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Part A The primary way in which we learn about the history of life on Earth is through Hint 1. A fact
is something that is true and a theory is an educated guess. ANSWER: Only Mercury would be in the
habitable zone. For example, consider a population of ants in a forest or fish near a coral reef.
ANSWER: 1 5 10 50 100 500 For this case, we have and Multiplying, we find: Part C Based on
current science which of the following is the most reasonable range for possible values of the number
of habitable planets,, in our galaxy. MasteringAstronomy: Print View with Answers The Cosmic
Perspective: The Solar System, 8e ASTR207FALL2018 Ends: Copyright 2018 Pearson. ANSWER:
individuals can recognize their friends and family all individuals in a population have an equal
chance to survive and reproduce the number of heritable traits must increase from one generation to
the next some individuals possess traits that make them better able than others to compete for food
and other resources These individuals will therefore be better able to survive and reproduce than
others, and in turn they will leave larger numbers of offspring on average. MasteringAstronomy:
Print View with Answers closer to the Sun and narrower farther from the Sun and narrower closer to
the Sun and wider For a star, cooler (in surface temperature) means less massive and less luminous.
As discussed in the video, such a star would probably supernova before life had a chance to get
started on a planet around it. For example, if of such planets have life, then Part E Which of the
following would tend to make the term small (close to 0). Part F The theory of evolution natural
selection gained rapid acceptance among biologists after Darwin published it in 1859, in part because
it was so successful in explaining what we see in the fossil record. Process of Science Tutorials, Self-
Guided Tutorials, Ranking Tasks, and Sorting Tasks help students solidify an understanding of key
concepts in astronomy. The two largest branches of the tree are those for plants and animals. Half of
the habitable worlds in the galaxy actually have life, while the other half Key Concept: The Drake
Equation Description: Supported a prelecture video. The habitable zone begins at the distance from
the star at which a planet of the right size could receive enough energy to have liquid water on its
surface, so this distance must be closer to a lower luminosity star than to a higher luminosity star.
Hint 3. How does mass relate to luminosity. The tree allows us to detemine the precise time at which
an origin of life occurred on Earth. Part E Why the Moon considered to be a likely place for finding
extraterrestrial life. Keep in mind that these videos offer only a brief introduction to selected topics
from the chapter, intended to spur interest that will lead to more study. Visual Activities help build
skills in interpreting visuals, while hints and specific wrong-answer feedback guide students to a
deeper understanding of their significance in astronomy. Also keep in mind that any local
environment supports a great number of distinct species, not just one. Hint 2. What is a species? In
the context of biology, what do we mean a species. Part C Which of the following statements about
the of are correct. Your students respond using their own smartphones, tablets, or laptops. We now
know that mutations are the molecular basis of natural selection: Those mutations that confer a
survival or reproductive advantage are more likely to be passed on than other mutations or the
original trait. Part B To make sure you understand how to use the equation, suppose that there are
habitable planets in our galaxy, that 1 in 10 habitable planets has life, that 1 in 4 planets with life h t i
th d i t lli t i ili ti d th t 1 i 5 i ili ti th t h i t di i i t H i ili ti ld i t t t. The robust diagnostics within
Mastering provide unique insight - with a single click, you can view charts that summarize the most
difficult problems, identify vulnerable students, and indicate grade distribution and score
improvement. A visual activity that uses an interactive figure to investigate the effects of a central
mass, luminosity, and temperature on the surrounding habitable zone. ANSWER: individuals can
recognize their friends and family all individuals in a population have an equal chance to survive and
reproduce the number of heritable traits must increase from one generation to the next some
individuals possess traits that make them better able than others to compete for food and other
resources These individuals will therefore be better able to survive and reproduce than others, and in
turn they will leave larger numbers of offspring on average. Part E Why the Moon considered to be a
likely place for finding extraterrestrial life. The tree is constructed mapping evolutionary (genetic)
relationships among species. As you should have learned from Part A, less massive and less luminous
means a and narrower habitable zone.
Pre-built Quizzes are easy to assign quickly and can be customized to match the way you teach your
course. Part D Suppose that life is very common on habitable worlds, meaning that life tends to get
started on almost any world that has conditions that allow for life (such as surface liquid water). Part
D Suppose that life is very common on habitable worlds, meaning that life tends to get started on
almost any world that has conditions that allow for life (such as surface liquid water). That is why
the search for life is driven a search for liquid water or some other liquid medium. Simply respond to
the questions your instructor posts during class. Part E The two facts from Parts C and D lead to the
that individuals in a population will have unequal reproductive success, so that those whose traits
best enable them to survive will leave more offspring. The theory of evolution has gained even
further support since that time, because it has successfully passed many other observational tests.
Part A Check your understanding of the terms in the modified Drake equation matching the sets of
terms at left with the correct meaning at right. Deeper layers of the geological record were deposited
at earlier times than higher layers. Because all students have access by day one, faculty can start
teaching and students can start learning. The two largest branches of the tree are those for plants and
animals. ANSWER: The intense radiation would kill off any life. Therefore a planet would have to
be located closer to a lower mass star than to a higher mass star in order to have a temperature warm
enough for liquid water to exist. As discussed in the video, such a star would probably supernova
before life had a chance to get started on a planet around it. With that in mind, what does the theory
of evolution tell us. Part F The theory of evolution natural selection gained rapid acceptance among
biologists after Darwin published it in 1859, in part because it was so successful in explaining what
we see in the fossil record. There is great diversity of life on Earth, ranging from very simple
organisms to complex organisms like ourselves. You may also wish to assign the tutorial Video: The
Drake Learning Goal: To understand the meaning of the Drake equation. The tree suggests that all
life on Earth arose from a common ancestor. MasteringAstronomy: Print View with Answers closer
to the Sun and narrower farther from the Sun and narrower closer to the Sun and wider For a star,
cooler (in surface temperature) means less massive and less luminous. Visual Activity Exploring the
Habitable Zone around a Central Star Description: INTERACTIVE FIGURE. Today, we know that
heritable traits are passed from parents to offspring ANSWER: natural selection mimicry, in which
offspring do what they see their parents doing the molecule known as DNA DNA is the molecule of
heredity, and our understanding of this molecular basis of genetics lends even further support to the
theory of evolution. ANSWER: Most of the civilizations that have ever existed arise until after their
planets have been around at least 4 billion years. You can listen to the audiobook, find what you need
with enhanced search, and study your own way with notes and flashcards. Part A On average, how
many stars would we have to search before we would expect to hear a signal. Individual living
organisms grow and change over time. Part E The two facts from Parts C and D lead to the that
individuals in a population will have unequal reproductive success, so that those whose traits best
enable them to survive will leave more offspring. Therefore, in any local environment, over time, Hint
1. ANSWER: It tells us the precise sequence of species through which early primates evolved into
modern humans. The combination of water ice and volcanic heat suggests that there could be liquid
water underground.
If you think that two (or more) types should be ranked as equal, drag one on top of the other(s) to
show this equality. Recall that, for stars, masses are related to spectral type, following the spectral
sequence in the order OBAFGKM. The habitable zone begins at the distance from the star at which
a planet of the right size could receive enough energy to have liquid water on its surface, so this
distance must be closer to a lower luminosity star than to a higher luminosity star. Hint 3. How does
mass relate to luminosity. Socratic hints break a problem down into smaller sub-problems, which
makes it easier for you to complete the original problem. ANSWER: Part B How does your answer
change if there are only 120 civilizations instead of Express your answer using two significant
figures. You may also wish to assign the tutorial Video: The Drake Learning Goal: To understand the
meaning of the Drake equation. Questions are now easy to edit and delete for assignments and
courses. The fossil record, revealed in geological layers of different ages, shows that life on Earth has
become more complex over time. Therefore a planet would have to be located closer to a lower mass
star than to a higher mass star in order to have a temperature warm enough for liquid water to exist.
ANSWER: individuals can recognize their friends and family all individuals in a population have an
equal chance to survive and reproduce the number of heritable traits must increase from one
generation to the next some individuals possess traits that make them better able than others to
compete for food and other resources These individuals will therefore be better able to survive and
reproduce than others, and in turn they will leave larger numbers of offspring on average. Life similar
to at least some organisms found on Earth might be able to survive there. ANSWER: Only Mercury
would be in the habitable zone. If you heat an inflated balloon, what happens to it. The robust
diagnostics within Mastering provide unique insight - with a single click, you can view charts that
summarize the most difficult problems, identify vulnerable students, and indicate grade distribution
and score improvement. The gas particles inside it move slower, causing it to contract until it
stabilizes at a new, smaller size. The rate of nuclear fusion skyrockets inside the balloon. This tutorial
helps ensure that students understand the terms in the (modified) Drake equation, as well as the
meaning of the overall equation. The robust diagnostics within Mastering provide unique insight -
with a single click, you can view charts that summarize the most difficult problems, identify
vulnerable students, and indicate grade distribution and score improvement. Assume there are 500
billion stars in the galaxy. (b). Suppose there are civilizations broadcasting radio signals in the Milky
Way Galaxy right now. What is the difference between a fact and a theory. For example, if the Sun
were more luminous, Earth would be hotter. Which of the following statements represent successful
tests of the theory of evolution natural selection. ANSWER: Most of the civilizations that have ever
existed arise until after their planets have been around at least 4 billion years. Mercury and Venus
would be in the habitable zone, but Earth and Mars would not. Because all students have access by
day one, faculty can start teaching and students can start learning. Part B Given that the fossil record
provides the key evidence for evolution, what is the importance of the theory of evolution? Hint 1.
We make corrections to improve problems that have ambiguous answer choices, ineffectual
detractors, or tricky language, and continue to strengthen each problem through ongoing review of
the data generated by Mastering students. Rank these from left to right based on the amount of each
that is emitted (as thermal radiation) by Earth’s surface, from greatest to least. MasteringAstronomy:
Print View with Answers Part D The second of the two is that individuals in a population of any
species vary in many heritable traits (traits passed from parents to offspring), so that no two
individuals are exactly alike. For example, it explains why most of the babies born within any animal
species do not make it to adulthood.
These assets can be used as is or customized to fit your specific teaching needs. Also keep in mind
that any local environment supports a great number of distinct species, not just one. Civilizations that
reach our level of technology tend to destroy themselves. Part D The key commonality required for
all life on Earth to be able to grow and reproduce is ANSWER: liquid water oxygen carbon dioxide
water in any form (ice, liquid, water vapor) On Earth, all life requires liquid water, though scientists
consider it possible that some other liquid might allow for life elsewhere. The tree is constructed
mapping evolutionary (genetic) relationships among species. As you should have learned from Part
A, less massive and less luminous means a and narrower habitable zone. Visual Activity Exploring
the Habitable Zone around a Central Star Description: INTERACTIVE FIGURE. ANSWER: The
gas particles inside it move faster, causing it to expand until it stabilizes at a new, larger size. For
example, fossil record is something we observe directly, so most scientists say that it demonstrates
the fact that evolution has occurred. ANSWER: the individuals of the population will reproduce at
younger and younger ages the population will grow larger and larger in number all individuals of the
population will tend to look more and more alike heritable traits that enhance survival will become
progressively more common in succeeding generations If the changes in the heritable traits are great
enough, then the individuals may ultimately come to represent an entirely new species. Wrong-
answer feedback personalized for each student. Socratic hints break a problem down into smaller
sub-problems, which makes it easier for you to complete the original problem. Your students respond
using their own smartphones, tablets, or laptops. A fact is something that is true and a theory is an
educated guess. DNA encodes hereditary traits in its sequence of chemical bases. Keep in mind that
these videos offer only a brief introduction to selected topics from the chapter, intended to spur
interest that will lead to more study. Help represents the number of planets in the galaxy that are in
principle capable of having surface liquid water and life. ANSWER: Only Mercury would be in the
habitable zone. A species is a group of individuals that is genetically distinct from other groups. We
have detected water ice on Mars, and Mars still has some volcanic heat. MasteringAstronomy: Print
View with Answers Part D The second of the two is that individuals in a population of any species
vary in many heritable traits (traits passed from parents to offspring), so that no two individuals are
exactly alike. ANSWER: The gas particles inside it move faster, causing it to expand until it
stabilizes at a new, larger size. How are heritable traits passed from parents to offspring. That is why
the search for life is driven a search for liquid water or some other liquid medium. Found a mistake?
Tell us about it through the REPORT button at the bottom of the page. ANSWER: Reset Likely to
be habitable Help Unlikely to be habitable The key requirement for habitability is a liquid medium
(water or other note that all the locations that are likely to be habitable are thought to have liquid
water. For example, consider a population of ants in a forest or fish near a coral reef. You may also
wish to assign the tutorial Video: The Drake Learning Goal: To understand the meaning of the Drake
equation. There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word
or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data. ANSWER: the population will ultimately overwhelm
its environment, causing the environment to collapse there is competition for survival among the
individuals of the population the population will tend to grow with time the species that has the
greatest numbers will be able to dominate over other species within its environment This idea is
visible everywhere in nature.
This insight enables instructors to provide support when students need it so they can stay — and
succeed — in the course. This time, rank the stars based on the size (width) of their habitable zones,
from smallest to largest. Hint 1. What is a habitable zone. Also keep in mind that any local
environment supports a great number of distinct species, not just one. This answer is stated directly
in the Extraordinary Claims box. ANSWER: individuals can recognize their friends and family all
individuals in a population have an equal chance to survive and reproduce the number of heritable
traits must increase from one generation to the next some individuals possess traits that make them
better able than others to compete for food and other resources These individuals will therefore be
better able to survive and reproduce than others, and in turn they will leave larger numbers of
offspring on average. They can listen to the audiobook, find what they need with enhanced search,
and study their own way with notes and flashcards. If you heated water ice on the surface of Mars, it
would ANSWER: remain frozen because the air is so cold sublimate directly into gas (water vapor)
melt into liquid water The atmospheric pressure on Mars is so low that water ice would sublimate
directly into gas without melting first, just as dry ice (frozen carbon dioxide) does this on Earth. It
provides absolute proof that evolution really occurs. ANSWER: individuals can recognize their
friends and family all individuals in a population have an equal chance to survive and reproduce the
number of heritable traits must increase from one generation to the next some individuals possess
traits that make them better able than others to compete for food and other resources These
individuals will therefore be better able to survive and reproduce than others, and in turn they will
leave larger numbers of offspring on average. ANSWER: 1 5 10 50 100 500 For this case, we have
and Multiplying, we find: Part C Based on current science which of the following is the most
reasonable range for possible values of the number of habitable planets,, in our galaxy. As you should
have learned from Part A, less massive and less luminous means a and narrower habitable zone. On
Earth, fossil evidence indicates that life remained microscopic for hundreds of millions to billions of
years after the origin of life, which itself was hundreds of millions of years after birth some 4 billion
years ago. How are heritable traits passed from parents to offspring. As discussed in the video, such
a star would probably supernova before life had a chance to get started on a planet around it. Part F
Why do scientists think it unlikely that life would arise on a planet orbiting a star. Struggling
students and challenging assignments are highlighted in red, giving you an at-a-glance view of
potential hurdles in the course. Learning Goal: To understand the difference between worlds that are
potentially habitable and those that probably are not. If you heated water ice on the surface of Mars,
it would ANSWER: remain frozen because the air is so cold sublimate directly into gas (water
vapor) melt into liquid water The atmospheric pressure on Mars is so low that water ice would
sublimate directly into gas without melting first, just as dry ice (frozen carbon dioxide) does this on
Earth. This information helps identify struggling students as early as possible — even if their
assignment scores are not a cause for concern. There is great diversity of life on Earth, ranging from
very simple organisms to complex organisms like ourselves. ANSWER: Part B How does your
answer change if there are only 120 civilizations instead of Express your answer using two
significant figures. In fact, all the terrestrial planets emit infrared light from their surfaces. Wrong-
answer feedback personalized for each student. The theory of evolution has gained even further
support since that time, because it has successfully passed many other observational tests. Find out
what to expect — and what's better in Modified Mastering. The Quizzma Team is committed to
fostering a conducive learning environment for individuals and continually strives to provide reliable
and valuable educational resources on a wide array of topics. ANSWER: Reset represents the number
of planets in the galaxy. This time, rank the stars based on the size (width) of their habitable zones,
from smallest to largest. Hint 1. What is a habitable zone. Wrong-answer feedback personalized for
each student. A species is any group of plants or animals that shares major physical characteristics,
such as having two arms and two legs.
A fact is something that is true and a theory is an educated guess. Part F The theory of evolution
natural selection gained rapid acceptance among biologists after Darwin published it in 1859, in part
because it was so successful in explaining what we see in the fossil record. Help represents the
number of planets in the galaxy that are in principle capable of having surface liquid water and life.
A fact is indisputable, but theories are disputed all the time. Prelecture Overview: Life in the
Universe Description: This assessment is designed as a quick check of whether a student has actually
watched the prelecture video for this chapter. Therefore, in any local environment, over time, Hint 1.
When we say that a world or a location on a world is habitable, what do we mean.
MasteringAstronomy: Print View with Answers has at some point had an intelligent civilization, and
that 1 in 5 civilizations that have ever existed is in existence now. Then, close the video window and
answer the questions that follow. And if civilizations tend to last a long time, then will tend to be
larger. Because any star with mass more than about 6 times that of the Sun has a lifetime less than
100 million years, it does not seem that such stars would live long enough for complex life to evolve,
and perhaps not long enough for life of any kind to arise. Part B Given that the fossil record
provides the key evidence for evolution, what is the importance of the theory of evolution? Hint 1.
Part E Why the Moon considered to be a likely place for finding extraterrestrial life. Part C Which of
the following statements about the of are correct. On Earth, fossil evidence indicates that life
remained microscopic for hundreds of millions to billions of years after the origin of life, which itself
was hundreds of millions of years after birth some 4 billion years ago. Individual living organisms
grow and change over time. Part F Why do scientists think it unlikely that life would arise on a
planet orbiting a star. The app lets them read where life takes them, no wi-fi needed. Part B Which of
the following statements accurately describes a key lesson we have learned from the geological time
scale. How are heritable traits passed from parents to offspring. In what forms does Earth return
most of this energy to space. Learning Goal: To understand the difference between worlds that are
potentially habitable and those that probably are not. Life similar to at least some organisms found on
Earth might be able to survive there. Because the Milky Way Galaxy contains more than 100 billion
stars, even a few percent would translate to at least a few billion habitable planets. Which of the
following statements represent successful tests of the theory of evolution natural selection. Part E
Why the Moon considered to be a likely place for finding extraterrestrial life. Introduction. In this
tutorial you will work with the modified version of the original Drake equation that is introduced in
your textbook and is stated as follows: where: the number of habitable planets in the galaxy the
fraction of habitable planets that actually have life the fraction of planets on which a civilization
capable of interstellar communication has at some time arisen. Part B To make sure you understand
how to use the equation, suppose that there are habitable planets in our galaxy, that 1 in 10 habitable
planets has life, that 1 in 4 planets with life h t i th d i t lli t i ili ti d th t 1 i 5 i ili ti th t h i t di i i t H i
ili ti ld i t t t. Deeper layers of the geological record were deposited at earlier times than higher
layers. Which of the following best describes the difference in science between something that we
call a and something that we call a ANSWER: A fact is established directly observations, while a
theory is a model that explains many observed facts.