World Wide Journal of Multidiscip linary Research and Development

WWJMRD 2020; 6(6): 4-10

www.wwjmrd.com
International Journal
Peer Reviewed Journal Analysis of Networks and Network Equilibrium
Refereed Journal
Indexed Journal Equation by Applying Graph theory
Impact Factor MJIF: 4.25
E-ISSN: 2454-6615
Poorva V. Adhyapak
Poorva V. Adhyapak
KLS Gogte Institute of Abstract
Technology, Jnana Ganga,
Here we describe a general technique detecting structural features in large scale network data that
Udyambag, Belagavi,
Karnataka, India.
works by dividing the nodes of network, by making use of few fundamental laws of networks and
graph theory. We give the examples demonstrating how the system of equations can be solved by
making use of graph theory. Also to write the tie-set matrix and obtain the network equilibrium
equation in matrix forms using KVL. Calculating the loop current and then calculating branch voltage
is also discussed with an example.

Keywords: Network, directed graph, trees, incidence matrix, KCL, KVL

Introduction:
An electrical network is an interconnection of electrical network elements such as resistance,
capacitances, inductances, voltage and current source. The closeness of the link between
network analysis and graph theory is widely recognized, but the nature of the link is seldom
discussed. Graph theory, like all other branches of mathematics, consists of a set of
interconnected tautologies. Each network is associated with two variables, the voltage
variable and current variable. Networks are widely used in the biological, physical and social
representation of topology of systems of interacting components. The network analysis is a
method to analyze, control the process and work flow.

Analysis of networks
The object is to set up a system of equations from which the independent loop currents can
be determined.ie. Once this set of current is known, the currents in all the branches can be
calculated, for this we have to assign arbitrarily, to each of the branches of positive direction
for current flow. The direction assigned to each branch of cotree determines a positive sense
of current circulation for the corresponding loop. We number the loops from 1 to l and
branches from 1 to b and define matrix B of order l*b having elements bhk as
bhk = +1, if the positive sense of current flows in branch k coincides with that of loop h.
= -1, if the positive sense of current flows in branch k coincides with that of loop h.
=0, if branch k is not associated with loop h.
The matrix B is known as the tie-set matrix. Row h of B contains non-zero entries only in
places whose column numbers corresponds to branches forming part of loop h. Row h will
tell us exactly which branches form loop h.

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL): Kirchhoff’s voltage law states that if Vk is the potential
drop in the Kth branch, then V k  0.
For the loop h is
Correspondence: b
Poorva V. Adhyapak
KLS Gogte Institute of
b
k 1
hk Vk  0, (h  1,2,3.....l ).
Technology, Jnana Ganga,
Udyambag, Belagavi, Set of l equations can be written in the matrix form
Karnataka, India.
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B Vb   0 -------------- (1) Then

b
Where Vb  (v1 , v 2 ,.......vb ) and
T
B is the fundamental E h   bhk v sk ; (h  1,2,3....l )
circuit matrix. k 1
In the matrix form
vk  Z k ik  vsk Where v sk is the branch input voltage
E  BVs ------------------ (5)
source?
ik : The current E T  E1 , E 2 ....... El 
From (2), (4) and (5)
Z k : The impedance of k th branch.
E   BZ b B T I L  -------------------- (6)
 v1   z1 0 ..... . 0   v s1 
v   0 z ......... .  i1  BZ b B T is a square matrix of order l  l . Denoting
 2  2 0  i 
v 
 s2  this Z ,
 .    0 ..... ..... 0 .  2  . 
  
z3
  ..   
E   Z  I ............................ (7)
.  ... .... .... .... ...     .  Z  is clearly a symmetric matrix
vb   0 0 ..... .... z b  ib  v sb  Since Z hk  Z kh ,
It is known as loop impedance matrix.
The matrix Z b  is diagonal. Equation (7) is Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
If the circuit contains inductances so that is coupling
between branches this matrix is no long we diagonal. Kirchhoff’s Current Law: Here we discuss the KCL
equation of the network having only current source as
If Z kk is the self-impedance of branch k , and Z kh  Z hk input.
is the mutual impedance of branches h and k then, KCL states that if, ik is the current in the k th branch, at
b
vk   Z kh ik  v sk ; (k  1,2,....b)
given node
n 1 i k  0 .......

 v1   z11 ... z1b   i1   v s1  b

 ahk i
z12 ....
v  z  0 ; h  1,2,3.....n --------------- (2)
... z 2b  i2  v s 2 
k
 2  21 z 22 ... k 1

 .    ... Set of, n equations can be written in matrix form

... ... ... ...   ..   .. 
        Aa I b  0 ----------------- (3); I b  i1 , i2 ......ib  T
.  ... ... ... ... ...   ..   .. 
v b   z b1 Aa Is complete incidence matrix
  zb2 ... ... z bb  ib  v sb 
A I b  0 ------------------------ (4)
This must be written as
Vb   Z b I b   Vs ----------------- (2) Where A is incidence matrix of order n 1  b .

Impedance matrix Z b  is symmetric.

For f cut set matrix,

From (1) we get QI b  0            (5)

BVb   0  BZ b I b   BVs  If isk is the input current source and y k the admittance of
th
Let the loop current vector I L be written as the k branch, then
I L   I1 , I 2 , I 3 .......I k  T ik  yk vk  isk ; k  1,2,.....b          (6)
The current flowing through a branch common to two loops In matrix form
is either the sum or the difference of the two loop currents I b  YbVb  I s          (7)
(with sign convention)
The matrix Yb is diagonal.
k  th Branch current is
The circuit contains inductances so that there is coupling
ik  b1k I1  b2k I 2  ........  blk I l (k  1,2,3....b)
between branches then Yb is no longer diagonal. is the
This set of
b equations can be rewritten in matrix form as, y kk

I b   BT   I  ------------------------- (4)
L
self-admittance of branch and y hk  y kh is the mutual
admittance of branches h and k .
I L : Loop current vector The column of incidence matrix will give the branch
B T : Transpose of B voltages in terms of node voltages.
The branch current vector Vb  AT Vn      (8)
I b   i1 , i2 , i3 ,......ib  T
Same results holds for f  cut set matrix also.
Let E1 , E2 , E3 ....... El be the loop e.m.f. Vb  Q T Vn              (9)
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From (7) and (8) Network Equilibrium Equation

I b  YbVb  I sc The graph of planar network is drawn by keeping all points
of intersection of two or more branches i.e. nodes, and
I b  Yb AT Vn  I s      (10) representing the network elements by lines, voltage and
From (4) current sources by then internal impedances. The internal
impedance of an ideal voltage source is zero and is to be
AI b  0 replaced by short circuit, and that of an ideal current source
From (10)
 
is infinite and hence to be replaced by an open circuit.
A Yb AT Vn  I s  0 Example.
Draw the graph for the given circuit and indicate the
Or YV  I ---------- (11) number of all possible trees of the network.
The admittance matrix
Y  AYb AT            (12) is of order
Symmetric matrix and
I  AI s            (13)
Here equation (11) is KCL

Fig. 1: represents network,

Fig. 2: Represents directed graph.

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Fig. 3: Represents all possible trees.

Here
i) Current source I is replaced by open circuit. The reduced incidence matrix is
ii) Voltage source V is replaced by short circuit.
iii) All other lines containing linear elements will be  1  1 0 1 0  1 1
A   1 1  1 0 0 0 0
shown by lines in the graph.
iv) The graph is shown in fig 2,.It has branches
b=7,nodes=4 therefore branches (twigs) will be  0 0 1  1 1 0 0
(n  1)  (4  1)  3
and links, (b  n  1)  (7  4  1)  4  1 1 0 
 1 1 0 
 
The complete incidence matrix is written as:
 0 1 1 
Nodes Branches  AT   1 0  1
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
0 0 1
 
 1  1 0 1 0 1 1   1 0 0 
 1 1 1 0 0 0 0  1 0 0
Aa     
 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 
 
 0 0 0 0  1 1  1
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World Wide Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development

The number of all possible trees The tie-set matrix can be written as:

AA 
Loop
T Branches
=det current
1 2 3 4 5 6
 5  2  1 I1 1 0 0 1 -1 0

=det  2 3  1 =21 I2 0 1 0 0 1 -1
 I3 0 0 1 -1 0 1
  1  1 3 
Now,the equilibrium equation in matrix form,from loop
current basis,using KVL,is given by
The twenty one possible trees are shown in fig 3.

To calculate loop current and branch voltage B Z b  B T  I L   B Vs   B Z b  I s 
For the following network
We will write the tie-set matrix and obtain the network
Where, Vs  branch input voltage source sector
equilibrium equation in matrix form using KVL. Then will
calculate the loop current and hence branch voltage. I s  branch input current source vector
Here,
1 0 0 1  1 0 
B  0 1 0 0 1  1
0 0 1  1 0 1 
1 0 0
0 1 0
 
 0 0 1 
BT   
(a): Network  1 0  1
 1 1 0 
 
 0  1 1 
10 0
 10 
   I1 
 10   
Zb    I L  I 2 
 20   I 3 
 20 
 
(b): Oriented graph with arbitrary direction  0 20
1  0 
0  0 
   
0  0 
Vs    I s   
0  0 
0  0 
   
0 0
Therefore, B  Z b  B  I 
T
L  B Vs 

 100  20  20  I 1  0

 20 100  20  I  = 0
(c): A tree    2  
 20  20 100   I 3  0
The oriented graph and one of the possible tree is shown in
fig (b) and (c), respectively.   
The tree is formed with the set of twigs {4, 5, and 6} and I 1  1 , I 2  2 , I 3  3 on solving gives
the links are {1, 2, and 3}.
  
1 1 1
Number of branches = 6
I1  , I2  , I3 
Number of nodes = 4 90 360 360
Number of links = 3
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The branch current is given by

I b   B T  I L 
The branch voltages are
Vb   Z b  I b   Vs 
Vb   Z b  B T  I L   Vs 
 v1  10 0
v   10 
 2  
 v3   10 
  =  
v 4   20 
 v5   20 
   
v6   0 20
1 0 0 1
0 1   1   
0
90   
 0
 0 0 1   1  0 
    
1 0  1  360 0
0
 1 1 1   
0
   360  

 0  1 1  0

On calculation it gives
8 1 1 1 1 1
v1  V , v 2  V , v3  V , v 4  V , v5  V , v 6  V
9 18 18 9 9 9

Conclusion
In this paper we discussed analysis of networks, network
equilibrium to determine the centrality of particular nodes
and to detect community sub graph structure within the
network. Also, to obtain network equilibrium equation and
then calculate the loop current and branch voltage. This
concept can be used in analysing structure of network in
which the use of both graphical and statistical procedure is
used.

References
1. B. Bollobas Modern graph theory springer 1998.
2. Introductory graph theory for Electrical and
Electronics Engineers, IEEE Multidisciplinary
Engineering education magazine.
3. Chen, Wai-Kai: Graph Theory and Its Engineering
Applications. Advanced Series in Electrical and
Computer Engineering. World Scientific, Singapore
(1997). ISBN9789810218591.LCCN 97159597.
4. D Roy Choudhari, Networks and systems.
5. Yumin, F., Realizationofcircuitmatrices, IEEE Trans.
Circuit Theory 12(4), 604–607 (1965). ISSN0018-
9324.

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