  z) ( x  y  z) ( x  y  z) 
2 2

2
     9
     u   9( x  y  z ) 2
  x  y  z  ( x  y  z ) 2

2
 z z   z z 
Question 5: If z ( x  y)  x  y , show that     41   .
2 2

 x  y   x  y 

Ans. 5: Given that z ( x  y)  x 2  y 2

x2  y2
 z
x y

Partially differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

z ( x  y).2 x  ( x 2  y 2 ).1

x ( x  y) 2

z x 2  2 xy  y 2
  …(1)
x ( x  y) 2

z ( x  y).2 y  ( x 2  y 2 ).1
Similarly, 
y ( x  y) 2

z y 2  2 xy  x 2
  …(2)
y ( x  y) 2

Subtracting equation (1) and (2), we get

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-3
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 z z x 2  2 xy  y 2  y 2  2 xy  x 2
 
x  y ( x  y) 2

z z 2( x 2  y 2 ) ( x  y)
   2
x  y ( x  y) 2
( x  y)

On squaring both side, we get

2
 z z  ( x  y)2
    4 …(3)
 x  y  ( x  y) 2

Now again,

z z ( x 2  2 xy  y 2 ) ( y 2  2 xy  x 2 )
1   1 
x  y ( x  y) 2 ( x  y) 2

z z 4 xy
 1   1
x  y ( x  y) 2

z z ( x  y ) 2  4 xy
 1  
x  y ( x  y) 2

z z ( x  y ) 2
 1   …(4)
x  y ( x  y ) 2

From equation (3) and (4)

2
 z z   z z 
    41   
 x  y   x  y 

2 z
Question 6: If x x y y z z  c, show that at x  y  z,  ( x log e x) 1.
x  y

Ans. 6: Given that, xx y y z z  c

Taking log both side, we get

x log x  y log y  z log z  log c

Partially differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

1 1 z z
x.  log x  0  z.  . log z  0
x z x x

z (1  log x)
  …(1)
x (1  log z )

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-3

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 z (1  log y )
Similarly,  …(2)
y (1  log z )

Partially differentiating equation (2) w.r.t. x, we get

  z    (1  log y) 
  
x   y  x  (1  log z ) 

2 z   1 
  (1  log y)  
x  y x  1  log z 

2 z   1 z 
  (1  log y).(1).(1  log z ) 2  0  . 
x  y   z x  

2 z  1 z 
  (1  log y)  (1  log z ) 2 .
x  y  z x 

2 z (1  log y) 1 z
  .
x  y (1  log z ) 2 z x

From equation (1), we get

2 z (1  log y)  (1  log x) 
   (1  log z ) 
x  y z (1  log z ) 2  

2 z (1  log y )(1  log x)

 
x  y z (1  log z )3

For x  y  z, we get

2 z (1  log x)(1  log x)

 
x  y x(1  log x)3

2 z 1 1
  
x  y x(1  log x) 3
x(log e  log x)3

2 z 1
   [ x(log e x)]1
x  y x(log e x) 3

Question 7: Find the maximum and minimum values of

f ( x, y)  x3  3xy 2  15x2  15 y 2  72 x.

Ans. 7: Given that f ( x, y)  x3  3xy 2  15x 2  15 y 2  72 x

Partially differentiating w.r.t. x and y respectively and equal to zero.

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-3
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 f
 3x 2  3 y 2  30 x  72  0 …(i)
x

 x 2  y 2  10 x  24  0

f
 6 xy  30 y  0 …(ii)
y

 6 y( x  5)  0

 y( x  5)  0; 6  0

 Either y  0 or x  5

For y  0, from equation (1), we get

8x 2  30 x  72  0

 x 2  10 x  24  0

 ( x  6)( x  4)  0

 x  6, 4

For x  5 from equation (1), we get

25  y 2  50  24  0

 y 2 1  0

 y2  1

 y  1

Hence (6, 0), (4, 0), (5, 1) and (5,  1) are stationary points.

2 f  f 
Now r     6 x  30  6( x  5)
x 2
x  x 

2 f  f 
S     6 y  0
x  y x   y 

2 f  f 
t     6 x  30  6( x  5)
y 2
y  y 

Then rt  S 2  36( x  5)2  36 y 2

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-3

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At point (6, 0)

rt  S 2  36  0, r  6  0

Hence f ( x, y) is minimum at (6, 0) and

f min (6, 0)  216  540  432  108

At point (4, 0)

rt  S 2  36  0, r  6  0

Hence f ( x, y) is maximum at (4, 0) and

f max (4, 0)  64  240  288  112

At Point (5, 1)

rt  S 2  36  0

Hence f ( x, y) is no extrema at (5, 1).

Question 8: Divide 24 into three parts such that the continued product of the first, square of
the second and the cube of the third may be maximum.

Ans. 8: Let 24 divides in the parts x, y, z

then x  y  z  24 …(4)

and given that, f ( x, y, z )  x3 y 2 z

Now by Lagrange’s method

Write F  x3 y 2 z   ( x  y  z  24)

F
Then  3x 2 y 2 z    0     3x 2 y 2 z …(i)
x

F
 2 x 3 yz    0     2 x3 yz …(ii)
y

F
 x3 y 2    0     x3 y 2 …(iii)
z

From equation (i) and (ii), we get

3x 2 y 2 z  2 x3 yz

 3x 2 y 2 z  2 x3 yz  0
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 x 2 yz (3 y  2 x)  0

 3 y  2x  0  x  0, y  0, z  0

 2x  3 y …(iv)

From equation (ii) and (iii), we get

2 x3 yz  x3 y 2

 x 3 y (2 z  y )  0

 2 z  y  0,  x  0, y  0

 y  2z …(v)

From equation (ii), (iv), (v), we get

3z  2 z  z  24

 6 z  24

 z4

From equation (v) y 8

From equation (iv) x  12

Thus f ( x, y, z ) is maximum at (12, 8, 4)

f max (12, 8, 4)  (12)3 .(8) 2 .4

= 442368

5 xyz
Question 9: Find the values of x, y, z for which f ( x, y, z )  is a maximum
x  2 y  4z
subject to the condition xyz  8.

5 xyz
Ans. 9: Given that f ( x, y , z ) 
x  2 y  4z

and condition xyz  8 …(A)

Now by Lagrange’s method

5 xyz
Write, F   ( xyz  8)
x  2 y  4z

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 F ( x  2 y  4 z ).5 yz  5 xyz
Then    yz  0
x ( x  2 y  4 z)2

5( x  2 y  4 z  x)
   0
( x  2 y  4z)2

5(2 y  4 z )
   …(i)
( x  2 y  4 z)2

F ( x  2 y  4 z ).5 xz  5 xyz .2
   xz  0
x ( x  2 y  4 z)2

5( x  2 y  4 z  2 y)
   0
( x  2 y  4z)2

5( x  4 z )
   …(ii)
( x  2 y  4 z)2

F ( x  2 y  4 z ).5 xy  5 xyz .4
   xy  0
z ( x  2 y  4 z)2

5( x  2 y  4 z  4 z )
  0
( x  2 y  4 z)2

5( x  2 y )
   …(iii)
( x  2 y  4 z)2

From equation (i) and (ii), we get

5(2 y  4 z ) 5( x  4 z )

( x  2 y  4 z) 2
( x  2 y  4 z)2

 2 y  4z  x  4z

 x  2y …(iv)

From equation (ii) and (iii), we get

5( x  4 z ) 5( x  2 y)

( x  2 y  4 z) 2
( x  2 y  4 z)2

 x  4z  x  2 y

 y  2z …(iv)

From equation (A), (iv) and (v), we get

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-3

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 x x
x. .  8
2 4

x3  64

x4

then from (iv) and (v), y  2, and z  1.

Question 10: The temperature T at any point ( x, y, z ) in space is given by T  400 xyz 2 .
Find the highest temperature on the surface of the unit sphere x2  y 2  z 2  1.

Ans. 10: Given that Temperature T  400 xyz 2 …(A)

and unit sphere x2  y 2  z 2  1 …(B)

Now by Lagrang’s method

write, F  400 xyz 2   ( x 2  y 2  z 2  1)

F
then 0  400 xyz 2  2 x  0 …(1)
x

F
0  800 xyz  2 z  0 …(3)
y

From equation (1)  x  (2)  y, we get

400 xyz 2  2 x 2  400 xyz 2  2 y 2

 x2  y 2  x y …(4)

From equation (2)  2 y  (3)  z, we get

800 xyz 2  4 y 2  800 xyz 2  2 z 2

 2 y2  z2  2y  z …(5)

From equation (B), (4) and (5), we get

x2  x2  2x2  1

 4x2  1

1 1
 x2   x
4 2

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 1 1
then y and z
2 2

1 1 1
Hence highest temperature T  400 . .
2 2 2

T  50

Question 11: A rectangular box open at the top is to have volume of 32 cu.cm. Find the
dimension of the box requiring least material for its construction.

Ans. 11: Let the edges of rectangular box are x, y and z ft.

then the surface S  xy  2 yz  2 xz …(A)

and xyz  32 …(B)

by use Lagrange’s method

write F  xy  2 yz  2 xz   ( xyz  32)

F
then 0  y  2 z   yz  0 …(i)
x

F
0  2 y  2 x   xy  0 …(ii)
z

F
0  2 y  2 x   xy  0 …(iii)
z

From equation (i)  x  (ii )  y, we get

xy  2 xz   xyz  xy  2 yz   xyz

 x y …(iii)

From equation (ii )  y  (iii )  z, we get

xy  2 yz   xyz  2 yz  2 xz   xyz

 y  2z …(iv)

From equation (B), (iii) and (iv), we get

(2 z)(2 z) z  32

 4 z 3  32  z3  8

then x  4, y  4

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Hence the dimension of the box are x  y  2 z  4

Thus Smin  4.4  2.4.2  2.4.2

 16  16  16  48

Question 12: Find the volume of the greatest rectangular parallelepiped that can be inscribed
in the ellipsoid.

Ans. 12: Let the edges of the parallelopiped are 2 x, 2 y and 2 z.

then volume V  8xyz

and given subject to the condition that

x2 y 2 z 2
  1  0 …(1)
a 2 b2 c2

By equation Lagrange’s method

 x2 y 2 z 2 
Write F  8 xyz    2  2  2  1
a b c 

F  2x 
Then 0  8 yz    2   0 …(2)
x a 

F  2y 
0  8 zx    2   0 …(3)
y b 

F  2z 
0  8 xy    2   0 …(4)
z c 

From equation (2)  x  (3)  y, we get

x2 y2
8 xyz  2  8 xyz  2
a2 b2

x2 y2
  …(5)
a 2 b2

From equation (3)  y  (4)  z, we get

y2 z2
8 xyz  2  8 xyz  2
b2 c2

y2 z2
  …(6)
b2 c2

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From equation (1), (5) and (6), we get

x2 x2 x2 3x 2
  1  1
a2 a2 a2 a2

x2 1 x2 y2 z 2 1
  i.e.,   
a2 3 a 2 b2 c2 3

a b c
 x , y and z 
3 3 3

When x  0, the parallelopiped is a rectangular sheet and its volume v  0.

As x increases, V also increases.

8abc
Thus the greatest volume is V  .
3 3

 x3  y 3  u u
Question 13: If u  tan 1  , prove that x  y  sin 2u and
 x y  x y

 2u  2u 2  u
2
x2  2 xy  y  2 cos 3u sin u.
x 2 x  y y2

 x3  y 3 
Ans. 13: Given that u  tan 
1

 x  y 

  y 3 
x 3 1    
x3  y 3   x  
 U  tan u   
x y  y
x 1  
 x

  y 3 
x 1    
2

  x    y
 U   x2. f  
 y x
1  x 

i.e., U is a homogeneous function of x and y of degree 2. Hence by Euler’s theorem.

U U
x.  y.  2U
x y

 
 x (tan u )  y. (tan u )  2 tan u
x y

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-3

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 u u
 x sec 2 u  y sec 2 u  2 tan u
x y

u u 2 tan u
 x y 
x  y sec 2 u

u u
 x y  2 sin u cos u
x y

u u
 x y  sin 2u …(i)
x y

Differentiating equation (i) partially w.r.t. x, we get

 2u u  2u u
x   y  2 cos 2u.
x x
2
x  y x

 2u  2u u
 x  y  (2 cos 2u  1) …(ii)
x 2
x  y x

Again, differentiating equation (i) partially w.r.t. y, we get

 2u  2u u
x  y 2  (2 cos 2u  1) …(iii)
x  y y y

Multiplying equation (ii) by x and equation (iii) by y then adding, we get

 2u  2u 2  u
2
 u u 
x2  2 xy  y  (2 cos 2u  1)  x  y 
x 2
x  y y 2
 x y 

 2u  2u 2  u
2
 x2
 2 xy y  (2 cos 2u  1). sin 2u [From equation (ii)]
x 2 x  y y2

 2u  2u 2  u
2
 x2
 2 xy y  [2(2 cos 2 u  1)  1] 2 sin u cos u
x 2
x  y y 2

 2u  2u 2  u
2
 x2
 2 xy y  2 [4 cos 3 u  3 cos u ]. sin u
x 2
x  y y 2

 2u  2u 2  u
2
 x2  2 xy  y  2. cos 3u. sin u
x 2 x  y y2

 y2  2  u  2u 2  u
2 2
Question 14: If u  tan  , prove that x
1
 2 xy y   sin 2 u. sin 2u.
 x  x 2
x  y y 2

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-3

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  y2 
Ans. 14: Given that u  tan 1  
 x 

 y2 
2
 y
 U  tan u     x. 
 x  x

 y
 U  x. f  
x

i.e., U is a homogeneous function of x and y of degree 1.

Hence by Euler’s theorem:

U U
x.  y.  1.U
x y

 
 x. (tan u )  y. (tan u )  tan u
x y

u u
 x sec 2 x  y sec 2 u  tan u
x y

u u tan u
 x y 
x  y sec 2 u

u u sin 2u
 x y  sin u cos u  …(i)
x y 2

Differentiating equation (i) partially w.r.t. x, we get

 2u u  2u u
x   y  cos 2u. …(ii)
x x
2
x  y x

Again differentiating equation (i) partially w.r.t. y, we get

 2u  2u u u
x  y2 2   cos 2u. …(iii)
 y x y y y

Multiplying equation (ii) by x and equation (iii) by y then adding, we get

 2u  2u 2  u
2
 u u 
x2  2 xy  y  (1  cos 2u ) x  y 
x 2
x  y y 2
 x y 

 2u  2u 2  u
2
sin 2u
 x2  2 xy  y  (1  cos 2u ). [From equation (1)]
x 2
x  y y 2
2

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  2u  2u 2  u
2
 x2
 2 xy y   sin 2 u sin 2u
x 2
x  y y 2

1/ 2
 x1 / 2  y1 / 2 
Question 15: If u  cosec  1 / 3
1
1/ 3 
 prove that
x y 

 2u  2u 2  u
2
tan u  13 tan 2 u 
x2  2 xy  y    .
x 2 x  y y2 12  12 12 

1/ 2
 x1 / 2  y1 / 2 
Ans. 15: Given u  cosec  1 / 3
1
1/ 3 

x y 
1/ 2
 x1 / 3  y1 / 3 
 u  sin  1 / 2
1
1/ 2 

x y 
1/ 2
 x1 / 3  y1 / 3 
 U  sin u   1 / 2 1/ 2 

x y 

1/ 2
  y 1 / 3 
1    
x1 / 6  x 
 U  sin u  1 / 4
x   y 1 / 2 
1    
 x 
1/ 2
  y 1 / 3 
1    
1 / 12  x   y
 U  sin u  x  x 1 / 12 f  
  y 1 / 2  x
1    
 x 

1
Here U is homogeneous function in variable x and y of degree  .
12

Hence by Euler’s theorem, we get

U U 1
x y  U
x y 12

  1
 x (sin u )  y (sin u )   sin u
x y 12

u u 1
 x cos u  y cos u   sin u
x y 12

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-3

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 u u 1 sin u 1
 x y    tan u …(i)
x y 12 cos u 12

Differentiating equation (i) partially w.r.t. x, we get

 2u u  2u 1 u
x.   y   sec 2 u. …(ii)
x x
2
 y x 12 x

Differentiating equation (i) partially w.r.t. y, we get

 2u 2  u
2
u 1 u
x y    sec 2 u …(iii)
x  y y 2
y 12 y

Multiplying equation (ii) by x and equation (iii) by y, then adding, we get

 2u  2u 2  u
2
1  u u 
x2  2 xy  y   (1  sec 2 u ) x  y 
x 2
x  y y 2
12  x y 

 2u  2u 2  u
2
 1  1 
 x2
 2 xy y    (1  sec2 u )  tan u  [From equation (i)]
x 2
x  y y 2
 12   12 

 2u  2u 2  u
2
tan u  sec 2 u 
 x2  2 xy  y  1  
x 2 x  y y2 12  12 

 2u  2u 2  u
2
tan u  1  tan 2 u 
 x 2
 2 xy y  1  
x 2 x  y y2 12  12 

 2u  2u 2  u
2
tan u 12  1  tan 2 u 
 x2  2 xy  y   
x 2 x  y y2 12  12 

 2u  2u 2  u
2
tan u 13 tan 2 u 
 x2  2 xy  y    
x 2 x  y y2 12 12 12 

Question 16: If u  a cos hx cos y, v  a sin hx sin y, then show that

 (u, v) 1 2
 a (cos h2 x  cos 2 y).
 ( x, y) 2

u
Ans. 16: Here,  a sin hx. cos y,
x

u
 a cos hx. sin y
y

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 v
and  a cos hx. sin y,
x

v
 a sin hx. cos y
y

u u
 (u, v) x y
 
 ( x, y ) v v
x y

a sin hx cos y  a cos hx sin y


a cos hx sin y a sin h cos y

 a 2 [sin h2 x. cos 2 y  cos h2 x sin 2 y]

1 2
 a [2 sin h 2 x cos 2 y  2 cos h 2 x sin 2 y]
2

1 2
 a [sin h 2 x(1  cos 2 y)  cos h 2 x(1  cos 2 y)]
2

1 2
 a [(cos h 2 x  sin h 2 x)  cos 2 y(cos h 2 x  sin h 2 x)]
2

1 2
 a [cos h2 x  cos y]. Ans.
2

Question 17: If u  x 2  y 2  z 2 , v  x  y  z, w  xy  yz  zx show that the Jacobian

 (u, v, w)
vanishes, find the relation between u, v and w.
 ( x, y, w)

Ans. 17: We have

2x 2y 2z
 (u, v, w)
 1 1 1
 ( x, y , z )
yz zx x y

1 1 1
 2 x y z
yz zx x y

1 0 0
 2 x yx zx 0
yz x y xz

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Hence, there will exists a relation between u, v, w, we have

v 2  ( x  y  z) 2  x 2  y 2  z 2  2( xy  yz  zx)

 v 2  u  2w

 v 2  u  2w is the required relation.

Question 18: If u 3  v3  x  y and u 2  v 2  x3  y 3 , then show that

 (u, v) y2  x2
J (u, v)   .
 ( x, y) 2uv(u  v)

Ans. 18: Here, f1  u 3  v3  ( x  y)  0

f 2  u 2  v 2  ( x3  y 3 )  0

 ( f1 , f 2 )  ( f1 , f 2 )
 (u, v)  ( x, y )  ( x, y )
Hence,  (1) 2 
 ( x, y )  ( f1 , f 2 )  ( f1 , f 2 )
 (u, v)  (u, v)

 f1  f1
x y
 f2  f2
x y

 f1  f1
u v
 f2  f2
u v

1 1
 3x 2  3y2

3u 2 3v 2
2u 2v

3( y 2  x 2 ) y2  x2
 J (u, v)   Hence proved.
6uv(u  v) 2uv(u  v)

Text Book:

1. B.S. Grewal, Higher Engineering Mathematics, Khanna Publishers

2. H. K. Dass, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, S. Chand Publication

♦♦♦

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