12 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Physical Education
and Health 4
Quarter 4 – Module 4a(Weeks 1-2)
First Aid Common Emergencies and Safety
Practices in Outdoor Activities

i
NegOr_Q4_PEH12_Modulea4a_V2
Physical Education and Health 4 – Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 4a: First Aid Common Emergencies and Safety Practices in
Outdoor Activities
Second Edition, 2022

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Introductory Message

This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can
continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.
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you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM.
This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need to
ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the
lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
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In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also provided to
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If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks in
this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.

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 In previous modules, you were introduced to the different recreational
activities and the various benefits it can offer to your being as a whole.
Engaging to any kinds of recreational activities brings much profound
meaning to one’s life. However, you must also consider the potential risk and
hazards of the outdoor activities that may cause injuries and illnesses to you
and to your family.

In this module, you will be introduced to the safety practices and how to
apply first aid in land outdoor recreation. It is with hope that this module will
help you in your future adventure and equip you with first aid techniques and
skills which you need to be learned and practiced.

What I Know

In the website (https://www.stanley1913.com/ n.d.), “recreational

activities can also pose a threat to the environment and frequent recreational
adventurers. Whether you are camping, hiking, or visiting a park, it is crucial
to maintain certain best practices to help ensure the safety of you, your
family, other outdoorsmen, and the integrity of the environment”.
First Aid is an immediate and temporary care given to a person who
suddenly gets ill or injured. It includes self-help and home care if medical
assistance not available or delayed (Parker, 2019). It can mean the difference
between life and death in extreme cases. However, we must know the limits
of the first aid we can give because improper first aid can actually do more
harm than good in some instances. Anyone who gives aid is a first aider.

TASK 1: “EMERGENCY! EMERGENCY! WHAT WILL I DO?”

Directions: To become a first aider, one must know how to respond to the different
risky situations. Now, test your skills in applying first aid by writing down your
immediate action to the following situation:

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 SITUATION IMMEDIATE ACTION TAKEN
1. While trekking, your friend slipped on a
sloppy terrain and twisted his/her ankle.
2. While camping, one of the campers was
attacked and bitten by a snake.
3. Your brother was setting up the tent when
cuts his finger with the pole.
4. Your mother accidentally touches a hot
pan.
5. Your friend experiences stroke.

Do you think you did the right action for each situation? Do not worry. As you
go on with this module, you will discover the proper ways of addressing those
situations.

What’s In
OUTDOOR RECREATION SAFETY TIPS
As an adventurer, it is best to ensure safety practices to help you become
safe as well as your fellow outdoorsmen, and the environment. With these practices,
it will make the activity
becomes enjoyable and
memorable one.
According to
https://www.stanley1913.com/
n.d., these are the safety tips to
consider in engaging an
outdoor activity.
1. Plan Ahead. To make
the most of your outdoor https://sportsguidemag.com/outdoor-safety-tips-to-remember/

time, it’s important to

plan before leaving for your destination. Preparing for different scenarios can
help you and your family have a successful outing while staying safe. Before
leaving for your destination, consider the following preparation best practices:

Check the accessibility of your destination. This includes

looking up the hours of operations to ensure the trail or
campground is open, as well as directions if you are planning to
take more than one car.

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 Look at the weather in advance. Different weather patterns
may cause trails or campgrounds to become impassable.
Knowing the weather beforehand can help you be prepared for
any type of scenario.

Get advice from experienced outdoorsmen. If you are going

to a destination for the first time, it can be helpful to get advice
from people who have already been there. This advice can
include which campgrounds to go to, activities to participate in,
and safety precautions.

Go during the safest time of day. If you are participating in

outdoor activities for the first time and have never been to the
destination, it’s important to go during a safe time of the day.
Make sure you have enough daylight to see where you are
going and to ensure you won’t get stuck in an unknown location
at nighttime.

2. Communicate. Many hikers, campers, and other outdoor enthusiasts may

find themselves lost during an excursion. This situation can become instantly
overwhelming and may push back your expected arrival time. Outdoor
recreation can come with risks, and it’s important to let friends and family
know your plans in case something happens. Consider telling a few friends
and family this pertinent information:
• A basic timeframe of your arrival;
• An itinerary with numbers you can be reached at;
• Phone numbers of the people you are going to be with;
• Updates to your location when you have cell service;
• Specific trails and campgrounds that you will be using.

3. Bring the right gear. Bringing

the right equipment or gear can
help ensure you have a
successful outdoor adventure.
Many outdoor activities need
special gear. Additionally, you
should take weather and
climate into consideration so
you can stay comfortable. For
instance, hikers will need the
backpack, hiking boots or
shoes, moisture-wicking pants
and jacket, food and water, (Expedition Alpine, 2019)
navigation tools, first-aid kit,
extra clothes, and a knife. Additionally, campers will need a tent, sleeping
bags, pads, and pillows; headlamps and flashlights, camping chairs and
tables, camping cutlery, plates, and mugs, lanterns, firewood, cooler with
drinks and food and trash bags.

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4. Don’t go alone. Bringing a friend or two with you when you camp or hike can
be helpful if you encounter problems. Additionally, bringing experienced
campers or hikers can help you learn the essential skills you need to
successfully do these activities alone.

5. Practice “Leave No Trace”. Leave No Trace is a set of seven principles that

helps outdoor enthusiasts maintain the integrity of the outdoors. While Leave
No Trace was created to maintain backcountry areas, it has adapted to fit a
variety of outdoor settings and recreational activities. The seven principles are
as follows:

Plan Ahead and Prepare: Poor

planning can lead to damage to
natural resources. By planning,
outdoor adventurists can minimize
their impact on the land while
staying safe.
Travel and Camp on Durable
Surfaces: Campers and hikers
must stick to trails and
https://leavenotrace.org.nz/ n.d. campgrounds to lessen the risk of
soil erosions and undesirable
trails.
Dispose of Waste Properly: Outdoor enthusiasts should
be cognizant of the impact of the waste left in the
wilderness. This includes proper disposal of human
waste, trash, spilled foods, cigarette butts, plastic, and
fishing line.
Leave What You Find: This principle minimizes site
alterations and avoids damaging live trees and plants.
Additionally, campers and hikers should leave cultural
objects where they stand on public lands.
Minimize Campfire Impacts: Campfires can degrade the
natural appearance of many areas due to smoke and the
increasing demand for firewood. Use existing fire rings or
bring your firewood to help maintain the natural
appearance of camp areas.
Respect Wildlife: Wildlife and plants should not be
disturbed. Campers and hikers should travel quietly to
avoid stressing the animals. Never touch, feed, or get
close to wild animals.
Be Considerate of Other Visitors: Maintaining courtesy
toward other outdoor enthusiasts can ensure that
everyone enjoys the outdoor experience. Excessive
noise, uncontrolled pets, and damaged areas can lessen
other people’s experiences.

6. Stay in designated areas. Camping or hiking in designated areas can help

lessen the impact you have on the outdoors. According to the Leave No Trace

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 travel principle, the goal of outdoor travel is to move through natural areas
while avoiding damage to land and waterways.

7. Leave Wildlife Alone. While seeing

animals in the wild can be inspiring,
it is best to leave them alone. Loud
noises and quick movements can
cause the animal stress and affect
its ability to live in rigorous
environments. If the animal
becomes dependent on campers
feeding it, it could lose its ability to
hunt or forage.

8. Hydrate. Campers and hikers may

engage in physical activity during the Cabico, 2021
warm-weather season, which can
easily lead to dehydration. Signs of dehydration include feeling very thirsty,
dry mouth, urinating and sweating less than usual, dark-colored urine, dry
skin, fatigue, dizziness. To combat these symptoms while outdoors, consider
these tips to help keep you hydrated:

• Use insulated bottles to keep water cold

• Drink often rather than chugging a lot of water at once
• Replace electrolytes if you sweat a lot
• Drink more water at higher altitudes
• Hydrate before you go on hikes
• Wear sunscreen to avoid sunburns, which can speed up
dehydration.
.
9. Bring a first aid kit. Although campers and hikers may not expect to get hurt,
it’s important to bring a first aid kit just in case. However, first aid kits for the
outdoors may look different than
typical first aid kits you see at
home or in school. For instance,
because you have limited space,
outdoor first aid kits generally only
have the bare essentials. It should
carry items that will address
common outdoor maladies and
pertain to your health situation. A
common outdoor first aid kit
should include prescription
medication labeled in a bag, ingle-
The National Parks Experience, 2021 use packs of ibuprofen, Imodium,
and an antihistamine, moleskin or
athletic tape, bandages in multiple sizes, sterile gauze, latex gloves, sanitizer,
tweezers, a small knife or scissors and antiseptic ointment.

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 10. Be mindful of your group. If you are camping or hiking with a large group,
it’s important to be mindful of everyone’s comfort level and abilities. For
instance, if you are including new campers, it may be difficult for them to
camp in the backcountry for the first time. Additionally, inexperienced hikers
may find ten-mile hikes uncomfortable and dissatisfying. For everyone to
enjoy the outdoors safely, get the group’s perspective on what is and is not
attainable for your outdoor adventure. Lastly, assign roles for people so that
no one person is left doing all the work. For example, someone can be in
charge of cleaning up the campsite while another is in charge of cooking food.
This way, everyone will get to contribute to the excursion.

What is It

OUTDOOR RECREATION COMMON FIRST AID INJURIES

First aid is required in many ways, shapes and forms. it's always an honest
idea to possess basic first aid skills just in case you would like it yourself, or
someone needs it around you. Below are the lists of common injuries requiring
attention and what you'll be able to do when accidents like this occur (Tilton, 2017).
He introduces the following most common first aid injuries:
Cut/Scrape
Cuts and scrapes happen when
your skin is accidentally broken or
worn away. This can be the result
of a fall, banging against a hard
object, or being cut by something
sharp.
• If there is bleeding, press
firmly over the site with a clean
cloth until it stops, anywhere from
three to 15 minutes.
• Clean with lukewarm
running water and gently pat dry.
Mendenhall, n.d.
• If the skin is broken, apply a
thin layer of antibiotic ointment,
then cover with a bandage or gauze and adhesive tape.
• If you can't control the bleeding after several attempts with direct pressure,
call immediate medical help.
• Continue utilize antibiotic ointment and apply a new bandage daily (or more
often if necessary) until the cut heals.
• If the wound appears to be forming or draining pus or becomes swollen,
tender, or red, see a doctor right away to treat the infection.

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Burn
Burn is damage to the skin or other
body parts caused by extreme heat,
flame, contact with heated objects,
or chemicals.
• Immediately hold injury
under cold running water or
apply a cold, wet towel until
the pain subsides.
• Cover any small blisters with

a loose bandage or gauze Glatter, 2020

and tape.
• Call a doctor as soon as possible if burns are on the face, hands, or genitals,
or if they're larger than 1/4 inch anywhere on the body.
• If the injury looks rooted, seek medical help immediately.
• For a burn covering a tenth of the body or more, don't use cold compresses;
call emergency hotline and cover up with a clean sheet or a blanket to prevent
hypothermia until help arrives.
• DO NOT pop any blisters yourself. If the skin breaks, apply antibiotic cream
and cover the area with a bandage or gauze until it's healed.
• Watch for any redness, swelling, tenderness, or discharge for these are all
signs of infection.
Insect Bite/Sting
It is a painful wound caused by the
thrust of an insect’s stinger into skin.
• If the insect left a stinger, gently
scrape the skin with your
fingernail to remove it without
breaking it.
• Refrain from using tweezers
because that can squeeze more
venom out of the stinger,
causing further injury.
• Call emergency personnel if you Gina, 2020
have trouble breathing, coughing,
or develop a hoarse voice, hives, or swollen lips or tongue.

Splinter

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 Splinters are objects that become
embedded under the skin.
• Use soap and water to wash
around the splinter.
• Clean a pair of tweezers with
rubbing alcohol and slowly pull the
splinter out. Rewash the skin.
• If you come across a fragment
that is hard to remove, leave it for a day
or so to see if it will come out on its
own.

Spanierman and Cunha, n.d.

Sunburn
Sunburn is the term for red, sometimes swollen, and painful skin caused by
overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun. Sunburn can vary from mild to
severe.
• If you feel dizzy, weak, sick to your
stomach, or are spiking a high fever—or if
the burn is severe (oozing blisters form
within 48 hours) and covering a
significant portion of your body—go to the
Emergency Room.
• If your only symptoms are discomfort and
redness, apply cold compresses and aloe
vera lotion and take some ibuprofen.
• Avoid creams with petroleum, which can
cause infection, or anything ending in -
Caine. When not administered by a
professional, these drugs may be
dangerous. Jacobs, 2020

Nosebleed
A nosebleed is blood loss from
the tissue that lines your nose. It
can affect both nostrils, but most
often occurs in only one nostril.
• Sit upright and don't tilt
your head back. Loosen any
tight clothing around your neck.
• Pinch the lower end of the
nose close to the nostrils and
lean forward while you apply
Kennedy, 2020 constant pressure for five to ten

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 minutes.
• Don't release and check the nose; it could prolong the bleeding.
• If the nosebleed is the result of trauma, you can reduce swelling by holding an
ice pack against the bridge of the nose after the bleeding slows down.
• If it persists for more than ten minutes or returns later, call medics or seek
medical help in order to check for breakage.

Sprains, Strains, and Tears

A Sprain is an injury to the ligaments or capsule
that holds a joint together. A strain is an injury
to a muscle or to a tendon (tissue that connects
muscle to bone). It is sometimes called a “pulled
muscle.” A strain happens when a muscle or
tendon is stretched too far or is partially torn.
Symptoms of a strain are pain, swelling, and
having a problem moving or using the injured
area. The hamstring (thigh muscle), calf muscle,
and Achilles tendon are commonly strained.
A tear often occurs when a joint is forced
beyond its normal range of motion. This can
https://www.webmd.com/ n.d. stretch or tear the ligament, much like the fibers
of a rope coming apart. Both surgical and
nonsurgical treatment has been used to recover
from a tear.
The most effective treatment is the RICE
method. In the first few days after an injury, you
should:
• Rest the area you injured. Your doctor may
https://creeksidechiro.com/ n.d. recommend crutches if you hurt your knee,
foot or ankle.
• Ice the injury for 20 minutes at a time, several times a day.
• Compress the injury with bandages or a splint to reduce pain and swelling.
Your doctor might also
recommend a cast or boot.
• Elevate the injury (arm, leg,
elbow, knee, etc.) on a pillow, to
reduce swelling.
• A compression wrap is used to
prevent swelling, which can help
your ankle feel better. It does not
support the ankle or prevent it
from moving, so it does not
protect it except by reminding
you to be careful of your ankle.
• Roll up the elastic bandage if it https://slideplayer.com/ n.d.
isn't already rolled up. Hold your

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 ankle at about a 90-degree angle. Start where your toes meet the body of
your foot. Hold the loose end of the bandage at the side of your foot. Wrap the
bandage around the ball of your foot once, keeping it somewhat taut with a
light pull.
• After this, slowly start circling your way around the arch of the foot. Pull the
bandage diagonally from the bottom of the toes across the foot's top and
circle it around the ankle. Now bring the bandage diagonally across the top of
the foot and under the arch in a figure-eight pattern.
• When you get to the ankle bone, wrap the bandage around the felt piece so it
stays in place under the ankle bone. Continue around the ankle and foot in a
figure eight, moving toward the heel on the bottom and toward the calf at the
top of the eight.
• The wrap should cover the entire foot and end about 7 centimetres above the
ankle. Most compression wraps are self-fastening or come with clip fasteners.
If not, use tape to secure the end. The wrap should be snug but should not cut
off circulation to the foot.

Fractures
Fractures are broken bones, and they can occur as
a result of falls or other harsh impacts.
◆ Stop Bleeding, if Necessary

• Apply firm pressure to wound with clean

cloth until bleeding stops.
• If bone is pushing through skin, do not touch
it or try to put it back in place.

◆ Splint the Area, if Possible

The purpose of the splint is to hold still and protect https://www.academyorthopedics.com/ n.d.
a wounded body part from further damage.

• Cut away clothing if it cannot be removed without moving the injured body
part.
• Gently tape the dislocated area or fracture to a rolled-up newspaper, ruler,
stick, or a rolled-up piece of clothing with first aid tape. In general, try to
include the joint above and below the injury in the splint. As much as possible,
avoid moving the injured limb, and never force it or try to twist it back into
place.

◆ Call immediate medical help if:

• The person is seriously injured.

• You suspect injury to the person's head, neck, or back.
• Bone is sticking out of the skin.
• Bleeding doesn't stop after several minutes of firm pressure.
• Blood spurts from the wound.

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 • Experience loss of feeling at the injured site
• Experience loss of warmth beyond the injured area.

What’s More

FIRST AID FOR SNAKE BITE: WHAT TO DO WHEN BITTEN BY A SNAKE

In https://disasters2.jimdofree.com/ n.d., in the Philippines, out of the few
hundred species of snakes, there are thirty poisonous snakes that can be identified.
Snakes are often found in rural areas, especially farmlands and rivers where they will
easily feed on smaller animals and sleep in the moist. This also makes people in
rural areas at risk of snake encounters and snake bites something that ought to not
be taken lightly, even from non-venomous snakes.
Mary Ellen Ellis (2018) suggests that, to identify a snake bite, consider the
following general symptoms:

• two puncture wounds

• swelling and redness around the wounds
• pain at the bite site
• difficulty breathing
• vomiting and nausea
• blurred vision
• sweating and salivating

• numbness in the face and limbs

https://disasters2.jimdofree.com/ n.d.,

First aid steps you can take after a snake bite occurs include cleaning the
wound, remaining calm, and immobilizing the affected area. However, it’s essential
to get to a medical facility immediately for emergency treatment. If treated in time,
the outlook for recovery is good.

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 What I Have Learned

TASK 3: COMPLETE ME
Directions: Complete the unfinished statements individually.
I can be a first aider because
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
I will be a first aider because
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.
As a first aider, I will
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.

Processing Questions:
1. Why is first aid important?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2. Can we help others through our knowledge and skills in first aid? How?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

What I Can Do

TASK 4: "IS HE A GOOD FIRST AIDER?”

Directions: Analyze the situations and answer the process questions that follow.
◼ Student A is very relaxed in controlling the bleeding on her classmate’s finger.
◼ Student B is insisting that her unconscious sister drink water.
◼ Student C immediately brings her friend, who fell down the stairs, to the clinic.
◼ Student D makes use of his clean handkerchief to tie his best friend’s bleeding
arm.
◼ Student E speaks comforting words to her cousin who sprained his ankle while
trekking.

Process Questions:
1. Who among the students are good first aiders? Why?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

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 2. Who among them are not good first aiders? Why?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. What characteristics should a good first aider possess?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

4. If you were a first aider, what would be your goal?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Assessment

TRUE or FALSE. Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct or FALSE if it

is wrong. Write your answer in your notebook.
________1. Before leaving the house for a trek through the wilderness, make sure
you’ve packed a first aid kit to treat future hiking injuries.
________2. Treating burns and scalds can be done by putting layers of clothing on
the injured area.
________3. First aid steps one can take after a snake bite occurs include sucking
and cutting the wound open.
________4. No need to call for emergency if the patient’s blood spurts out of wound.
________5. If still on fire, stop burning immediately through the “stop, drop, and roll”
method. Then remove the flamed material from the person. However,
if the clothing sticks to the skin, do not pull it out but cut or tear
around it.
________6. It is a common sense to give food and drink to an unconscious person.
________7. Emergency personnel must be called immediately if severe bleeding or
bleeding does not stop despite pressure.
________8. To treat minor cuts, clean it with soap and water then apply antibiotic
cream then cover with sterile bandage and secure using medical tape.
________9. Strains and sprains Grade 1 & 2 may be treated with RICE (rest, ice
pack, compression, and elevation) method.
________10. It is a must to always carry a first aid kit whenever you do any sort of
outdoor recreation.

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 Additional Activities

ADMINISTERING FIRST AID

Directions: For 10 points, read and answer the question and statement below.
SCENARIO: You and your two friends were hiking and along the trail you saw
a man who is unconscious, with blood oozing from his head. How should you deal
with this situation?
1. What is the first thing that you should do?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. List everything you think you would need to do as the first persons to arrive at the
scene.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Answer Key
10. TRUE
9. TRUE

8. TRUE

7. TRUE

6. FALSE

5. TRUE

4. FALSE

3. FALSE

2. FALSE

1. TRUE

ASSESSMENT:

-Subject teacher may use his/her own rubrics in grading student’s answer.

ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES: (answer may vary )

TASK 4: (answer may vary )

TASK 3: (answer may vary )

TASK 2: (answer may vary )

TASK 1: (answer may vary )

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References
Anna Mendenhall, MD, FAAP. n.d. https://www.cpcmg.net/. Accessed January 11, 2022.
https://www.cpcmg.net/cuts-scrapes-wise-advice-urban-legends/.

Cabico, Gaea Katreena. 2021. https://www.philstar.com/. July 7. Accessed January 11, 2022.
https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2021/07/07/2110878/denr-calls-tougher-measure-
protect-philippine-wildlife.

Clifford Spanierman, MD , John P. Cunha, DO, FACOEP. n.d. https://www.emedicinehealth.com/.

Accessed January 11, 2022. https://www.emedicinehealth.com/splinters/article_em.htm.

Ellis, Mary Ellen. 2018. https://www.healthline.com/. September 29. Accessed January 11, 2022.
https://www.healthline.com/health/snake-bites.

Gina. 2020. https://www.towntalkradio.com/. June 29. Accessed January 11, 2022.

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