INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOMETRY

Vol. 1 (2012), No. 1, 27 - 40

CARDINAL FUNCTIONS AND

INTEGRAL FUNCTIONS

MIRCEA E. ŞELARIU, FLORENTIN SMARANDACHE and

MARIAN NIŢU

Abstract. This paper presents the correspondences of the eccentric

mathematics of cardinal and integral functions and centric mathematics,
or ordinary mathematics. Centric functions will also be presented in the
introductory section, because they are, although widely used in undulatory
physics, little known.
In centric mathematics, cardinal sine and cosine are de…ned as well as the
integrals. Both circular and hyperbolic ones. In eccentric mathematics, all
these central functions multiplies from one to in…nity, due to the in…nity of
possible choices where to place a point. This point is called eccenter S(s; ")
which lies in the plane of unit circle UC(O; R = 1) or of the equilateral unity
hyperbola HU(O; a = 1; b = 1). Additionally, in eccentric mathematics there
are series of other important special functions, as aex , bex , dex , rex ,
etc. If we divide them by the argument , they can also become cardinal
eccentric circular functions, whose primitives automatically become integral
eccentric circular functions.
All supermatematics eccentric circular functions (SFM-EC) can be of vari-
able excentric , which are continuous functions in linear numerical eccen-
tricity domain s 2 [ 1; 1], or of centric variable , which are continuous for
any value of s. This means that s 2 [ 1; +1].

————————————–
Keywords and phrases: C-Circular , CC- C centric, CE- C Eccentric,
CEL-C Elevated, CEX-C Exotic, F-Function, FMC-F Centric Mathemat-
ics, M- Matemathics, MC-M Centric, ME-M Excentric, S-Super, SM- S
Matematics, FSM-F Supermatematics FSM-CE- FSM Eccentric Circulars,
FSM-CEL- FSM-C Elevated, FSM-CEC- FSM-CE- Cardinals, FSM-CELC-
FSM-CEL Cardinals
(2010) Mathematics Subject Classi…cation: 32A17
28 M. Şelariu, F. Smarandache and M. Niţu

1. INTRODUCTION: CENTRIC CARDINAL SINE FUNCTION

According to any standard dictionary, the word "cardinal" is synonymous

with "principal", "essential", "fundamental".
In centric mathematics (CM), or ordinary mathematics, cardinal is, on
the one hand, a number equal to a number of …nite aggregate, called the
power of the aggregate, and on the other hand, known as the sine cardinal
sinc(x) or cosine cardinal cosc(x), is a special function de…ned by the centric
circular function (CCF). sin(x) and cos(x) are commonly used in undulatory
physics (see Figure 1) and whose graph, the graph of cardinal sine, which is
called as "Mexican hat" (sombrero) because of its shape (see Figure 2).
Note that sinc(x) cardinal sine function is given in the speciality litera-
ture, in three variants

1; for x = 0
(
(1) sinc(x) = sin(x)
; for x 2 [ 1; +1] n 0
x
sin(x) x2 x4 x76 x8
= =1 + + + 0[x]11
x 6 120 5040 362880
+1
X ( 1)n x2n 2
= ! sinc( ) = ;
(2n + 1)! 2
n=0
d(sinc(x)) cos(x) sin(x) sinc(x)
= = cosc(x) ;
dx x x2 x

sin( x)
(2) sinc(x) =
x

x
sin( a )
(3) sinca (x) = x
a

It is a special function because its primitive, called sine integral and denoted
Si(x)

Centric circular cardinal Modi…ed centric circular

sine functions cardinal sine functions
Figure 1: The graphs of centric circular functions cardinal sine, in 2D, as
known in literature
 Cardinal functions and integral functions 29

Figure 2: Cardinal sine function in 3D Mexican hat (sombrero)

Z x Z x
sin(t)
(4) Si(x) = dt = sinc(t) dt
0 t 0
x3 x5 x7 x9
= x + + + 0[x]11
18 600 35280 3265920
x8 x5 x7
= x + + :::
3:3! 5:5! 7:7!
+1
X ( 1)n x2n
= ; 8x 2 R
(2n + 1)2 (2n)!
n=0

can not be expressed exactly by elementary functions, but only by expansion

of power series, as shown in equation (4). Therefore, its derivative is

0 d(Si(x)) sin(x)
(5) 8x 2 R; Si (x) = = = sinc(x);
dx x
an integral sine function Si(x), that satis…es the di¤erential equation
000 00 0
(6) x f (x) + 2f (x) + x f (x) = 0 ! f (x) = Si(x):

The Gibbs phenomenon appears at the approximation of the square with

a continuous and di¤erentiable Fourier series (Figure 3 right I). This op-
eration could be substitute with the circular eccentric supermathematics
functions (CE-SMF), because the eccentric derivative function of eccentric
variable can express exactly this rectangular function (Figure 3 N top) or
square (Figure 3 H below) as shown on their graphs (Figure 3 J left).

x =2
1 cos p ; 1 P
1 sin(x =2)2 2 4x Si nc[2 (2k 1)x];
fx; ; 2:01 g fk; ngfn; 5gfx; 0; 1g
30 M. Şelariu, F. Smarandache and M. Niţu

Gibbs phenomenon for

1
a square wave with n = 5
2 dex[( ; 2 ); S(1; 0)] and n = 10
Figure 3: Comparison between the square function, eccentric derivative
and its approximation by Fourier serial expansion

Integral sine function (4) can be approximated with su¢cient accuracy.

The maximum di¤erence is less than 1%, except the area near the origin.
By the CE-SMF eccentric amplitude of eccentric variable

(7) F ( ) = 1:57 aex[ ; S(0:6; 0)];

as shown on the graph on Figure 5.

R
R Sin (x + Iy)
Sin x; fx; 20; 20g fx; 20; 20g; fy; 3; 3g

Figure 4: The graph of integral sine function Si(x) N compared with the
graph CE-SMF Eccentric amplitude 1; 57aex[ ; S(0; 6; 0)] of eccentric
variable H
 Cardinal functions and integral functions 31

Figure 5: The di¤erence between integral sine and CE-SMF eccentric

amplitude F ( ) = 1; 5aex[ ; S(0; 6; 0] of eccentric variable

2. ECCENTRIC CIRCULAR SUPERMATHEMATICS CARDINAL

FUNCTIONS, CARDINAL ECCENTRIC SINE (ECC-SMF)

Like all other supermathematics functions (SMF),they may be eccentric

(ECC-SMF), elevated (ELC-SMF) and exotic (CEX-SMF), of eccentric vari-
able , of centric variable 1;2 of main determination, of index 1, or secondary
determination of index 2. At the passage from centric circular domain to
the eccentric one, by positioning of the eccenter S(s; ") in any point in the
plane of the unit circle, all supermathematics functions multiply from one to
in…nity. It means that in CM there exists each unique function for a certain
type. In EM there are in…nitely many such functions, and for s = 0 one will
get the centric function. In other words, any supermathematics function
contains both the eccentric and the centric ones.
Notations sexc(x) and respectively, Sexc(x) are not standard in the lit-
erature and thus will be de…ned in three variants by the relations:

sex(x) sex[ ; S(s; s)]

(8) sexc(x) = =
x
of eccentric variable and
Sex(x) Sex[ ; S(s; s)]
(8’) Sexc(x) = =
x
of eccentric variable .
sex( x)
(9) sexc(x) = ;
x
of eccentric variable , noted also by sexc (x) and
sex( x) Sex[ ; S(s; s)]
(9’) Sexc(x) = = ;
x
of eccentric variable , noted also by Sexc (x)
x
sex a sex
(10) sexca (x) = x = ;
a
32 M. Şelariu, F. Smarandache and M. Niţu

of eccentric variable , with the graphs from Figure 6 and Figure 7.

Sex ax Sex aa
(10’) Sexa (x) = x = a
a a

Sin ArcSin [s Sin ( )] Sin ArcSin [s Sin ( )]

fs; 0; +1g; f ; ; 4 g fs; 1; 0g; f ; ; g

ArcSin [s Sin ( )]
Sin
fs; 0; 1g; f ; ; g
Figure 6: The ECCC-SMF graphs sexc1 [ ; S(s; ")] of eccentric variable

Sin +ArcSin [s Sin ( )] Sin ArcSin [0.1s Sin ( )]

fs; 0; 1g; f ; 4 ; 4 g fs; 10; 0g; f ; ; g

ArcSin [0.1s Sin ( )]

Sin
fs; 0:1; 0g; f ; ; g
Figure 7: Graphs ECCC-SMF sexc2 [ ; S(s; ")]; eccentric variable
 Cardinal functions and integral functions 33

3. ECCENTRIC CIRCULAR SUPERMATHEMATICS

FUNCTIONS CARDINAL ELEVATED SINE AND COSINE
(ECC- SMF-CEL)

Supermathematical elevated circular functions (ELC-SMF), elevated sine

sel( ) and elevated cosine cel( ), is the projection of the fazor/vector

~r = rex( ) rad( ) = rex[ ; S(s; ")] rad( )

on the two coordinate axis XS and YS respectively, with the origin in the
eccenter S(s; "), the axis parallel with the axis x and y which originate in
O(0; 0).
If the eccentric cosine and sine are the coordinates of the point W (x; y),
by the origin O(0; 0) of the intersection of the straight line d = d + [ d^
ae\,
revolving around the point S(s; "), the elevated cosine and sine are the same
coordinates to the eccenter S(s; "); ie, considering the origin of the coordi-
nate straight rectangular axes XSY /as landmark in S(s; "). Therefore, the
relations between these functions are as follows:
x = cex( ) = X + s cos(") = cel( ) + s cos(")
(11)
y = Y + s sin(") = sex( ) = sel( ) + s sin(")

Thus, for " = 0, ie S eccenter S located on the axis x > 0; sex( ) = sel( ),
and for " = 2 ; cex( ) = cel( ), as shown on Figure 8.
On Figure 8 were represented simultaneously the elevated cel( ) and the
sel( ) graphics functions, but also graphs of cex( ) functions, respectively,
for comparison and revealing sex( ) elevation Eccentricity of the functions
is the same, of s = 0:4, with the attached drawing and sel( ) are " = 2 , and
cel( ) has " = 0.

Figure 8: Comparison between elevated supermathematics function and

eccentric functions
34 M. Şelariu, F. Smarandache and M. Niţu

Figure 9: Elevated supermathematics function and cardinal eccentric

functions celc(x) J and selc(x) I of s = 0:4

Figure 10: Cardinal eccentric elevated supermathematics function

celc(x) J and selc(x) I

Elevate functions (11) divided by become cosine functions and cardinal

elevated sine, denoted celc( ) = [ ; S] and selc( ) = [ ; S], given by the
equations
8
< X = celc( ) = celc[ ; S(s; ")] = cexc( ) s cos(s)
>
(12)
: Y = selc( ) = selc[ ; S(s; ")] = sexc( ) s sin(s)
>

with the graphs on Figure 9 and Figure 10.

 Cardinal functions and integral functions 35

4. NEW SUPERMATHEMATICS CARDINAL ECCENTRIC

CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS (ECCC-SMF)

The functions that will be introduced in this section are unknown in math-
ematics literature. These functions are centrics and cardinal functions or
integrals. They are supermathematics eccentric functions amplitude, beta,
radial, eccentric derivative of eccentric variable [1], [2], [3], [4], [6], [7] cardi-
nals and cardinal cvadrilobe functions [5].
Eccentric amplitude function cardinal aex( ), denoted as
(x) = aex[ ; S(s; ")]; x ;
is expressed in

aex( aex[ ; S(s; s)] arcsin[s sin( s]

(13) aexc( ) = = =
and the graphs from Figure 11.

Sin ( )
; fs; 0; 1g; f ; 4 ; +4 g
Figure 11: The graph of cardinal eccentric circular supermathematics
function aexc( )

The beta cardinal eccentric function will be

bex( ) bex[ S(s; s)] arcsin[s sin( s)]
(14) bexc( ) = = = ;
with the graphs from Figure 12.

Figure 12: The graph of cardinal eccentric circular supermathematics

function bexc( ) (fs; 1; 1g; f ; 4 ; 4 g)
36 M. Şelariu, F. Smarandache and M. Niţu

The cardinal eccentric function of eccentric variable is expressed by

rex( )
(15) rexc1;2 ( ) =
p
rex[ ; S(s; s)] s cos( s) 1 s2 sin( s)
= =
and the graphs from Figure 13, and the same function, but of centric variable
is expressed by
Rex( 1;2 )
(16) Rexc( 1;2 ) =
1;2
p
Rex[ 1;2 S(s; s)] 1 + s2 2s cos( 1;2 s)
= =
1;2 1;2

p p p
sCos( )+ 1 [s Si n( )]2 sCos( ) 1 [s Si n( )]2 sCos( ) 1 [s Si n( )]2
; ; ;
fs; 0; 1g; f ; 4 ; 4 g fs; 1; 0g; f ; 4 ; 4 g fs; 0; 1g; f ; 4 ; 4 g
Figure 13: The graph of cardinal eccentric circular supermathematical
function rexc1;2 ( )

And the graphs for Rexc( 1), from Figure 14.

Figure 14: The graph of cardinal eccentric radial circular

supermathematics function Rex c( )
An eccentric circular supermathematics function with large applications,
representing the function of transmitting speeds and/or the turning speeds of
all known planar mechanisms is the derived eccentric dex1;2 ( ) and Dex( 1;2 ),
functions that by dividing/reporting with arguments and, respectively,
 Cardinal functions and integral functions 37

lead to corresponding cardinal functions, denoted dexc1;2 ( ), respectively

Dexc( 1;2 ) and expressions
s cos( ")
dex1;2 ( ) dex1;2 [ ; S(s; s)] 1 1 s2 sin2 ( ")
(17) dexc1;2 ( ) = = =
(18) p
Dex( 1;2 ) Dexf [ 1;2 S(s; s)]g 1 + s2 2s cos( 1;2 s)
Dexc( 1;2 ) = = =
1;2 1;2 1;2
the graphs on Figure 15.

Figure 15: The graph of supermathematical cardinal eccentric radial

circular function dex c1 ( )
1 1
Because Dex( 1;2 ) = dex1;2 ( ) results that Dexc( 1;2 ) = dexc1;2 ( ) siq( )
and coq( ) are also cvadrilobe functions, dividing by their arguments lead
to cardinal cvadrilobe functions siqc( ) and coqc( ) obtaining with the ex-
pressions
coq( ) coq[ S(s; s)] cos( s)
(19) coqc( ) = = = p
2
1 s sin ( 2 s)

siq( ) siq[ S(s; s)] sin( s)

(20) siqc( ) = = = p
1 s2 cos2 ( s)
the graphs on Figure 16.

Figure 16: The graph of supermathematics cardinal cvadrilobe function

ceqc( ) J and siqc( ) I
38 M. Şelariu, F. Smarandache and M. Niţu

It is known that, by de…nite integrating of cardinal centric and eccentric

functions in the …eld of supermathematics, we obtain the corresponding
integral functions.
Such integral supermathematics functions are presented below. For zero
eccentricity, they degenerate into the centric integral functions. Otherwise
they belong to the new eccentric mathematics.

5. ECCENTRIC SINE INTEGRAL FUNCTIONS

Are obtained by integrating eccentric cardinal sine functions (13) and are
Z x
(21) sie(x) = sexc( ) d
0
with the graphs on Figure 17 for the ones with the eccentric variable x .

Figure 17: The graph of eccentric integral sine function sie 1 (x)N and
sie 2 (x)H

Unlike the corresponding centric functions, which is denoted Sie(x), the

eccentric integral sine of eccentric variable was noted sie(x), without the
capital S, which will be assigned according to the convention only for the
ECCC-SMF of centric variable. The eccentric integral sine function of cen-
tric variable, noted Sie(x) is obtained by integrating the cardinal eccentric
sine of the eccentric circular supermathematics function, with centric vari-
able
(22) Sexc(x) = Sexc[ ; S(s; ")];
 Cardinal functions and integral functions 39

thus
Z x
Sex[ ; S(s; "]
(23) Sie(x) = ;
0
with the graphs from Figure 18.

Figure 18: The graph of eccentric integral sine function sie 2 (x)

6. C O N C L U S I O N

The paper highlighted the possibility of inde…nite multiplication of car-

dinal and integral functions from the centric mathematics domain in the
eccentric mathematics’s or of supermathematics’s which is a reunion of the
two mathematics. Supermathematics, cardinal and integral functions were
also introduced with correspondences in centric mathematics, a series new
cardinal functions that have no corresponding centric mathematics.
The applications of the new supermathematics cardinal and eccentric
functions certainly will not leave themselves too much expected.

References
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în Construcţia de Maşini, Timişoara , 1978, 101-108.
[2] Şelariu, M. E., Eccentric circular functions and their extension, Bul .Şt. Tehn. al I.P.T.,
Seria Mecanic¼ a, 25(1980), 189-196.
[3] Şelariu, M. E., Supermathematica, Com.VII Conf. Internaţional¼ a. De Ing. Manag. şi
Tehn.,TEHNO’95 Timişoara, 9(1995), 41-64.
[4] Şelariu, M. E., Eccentric circular supermathematic functions of centric variable,
Com.VII Conf. Internaţional¼ a. De Ing. Manag. şi Tehn.,TEHNO’98 Timişoara, 531-
548.
[5] Şelariu, M. E., Quadrilobic vibration systems, The 11th International Conference on
Vibration Engineering, Timişoara, Sept. 27-30, 2005, 77-82.
[6] Şelariu, M. E., Supermathematica. Fundaments, Vol.II, Ed. Politehnica, Timişoara,
2007.
[7] Şelariu, M. E., Supermathematica. Fundaments, Vol.II, Ed. Politehnica, Timişoara,
2011 (forthcoming).
40 M. Şelariu, F. Smarandache and M. Niţu

Received: December, 2011

POLYTEHNIC UNIVERSITY OF TIMIŞOARA, ROMANIA

E-mail address: [email protected]

UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO-GALLUP, USA

E-mail address: [email protected]

INSTITUTUL NAŢIONAL DE CERCETARE - DEZVOLTARE

PENTRU ELECTROCHIMIE ŞI MATERIE CONDENSATA¼
TIMIŞOARA, ROMANIA
E-mail address: [email protected]