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Week 3 - LECTURE - 2 - GIS Data Systems RASTER - VECTOR

The document discusses GIS data systems and the differences between raster and vector data formats. Raster data represents spatial information as a grid of cells, while vector data uses points, lines and polygons. Attribute data contains non-spatial information that can be associated with spatial features to provide more detail.

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2022829962
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59 views26 pages

Week 3 - LECTURE - 2 - GIS Data Systems RASTER - VECTOR

The document discusses GIS data systems and the differences between raster and vector data formats. Raster data represents spatial information as a grid of cells, while vector data uses points, lines and polygons. Attribute data contains non-spatial information that can be associated with spatial features to provide more detail.

Uploaded by

2022829962
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER 2 SPATIAL, ATTRIBUTE DATA,

GIS DATA SYSTEMS RASTER & VECTOR IMAGE


HOW DOES A GIS WORK?
Relating information from different sources
The power of a GIS comes from the ability to
relate different information in a spatial context
and to reach a conclusion about this relationship.
(source:USGS website)
1
Define
6 Decision
problem

GIS Define GIS


5 Output 2
Process criteria

4 GIS Import or
3
analysis build datasets
GIS LINKS GRAPHICAL FEATURES (ENTITIES)
TO TABULAR DATA (ATTRIBUTES)
THE CONCEPT OF GIS
RASTER
SPATIAL ATTRIBUTE
VECTOR
DATA DATA

GIS Data
Systems
RASTER DATA VS VECTOR DATA
SPATIAL
DATA
SPATIAL DATA
Spatial data are data that have a spatial
component, it means that data are connected to
a place in the Earth.
Spatial data contains the location and shape
of geographic features
Spatial data use 3 basic shapes to present
real-world features :
LINES POINTS POLYGON
THESE 3 SPATIAL ELEMENTS TO REPRESENT
REAL WORLD FEATURES AND ATTACH
LOCATIONAL INFORMATION TO THEM.
Points - simplest element.
Contains 1 coordinate to
describe the position of the
objects

Lines - set of connected points.


Contains more than 1
coordinates to describe the
position of the objects

Polygons – sets of coordinate’s


pairs that define the boundary
of an enclosed area
REPRESENTING SPATIAL ELEMENTS

RASTER

VECTOR

REAL WORLD
RASTER
Consists of a matrix of cells (or pixels) organized into
rows and columns (or a grid)
Each cell contains a value representing information
• Digital aerial photographs
• Imagery from satellites
• Digital pictures
• Scanned map
RASTER
A resolution of a raster represents the area on
the ground that each pixel of the raster covers.

10dpi 72dpi 150dpi 300dpi


VECTOR
Allows user to specify
specific spatial
locations and assumes
that geographic
space is continuous,
not broken up into
discrete grid squares

Storing features as
sets of X,Y
coordinate pairs.
DATA FORMAT
RASTER VS. VECTOR
Raster Advantages Vector Advantages
• The most common data format • Accurate positional information
that is best for storing discrete
• Easy to perform mathematical and thematic features (e.g., roads,
overlay operations shorelines, sea-bed features.

• Satellite information is easily • Compact data storage


incorporated requirements

• Better represents “continuous”- type • Can associate unlimited numbers of


data attributes with specific features
NON-SPATIAL DATA ATTRIBUTE
DATA
ATTRIBUTE DATA
The information linked to the spatial data that
describe them
The non-graphic information associated with a point,
line, or area elements in a GIS
ATTRIBUTES DATA : RASTER DATA MODEL
The cell value (Digital Number) is the attribute.
Examples: brightness, land cover code, SST, etc.
ATTRIBUTES DATA : VECTOR DATA MODEL

•Attribute records
are linked to point,
line & polygon
features.
•Can store multiple
attributes per
feature.
SEPARATED INTO
MULTIPLE LAYERS LAYERS
INFORMATION IS SEPARATED INTO LAYERS

LAYERS REAL WORLD


• An illustration of how the real world is represented in a GIS
• A series of data layers (each of which) contains information
about a specific real world characteristics
• The information in different layers can be joined together

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