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Nouns
A Noun is the name of a person place or thing. A thing includes a quality (fear) a material (gold),
a collection (herd, army), a state (adherence) and an action (cheat, mock, movement).
A noun is often called a' noun phrase. A noun phrase can be a single-word noun: Teachers love
their pupils. (Noun phrase: teacher) But a noun phrase is usually longer than a single word
because it consists of an adjective or a determiner plus a noun. A good teacher loves his pupils.
(Noun phrase: a good teacher).
Types of nouns
Nouns can be classified into five kinds: Proper nouns; Common nouns; Collective nouns;
Material nouns; Abstract nouns;
Proper nouns
A proper noun is the name of a particular person or thing, i.e. a name used for an individual
person or place, etc.
Examples: Mary, Maputo, England;
Common nouns
A common noun refers to any and every person or thing of the same kind or class, not to a
particular person or thing.
Examples: cow, dog, girl, boy, man, woman;
Collective nouns
A collective noun is the name of a collection, group of people, or things of the same kind: class,
team, government, jury, federation…
Material nouns
A material noun is the name of a material, substance, or ingredient things are made of. They can
be articles of food or drink as well: iron, copper, steel, gold, coal, silver, rice, wheat, milk, water,
tea, sugar.
Note: A material noun is a type of common noun but a distinction is made between the two. A
common noun is usually a countable noun but a material noun is an uncountable noun. The cow
gives us milk. Cow is a common noun (countable), but milk is a material noun (uncountable).
Abstract nouns
An abstract noun is the name of a quality, state, or concept: beauty, sweetness, childhood, love.
Pronouns
A pronoun is a word that refers to or takes the place of a noun. The noun being referred to is
called the antecedent. The identity of the pronoun is made clear by the antecedent.
For example: The boy said that he was tired.
In this example, the pronoun “he” is referring back to the noun (antecedent) “boy.”
There are many different types of pronouns: personal, possessive, reflexive, intensive,
demonstrative, interrogative, relative, indefinite, and reciprocal.
Personal Pronouns
Personal Pronouns are pronouns that refer to a specific person or thing in a sentence and can be
divided into two groups: nominative and objective.
• Nominative personal pronouns can act as the subject of a sentence (I, you, he, she, it, we, they).
For example: I went to the store after work. You should not go to class if you are sick.
• Objective personal pronouns, on the other hand, act as objects of a sentence (me, you, him, her,
it, us, them).
For example: -Alex came out with Joe and me.
-Melissa really likes him.
Possessive Pronouns
Possessive Pronouns are pronouns that show ownership; in other words, something belongs to
someone else (my/mine, your/yours, his, her/hers, its, our/ours, their/theirs).
For example: -That book is mine;
-Their shoes are under the bed.
Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns are pronouns that are used to show that the subject of the sentence is
receiving the action of the verb (myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves).
For example: -She can handle the situation herself;
-We can write the paper ourselves.
Intensive Pronouns
Intensive Pronouns are pronouns that are used only to place emphasis on the subject and are not
essential to the meaning of the sentence.
Note: These pronouns look the same as reflexive pronouns, but they act differently in the
sentence and are always placed next to the subject that they are emphasizing (myself, yourself,
himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves).
For example: You yourself must go to the police station.
Demonstrative Pronouns
Demonstrative Pronouns are pronouns that are used to identify nouns and answer the question
“which one?” (this, that, these, those)
For example: These are the books that John was talking about.
Interrogative Pronouns
Interrogative Pronouns are pronouns that are used only in reference to a question (who, what,
which, whom, whose).
For example: -Which one of these pens is yours?
-Who is that girl?
Relative Pronouns
Relative Pronouns are pronouns that are used to connect clarifying information to nouns or other
pronouns within a sentence (who, that, which, whom, whose, whoever, whichever, whomever,
whatever).
Examples: -The letter should be addressed to whom?
-Who sings this song?
Indefinite Pronouns
Indefinite Pronouns are pronouns that are used in reference to a person or thing that is not
specific or not known. Indefinite pronouns are also used to identify a general group of people or
things (i.e. everyone, everybody, anyone, anybody, somebody, most, all, each every, some, none,
one, few, both, many, several).
For example: -Everybody has to take the writing of forums in order to graduate.
-All of the students were excited for graduation.
Reciprocal Pronouns
Reciprocal Pronouns are pronouns that are used to refer to a mutual set of people (each other,
each other’s, one another, one another’s).
For example: -We need to help one another survive.
-They had remembered each other’s phone numbers.
To sum it up, a noun identifies a person, animal or thing. Pronouns are words like he, she,
yourself, mine, who, this and someone. Pronouns commonly refer to or fill the position of a noun
or noun phrase.
References
Baker, M. C. (2003). Lexical Categories: Verbs, Nouns and Adjectives. Cambridge University
Press.
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Noun. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved August 28,

2023, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/noun
Tomasello, M., Akhtar, N., Dodson, K., & Rekau, L. (1997). Differential productivity in young
children’s use of nouns and pronouns. Journal of Child Language, 24, 373–387.

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Nouns

Examples: Mary, Maputo, England;

Examples: cow, dog, girl, boy, man, woman;

For example: The boy said that he was tired.

For example: -Alex came out with Joe and me.

-Melissa really likes him.

For example: -That book is mine;

-Their shoes are under the bed.

-We can write the paper ourselves.

For example: You yourself must go to the police station.

For example: -Which one of these pens is yours?

-Who is that girl?

Examples: -The letter should be addressed to whom?

-Who sings this song?

-All of the students were excited for graduation.

For example: -We need to help one another survive.

-They had remembered each other’s phone numbers.

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Noun. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved August 28,

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