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Integration by Substitution

The document discusses integration by substitution, which is a technique for transforming complicated integrals into simpler ones. It provides the general steps for performing substitution, and gives examples of applying the technique to evaluate several definite integrals.

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mukondimmagoda
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54 views10 pages

Integration by Substitution

The document discusses integration by substitution, which is a technique for transforming complicated integrals into simpler ones. It provides the general steps for performing substitution, and gives examples of applying the technique to evaluate several definite integrals.

Uploaded by

mukondimmagoda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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3.

Integration by substitution (one of the integration techniques)

In this section we shall discuss a technique, called substitution, that can often
be used to transform complicated integration problems into simpler ones.

𝑑𝑢
∫ [𝑓(𝑢) ] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑢)𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥

Integration by Substitution

Step 1: Make a choice for 𝑢, say 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥).

Step 2: 𝑑𝑢
Compute 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑔′ (𝑥).

Step 3: Make the substitution 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥), 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑔′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥

At this stage, the entire integral must be in terms of 𝑢. NO 𝑥′𝑠 should remain. If this
is not the case, try a different choice of 𝑢

Step 4: Evaluate the resulting integral.

Step 5: Replace 𝑢 𝑏𝑦 𝑔(𝑥), so the final answer is in terms of 𝑥.

Example:

1. ∫(𝑥 2 + 1)50 . 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢
If we let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 1, then 𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑥,

∴ 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 so the given integral can be written as

𝑢51 (𝑥 2 + 1)51
∫(𝑥 2 + 1)50 . 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢50 𝑑𝑢 = +𝑐 = +𝑐 (𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 1 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘)
51 51

2. ∫ sin(𝑥 + 9) 𝑑𝑥 Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 9
𝑑𝑢
∴ ∫ sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 =1
𝑑𝑥

= − cos 𝑢 + 𝑐 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥

= − cos (𝑥 + 9) + 𝑐

3. Let 𝑢 = 5𝑥
∫ cos 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢
1 =5
∴ ∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
5

1
= sin 𝑢 + 𝑐
5 1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
5
1
= sin 5𝑥 + 𝑐
5

4. Let 𝑢 = sin 𝑥
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
∴ ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑢3
= +𝑐
3

𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥
= +𝑐
3

5. 𝑐𝑜𝑠√𝑥 Let 𝑢 = √𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1
=
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥
∴ 2 ∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
2𝑑𝑢 =
= 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 + 𝑐 √𝑥

= 2 sin √𝑥 + 𝑐
Exercise 3: Evaluate the indefinite integral by making use of the given substitution

1. 2.
∫ cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥, 𝑢 = 3𝑥 ∫ 𝑥(4 + 𝑥 2 )10 𝑑𝑥, 𝑢 = 4 + 𝑥2

3. 4. 𝑠𝑖𝑛√𝑥
∫ 𝑥 2 √𝑥 3 + 1 𝑑𝑥, 𝑢 = 𝑥3 + 1 ∫ 𝑑𝑥, 𝑢 = √𝑥
√𝑥

5. 4 6.
∫ 𝑑𝑥, 𝑢 = 1 + 2𝑥 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃, 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
(1 + 2𝑥)3

Evaluate the indefinite integral by making use of substitution

7. 8.
∫ 𝑥 2 (𝑥 3 + 3)4 𝑑𝑥 ∫(2 − 𝑥)6 𝑑𝑥

9. 1 + 4𝑥 10. 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑡
√1 + 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 (5𝑡 + 4)2.7

11. 12.
∫ √4 − 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ∫ sec 2𝜃 tan 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃

13. 14. 𝑧2
∫ cos 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 ∫3 𝑑𝑧
√1 + 𝑧 3

15. 16. cos (𝜋⁄𝑥 )


∫ √cot 𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2

17.
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)𝑑𝑡

MEMO:

Exercise 3: Evaluate the indefinite integral by making use of the given substitution

1.
∫ cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥, 𝑢 = 3𝑥
2.
∫ 𝑥(4 + 𝑥 2 )10 𝑑𝑥, 𝑢 = 4 + 𝑥2

3.
∫ 𝑥 2 √𝑥 3 + 1 𝑑𝑥, 𝑢 = 𝑥3 + 1

4. 𝑠𝑖𝑛√𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥, 𝑢 = √𝑥
√𝑥
5. 4
∫ 𝑑𝑥, 𝑢 = 1 + 2𝑥
(1 + 2𝑥)3

6.
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃, 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Evaluate the indefinite integral by making use of substitution

7.
∫ 𝑥 2 (𝑥 3 + 3)4 𝑑𝑥

8.
∫(2 − 𝑥)6 𝑑𝑥
9. 1 + 4𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
√1 + 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2

10. 1
∫ 𝑑𝑡
(5𝑡 + 4)2.7
11.
∫ √4 − 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

12.
∫ sec 2𝜃 tan 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
13.
∫ cos 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

14. 𝑧2
∫3 𝑑𝑧
√1 + 𝑧 3

15.
∫ √cot 𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
16. cos (𝜋⁄𝑥 )
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2

17.
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)𝑑𝑡

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