STATISTICS

And
PROBABILITY
Third Quarter

ANSWER SHEETS

Submitted to: Ma’am Jaybel Calumpit

Submitted by: Roilan Francis B. Salvador
 Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region 02 (Cagayan Valley) Schools
Division Office of Isabela Tumauini North District
300610-REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL for REGION 02
Camp Samal, Arcon, Tumauini, Isabela 3325

Excelsior RSHS

Name: Roilan Francis B. Salvador Date: April 6, 2021

Grade & Section: 11-Executive Teacher: Ma’am Jaybel Calumpit

STATISTICS & PROBABILITY 11

RANDOM VARIABLES

A. Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer.

1. Which of the following is a discrete random variable?

a. The stained area of the floor when a glass of coffee spills on it
b. The time in seconds that a runner completes a 200-meter race
c. The exact mass of a buko pie made by a baker
d. The number of customers each day in computer shop
2. Which of the following is NOT a true statement?
a. Random variables can only have one value.
b. The value of a random variable could be zero.
c. A random variable cannot be negative.
d. A random variable can be discrete or continuous.
3. Three coins are tossed at once, which are possible values of the random variable for the
number of coins that match?
a. {0,1} b. {1,2} c. {2,3} d. {3}
4. You decide to conduct a survey of families with two children. You are interested in
counting the number of girls (out of 2 children) in each family. Is this a random variable,
and if it is, what are all its possible values?
a. yes, it is a random variable, and its values can be 1 or 2
b. yes, it is a random variable, and its values can be 0, 1 or 2
c. yes, it is a random variable, and its values can be 2 or 4
d. No, it is not a random variable, since it is not random
5. Which of the following is a continuous random variable?
a. The number of eggs that a hen lay in a day
b. The number of people watching an Inter-town basketball game
c. The average weight of male athletes
d. The amount of paint used in painting clay pots
 Reflection

Complete this statement:

What I learned in this activity
A random variable is a number that represents a result of a circumstance or a random experiment. A random variable
can be discrete or continuous. A discrete random variable can only have different accounting values, such as 0, 1, 2,
3,... Examples include the number of students in a classroom, the number of airplanes at an airport or the number of
defects in a lot. A continuous random variable can have any value, for example a measurement. An Intuitive reason
why a Random Variable is called a Random Variable (and not a function) is because if you're doing an experiment,
the pattern of outcomes is unpredictable - that is, you can never say with 100% guarantee about what is going to be
the next outcome. Of course if you repeat the experiment an infinite amount of times, the distribution of the outcomes
will follow the probability distribution, but the individual outcomes themselves are sort of Random. Since there is a
value associated with the Random Variable, there is this notion of an "Expected Value".
 Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region 02 (Cagayan Valley) Schools
Division Office of Isabela Tumauini North District
300610-REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL for REGION 02
Camp Samal, Arcon, Tumauini, Isabela 3325

Excelsior RSHS

Name: Roilan Francis B. Salvador Date: April 6, 2021

Grade & Section: 11-Executive Teacher: Ma’am Jaybel Calumpit

STATISTICS & PROBABILITY 11

DISCRETE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS
C. For each of the following, determine whether it can serve as the probability distribution
of a random variable X.
𝑋
1. P (X) =
6
for X = 1, 2, 3 Yes
1
2. P (X) =
8
for X = 1, 2 3,…, 8 Yes

3. P (X) =
1+𝑋
for X = 1, 2, 3, 4 No
1−𝑋
12
4. P (X) =
25𝑋
for X = 1, 2, 3, 4 Yes
𝑋−3
5. P (X) = for X = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
7 No
Reflection

Complete this statement.

What I learned in this activity...

Random variables are central to the use of probability in practice. They are used to model random
phenomena, which means that they are relevant to a wide range of human activity. In particular,
they are used extensively in many branches of research, including agriculture, biology, ecology,
economics, medicine, meteorology, physics, psychology and others. They provide a structure for
making inferences about the world, when it is impossible to measure things comprehensively. They
are used to model outcomes of processes that cannot be predicted in advance. Random variables
have distributions. In this module, we describe the essential properties of distributions of discrete
random variables. Distributions can have many forms, but there are some special types of
distributions that arise in many different practical contexts.
 Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region 02 (Cagayan Valley) Schools
Division Office of Isabela Tumauini North District
300610-REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL for REGION 02
Camp Samal, Arcon, Tumauini, Isabela 3325

Excelsior RSHS

Name: Roilan Francis B. Salvador Date: April 8, 2021

Grade & Section: 11-Executive Teacher: Ma’am Jaybel Calumpit

STATISTICS & PROBABILITY 11

THE PROBABILITIES CORRESPONDING TO A GIVEN RANDOM
VARIABLE

EXERCISE 3
Directions: Answer the following problems with accuracy. Show your complete solutions.
1. In a Statistics and Probability class, Kenjie was assigned to draw from an ordinary deck of
cards. What is the probability of drawing;
Supplementary Trivia
A standard deck of cards has four suites: hearts,
clubs, spades, diamonds. Each suite has thirteen
cards: ace, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, jack, queen
and king. Jack, Queen and the King are face
cards. Thus the entire deck has 52 cards total.
a. an ace?
4 1
=
52 13
b. a diamond?
13 1
=
52 4
c. a face card?
12 3
=
52 13
d. a black jack?
2 1
=
52 26
e. a black card?
26 1
=
52 2
 2. In a Cookery class, students were asked to choose at random a month of the year for their
culminating activity. What is the probability that the name of the months they chose ends
with y?

There are 4 months of the year that ends with y.

TO PONDER
There are 12 months in a year.
What Months of the
year ends with Y?
 January Therefore, the Probability would be:
 February 𝟒 𝟏
 May =
𝟏𝟐 𝟑
 July

3. One of the hobbies of Marjorie is to collect local key chains. She has 15 key chains from
Baguio, 10 from Puerto Princesa, 8 from Ilocos region, and 5 from Tagaytay. Her brother
Jomarson borrows one key chain for his school activity. What is the probability that the
key chain he borrows is from Puerto Princesa?

Since the Question asks for the Probability that a key

chain from Puerto Princesa will be borrowed, this
List it!
will be our initial numerical representation: Baguio – 15

𝟏𝟎 𝟓 Puerto Princesa – 10
=
𝟑𝟖 𝟏𝟗 Ilocos – 8
In Percent, the final answer will be :
Tagaytay - 5
26.32 %
Total : 38

Reflection: How can I apply the skill of computing probabilities in my daily undertakings?

Probability is the most important thing that we calculate subconsciously on almost all occasions. For
example, when you are thinking of taking a decision, let it be anything from as small as a decision to wear
a T-Shirt or a Shirt to as big as whether to accept the job offer. Everything depends on various conditions or
features, like while choosing a shirt, the features are Colour of the shirt, Outside Temperature, Material of
the shirt, the Occasion you are wearing the shirt to, and considering all these features, you calculate the
probability of how comfortable you would be wearing the shirt and you take a decision. Now this may seem
very complicated to calculate probability provided so many features for just deciding which shirt to wear.
Just think of all the features you have to consider for deciding on a job offer. Well fortunately, we humans
have the most powerful processing powers and we do these calculations so subconsciously, we don’t even
realize that we are indeed using probability.
 Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region 02 (Cagayan Valley)
Schools Division Office of Isabela Tumauini North District
300610-REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL for REGION 02
Camp Samal, Arcon, Tumauini, Isabela 3325

Excelsior RSHS

Name: Roilan Francis B. Salvador Date: April 8, 2021

Grade & Section: 11-Executive Teacher: Ma’am Jaybel Calumpit

STATISTICS & PROBABILITY 11

THE MEAN AND VARIANCE OF A DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE

EXERCISE 3.
Directions: Complete the table below illustrating the process of finding the mean and the
variance of a probability distribution. 10 points

No. of Probabilit X.P(X) X-µ (X-µ)2 (X-µ)2. P(X)

Students y P(X)
for Online
Learning
(X)
26 0.20 5.2 -1.85 3.4225 0.6845
27 0.20 5.4 -0.85 0.7225 0.1445
28 0.25 7.0 0.15 0.0225 0.005
29 0.25 7.25 1.15 1.3225 0.330625
30 0.10 3.0 2.15 4.6225 0.46225
µ=27.85 Ʃ(X-µ) 2.
P(X)=
1.626875

Reflection:
What have I learned in this topic? How can I apply in my daily lives?

As already pointed out, probability distributions are everywhere to be found, it is only a matter of
imagining how a certain phenomenon can be quantified. My personal favourite discrete distribution is
the Poisson, since it is so ubiquitous in so many real life phenomena. To mention but a few,

 Number of car accidents in a given time period

 Number of goals scored in soccer matches (this can e.g. be used to obtain a good guess on
the most likely outcome of a certain match)
 Number of natural disasters in a given time period
The Poisson is often referred to as the counting distribution since it provides the right quantification for
modelling stuff that can be counted. It gives an introspective view of real-life phenomenas. It may not
be an immediate knowledge, but it is a prerequisite for assimilating data for majority constraint.

Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region 02 (Cagayan Valley)

Schools Division Office of Isabela Tumauini North District
300610-REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL for REGION 02
Camp Samal, Arcon, Tumauini, Isabela 3325

Excelsior RSHS

Name: Roilan Francis B. Salvador Date: April 8, 2021

Grade & Section: 11-Executive Teacher: Ma’am Jaybel Calumpit

STATISTICS & PROBABILITY 11

CALCULATES THE MEAN AND VARIANCE OF A
DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE
EXERCISE 3
. Construct a probability distribution for the random variable X which can take only the value 0, 1,
1 2 4 2
2, and 3 given that P (0) = , P (2) = , P (2) = , and P (3) = and calculate the mean and the
9 9 9 9
variance of the distribution.
X f(x) X.f(X) X2 X2f(X)
0 1 0 0 0
9
1 2 2 1 0.22
9 9
2 4 8 4 1.78
9 9
3 2 6 2 9 2.0
=
9 9 3
E(X ) =1.78 E(X )2 =4.0

The mean of the distribution is 1.78

The variance of the distribution is 0.83
Reflection:
How does the process in finding the mean of the random variable similar/interrelated in
finding the variance?

Variances are added for both the sum and difference of two independent random variables because
the variation in each variable contributes to the variation in each case. If the variables are not
independent, then variability in one variable is related to variability in the other. For this reason,
the variance of their sum or difference may not be calculated using the above formula. For example,
suppose the amount of money (in dollars) a group of individuals spends on lunch is represented by
variable X, and the amount of money the same group of individuals spends on dinner is represented
by variable Y. The variance of the sum X + Y may not be calculated as the sum of the variances,
since X and Y may not be considered as independent variables.
 Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region 02 (Cagayan Valley)
Schools Division Office of Isabela Tumauini North District
300610-REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL for REGION 02
Camp Samal, Arcon, Tumauini, Isabela 3325

Excelsior RSHS

Name: Roilan Francis B. Salvador Date: April 9, 2021

Grade & Section: 11-Executive Teacher: Ma’am Jaybel Calumpit

STATISTICS & PROBABILITY 11

Interpret the Mean and the Variance of a Discrete Random Variable

Exercise 3.
Solve the following problems completely.
1. A roulette wheels contains 50 numbers: 30 are red and 20 are green. The roulette is fair
which means that it is equally likely to land on any of the 50 numbers. You win P500 if
the roulette lands on red numbers; otherwise, you loss P300. What is the expected value
or payoff of the game?

30
X 500 (-300)
50
= 0.6 20
P(X) 30 20 50
50 50 = 0.4

𝜇 = 𝐸 (𝑋) = ∑ 𝑥 𝑥𝑓 (𝑥 )
= 500(0.6) + (−300)(0.4)
= 𝟏𝟖𝟎

The expected mean is 180. A person is expected to gain P180 in the game.
 2. In a playing card, a woman is paid P300 if she draws a jack or a queen and P500 if she
draws a king or an ace from an ordinary deck of 52 playing cards. If she draws any other
card, she will pay P200. How much is the expected value of her winning?

X 300 500 (-200)

P(X) 2 2 9
13 13 13
𝜇 = 𝐸 (𝑋) = ∑ 𝑥 𝑥𝑓 (𝑥 )
2 2 9
= 300 ( ) + (500) ( ) + (−200) ( )
13 13 13

= −𝟏𝟓. 𝟑𝟖

The expected value is -15.38. This means that the woman is expected to lose an average of
P15.38 in the game.

3. A raffle offers P 20,000 cash for 1st prize, P10,000 for 2nd prize, and P 5,000 for 3rd prize.
The raffle has 1000 tickets sold at P150 each. Find the expected gain or loss if a person
buys one ticket.

X 19,850 9,850 4,850 (-150)

P(X) 1 1 1 997
1000 1000 1000 1000
𝜇 = 𝐸 (𝑋) = ∑ 𝑥 𝑥𝑓(𝑥 )
1 1 1 997
= 19,850 ( ) + (9,850) ( ) + (4,850) ( ) + (−150) ( )
1000 1000 1000 1000
= −𝟏𝟏𝟓

The expected value is -115. Thus, the person is expected to lose an average of P115 in the raffle.

Reflection:
For a discrete random variable the variance is calculated by summing the product of the square of the
difference between the value of the random variable and the expected value, and the associated
probability of the value of the random variable, taken over all of the values of the random variable. We
interpret expected value as the predicted average outcome if we looked at that random variable over an
infinite number of trials.
 Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region 02 (Cagayan Valley)
Schools Division Office of Isabela Tumauini North District
300610-REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL for REGION 02
Camp Samal, Arcon, Tumauini, Isabela 3325

Excelsior RSHS

Name: Roilan Francis B. Salvador Date: April 10, 2021

Grade & Section: 11-Executive Teacher: Ma’am Jaybel Calumpit

STATISTICS & PROBABILITY 11

Problems involving Mean and Variance of a Discrete Probability Distribution

Exercise 3. Solve the following problems. (3 points each)

1. Suppose that the probabilities are 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1 and 0, respectively, that 0,1,2,3 or
4 power failure will strike a certain barangay in any given month. Find the variance of
the random variable X representing the number of power failures striking this
barangay.
X 0 1 2 3 4
P(X) 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
𝝁 = 𝑬( 𝑿 )
= (0)(. 4) + (1)(. 3) + (2)(. 2) + (3)(. 1) + (4)(0)
=1
𝝈𝟐 = (0 − 1)2(. 4) + (1 − 1) 2(. 2) + (2 − 1) 2(. 2) + (3 − 1) 2(. 1) + (4 − 1)2(0)
=1
𝝈=𝟏
2. The number of a cellular phones sold per day with its corresponding probabilities, is
shown in the table below. Find the variance and standard deviation of the probability
distribution.
Number of Cellular 10 12 13 15 18 20
Phone Sold (X)
Probability P(X) .20 .10 .15 .15 .10 .30
𝝁 = 𝑬( 𝑿 )
= (10)(. 20) + (12)(. 10) + (13)(. 15) + (15)(. 15) + (18)(. 10) + (20)(. 30)
= 𝟏𝟓. 𝟐
𝝈𝟐 = (10 − 15.2)2(. 2) + (12 − 15.2)2(. 1) + (13 − 15.2)2(. 15) + (15 − 15.2)2(. 15)
+ (18 − 15.2)2(. 10) + (20 − 15.2)2(. 30)
= 𝟏𝟒. 𝟖𝟔
𝝈= 3.855
 3. Five COVID patients are tested with a specific medicine. The probabilities for 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4
successes are 0.25, 0.10, 0.15, 0.35, and 0.15. Find the variance and standard deviation of the
probability distribution.
Y 0 1 2 3 4
P(Y) 0.25 0.10 0.15 0.35 0.15
𝝁 = 𝑬( 𝑿 )
= (0)(0. 25) + (1)(0. 10) + (2)(0. 15) + (3)(0. 35) + (4)(0. 15)
= 𝟐. 𝟎𝟓
𝑬(𝑿𝟐 ) = (0)(. 25) + (1)(. 10) + (4)(. 15) + (9)(. 35) + (16)(. 15)
= 6.25
𝝈𝟐 = 𝐄(𝑿𝟐 ) − 𝝁𝟐
= 𝟐. 𝟎𝟒𝟕𝟓
𝝈= 1.431
4. The probability distribution of Y, the number of imperfections per 5 meters of a synthetic fabric in
continuous rolls of uniform width, is given by Find the variance and standard deviation of the
probability distribution.
Y 0 1 2 3 4
P(Y) 0.04 0.26 0.15 0.10 0.45
𝝁 = 𝑬( 𝑿 )
= (0)(0. 04) + (1)(0. 26) + (2)(0. 15) + (3)(0. 10) + (4)(0. 45)
= 𝟐. 𝟔𝟔
𝟐)
𝑬(𝑿 = (0)(0. 04) + (1)(0.26) + (4)(0.15) + (9)(0. 10) + (16)(0.45)
= 8.96
𝝈𝟐 = 𝐄(𝑿𝟐 ) − 𝝁𝟐
= 𝟏. 𝟖𝟖
𝝈= 1.37
5. The probability that 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 people will be placed on hold when they call a customer
service representative is shown in the distribution. Find the variance and standard deviation for
the data. The customer service has four phone lines.
Y 0 1 2 3 4
P(C) 0.20 0.18 0.33 0.15 0.14
𝝁 = 𝑬( 𝑿 )
= (0)(. 20) + (1)(. 18) + (2)(. 33) + (3)(. 15) + (4)(. 14)
= 𝟏. 𝟖𝟓
𝟐)
𝑬(𝑿 = (0)(0. 20) + (1)(0.18) + (4)(0.33) + (9)(0. 15) + (16)(0.14)
= 5.09
𝝈𝟐 = 𝐄(𝑿𝟐 ) − 𝝁𝟐
= 𝟏. 𝟔𝟖𝟖
𝝈= 1.291
Reflection
A discrete distribution describes the probability of occurrence of each value of a discrete random
variable. A discrete random variable is a random variable that has countable values, such as a list
of non-negative integers. With a discrete probability distribution, each possible value of the discrete
random variable can be associated with a non-zero probability. Thus, a discrete probability
distribution is often presented in tabular form.
 Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region 02 (Cagayan Valley)
Schools Division Office of Isabela Tumauini North District
300610-REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL for REGION 02
Camp Samal, Arcon, Tumauini, Isabela 3325

Excelsior RSHS

Name: Roilan Francis B. Salvador Date: April 14, 2021

Grade & Section: 11-Executive Teacher: Ma’am Jaybel Calumpit

STATISTICS & PROBABILITY 11

The Normal Distribution and its Properties
Exercise 3.
Solve the following problems. Compute for the mean and standard deviation of
the distribution and construct the corresponding normal curve. (5 points each)
1. Compute the mean and standard deviation of the normal distribution where 68.3% of
the values fall between 2.8 and 4.0. Construct the normal curve of the normal
distribution.
2.8+4.0
a. 𝜇 = = 3.4 The mean score is 3.4
2
Given the normal distribution, 68.3% accounts for 1 standard deviation for Mean
Therefore, 𝜇 − 𝜎 = 2.8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜇 + 𝜎 = 4.0
𝜇 + 𝜎 = 4.0
3.4 + 𝜎 = 4.0
𝜎 = 0.6
b. To construct the normal curve, use the normal random variable.
1 1 𝑥−𝜇 2
−(2)[ 𝜎 ]
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑒
𝜎√2𝜋
1 1 𝑥−3.4 2
−(2)[ 0.6 ]
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑒
0.6√2𝜋
1 (𝑥−3.4) 2
−
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑒 18
0.6√2𝜋
 Substitute the value of x,

x 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7

f(x) 0.587 0.629 0.656 0.665 0.656 0.629 0.587

2. Assume that 95.5% of students have a grade in Statistics and Probability subject
between 85 and 93 and the data are normally distributed. (a.) Compute the mean and
standard deviation of the distribution. (b.) Construct the normal curve of the normal
distribution
3.85+93
.
𝑎. 𝜇 = = 89 The mean score is 89
2
Given the normal distribution, 68.3% accounts for 1 standard deviation for Mean
Therefore, 𝜇 − 𝜎 = 85 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜇 + 𝜎 = 93
𝜇 + 𝜎 = 93
85 + 𝜎 = 93
𝜎=8
b. To construct the normal curve, use the normal random variable.
1 1 𝑥−𝜇 2
−(2)[ 𝜎 ]
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑒
𝜎√2𝜋
1 1 𝑥−89 2
−(2)[ 8 ]
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑒
8√2𝜋
1 (𝑥−89) 2
− 128
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑒
0.6√2𝜋
Substitute the value of x,

x 86 87 88 89 90 91 92
f(x) 0.065 0.121 0.176 0.20 0.176 0.121 0.065
 Reflection
What insights and learnings have you gained in this topic?

The normal distribution is important because it makes statistics a lot easier, and more feasible.
I know that may be tough to believe, because statistics is tough as it is. But it would be a lot harder
without the normal distribution (and its three close relations). The problem with collecting data is that
you do not generally know what distribution the data follows. So you have a sample, but no distribution
to help figure it out. The true distribution is generally not knowable, but you could often find something
workable if you tried (which is why Stats I texts start with the binomial, which shows up a lot). The
thing is, there are a ton of distributions (which is why many students start to get lost in Stats I as
additional distributions are introduced). And quite possibly your sample might match up with none of
them, and then you’d need to dream up a new one.
 Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region 02 (Cagayan Valley)
Schools Division Office of Isabela Tumauini North District
300610-REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL for REGION 02
Camp Samal, Arcon, Tumauini, Isabela 3325

Excelsior RSHS

Name: Roilan Francis B. Salvador Date: April 14, 2021

Grade & Section: 11-Executive Teacher: Ma’am Jaybel Calumpit

STATISTICS & PROBABILITY 11

IDENTIFIES REGION UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE CORRESPONDING
TO DIFFERENT STANDARD NORMAL VALUES

ACTIVITY 3

Directions: Find the indicated area under the normal curve, then convert it to
percentage. (3 pts.each)
1. What percent of the area under the normal curve is between z = 0.58 and z
= 2.8?

Let A= area between z = 0.58 and z = 2.8

A1 = area between z = 0 and z = 0.58
A2 = area between z = 0 and z = 2.8

From the table:

A1 = 0.2190
A2= 0.4974
A = A2 - A1
=0.4974 - 0.2190
=0.2784

The area between z =0.58 and z = 2.8 is 0.2784.

Therefore, the percent of area under the area is 27.84%

2. What percent of the area under the normal curve is between z = -2.00 and z =
2.00?

Let A= area between z = -2.00 and z = 2.00

A1 = area between z = 0 and z = -2.00
A2 = area between z = 0 and z = 2.00

From the table:

A1 = -0.4772
A2= 0.4772
A = A2 - A1
=0.4772- (- 0.4772)
=0.9544

The area between z = -2.00 and z = 2.00 is 0.9544.

Therefore, the percent of area under the area is 95.44%

3. What percent of the area under the normal curve is between z = -1.15 and z =
1.15?

Let A= area between z = -1.15 and z = 1.15

A1 = area between z = 0 and z = -1.15
A2 = area between z = 0 and z = 1.15

From the table:

A1 = -0.3749
A2= 0.3749
A = A2 - A1
= 0.3749 - (- 0.3749)
= 0.7498

The area between z =--1.15 and z = 1.15 is 0.7498.

Therefore, the percent of area under the area is 74.98%

 4. What percent of the area under the normal curve is between z = -1.34 and z = -
2.13?
Let A= area between z = -1.34 and z = -2.13
A1 = area between z = 0 and z = -1.34
A2 = area between z = 0 and z = -2.13

From the table:

A1 = -0.4099
A2= -0.4834
A = A2 - A1
= -0.4834 - (- 0.4099)
= -0.4834 + 0.4099
= -0.0735

The area between z =--1.34 and z = -2.13 is - 0.0735

Therefore, the percent of area under the area is 7.35%

5. What percent of the area under the normal curve is between z = 2.38 and z
= -1.32?

Let A= area between z = 2.38 and z = -1.32

A1 = area between z = 0 and z = 2.38
A2 = area between z = 0 and z = -1.32

From the table:

A1 = 0.4913
A2= -0.4066
A = A2 - A1
= -0.4066 - 0.4913
= -0.4066 - 0.4913
= -0.8979

The area between z =--2.38 and z = -1.32 is - 0.8979

Therefore, the percent of area under the area is 89.79%

Reflection:

What have you learned from this topic?

A standard normal table, also called the unit normal table or Z table, is a mathematical table for
the values of Φ, which are the values of the cumulative distribution function of the normal distribution.
It is used to find the probability that a statistic is observed below, above, or between values on the
standard normal distribution, and by extension, any normal distribution. We use standard normal table
because The typical dissemination is the most broadly known and utilized all things considered. Since
the typical dispersion approximates numerous normal marvels so well, it has formed into a standard
of reference for some likelihood issues. Dispersions, since µ and σ decide the state of the
dissemination. Also To locate a particular region under an ordinary bend, discover the z-score of the
information worth and utilize a normal std Table to discover the territory. A normal std Table, is a
table that demonstrates the level of qualities (or territory rate) to one side of a given z-score on a
standard typical conveyance.
 Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region 02 (Cagayan Valley)
Schools Division Office of Isabela Tumauini North District
300610-REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL for REGION 02
Camp Samal, Arcon, Tumauini, Isabela 3325

Excelsior RSHS

Name: Roilan Francis B. Salvador Date: April 14, 2021

Grade & Section: 11-Executive Teacher: Ma’am Jaybel Calumpit

STATISTICS & PROBABILITY 11

CONVERTS A NORMAL RANDOM VARIABLE TO A STANDARDS NORMAL
VARIABLE AND VICE-VERSA

ACTIVITY 3
Direction: Solve the following problems:
1. On a final examination in Statistics, the mean was 86 and the standard deviation is 4.
Determine the standard score of the student who received a score of 92 assuming the
scores are normally distributed.

𝑋 − 𝑋ത 86 − 92
𝑍= = = −1.5
𝑆 4
The standard score of the student who received a score of 92 is 1.5

2. Ben gets a score of 75 in a Chemistry test and 70 in a Physics test. Scores in a Chemistry
test have a mean of 65 and a standard deviation of 6. Scores in the Physics test have a mean
of 66 and a standard deviation of 2. In which subject is her standing better assuming that
the scores in the two subjects are normally distributed?

𝑋 − 𝑋ത
𝑍=
𝑆
75 − 65
= = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝟕 Chemistry
6
70 − 66 Physics
= =𝟐
2
His standing in Physics was better than his standing in Chemistry. His score in
Chemistry was 1.67 standard deviation above the mean of the scores in Chemistry
whereas in Physics, his score was 2 standard deviation above the mean of the scores in
Physics.
3. In a Mathematics test, the mean is 50 and the standard deviation is 5. Assuming
the scores are normally distributed, what percent of the scores is:
a. greater than 55?
b. less than 60?
c. between 40 and 55?

𝑿−𝑿ഥ
𝒁=
𝑺
a. Greater than 55?
55 − 50
= =𝟏
5
Let A = area to the right of z = 1
A1 = Area between z = 0 and z = 1
A2 = area of the half of the curve
From the table: A1 = 0.3413
A = A2 - A1
= 0.5 – 0.3413
= 0.1587

Hence, 15.87% of the scores is greater than 45.

b. Less than 60?
50 − 60
= = −𝟐
5
Let A = area to the right of z = 1
A1 = Area between z = 0 and z =
A2 = area of the half of the curve
From the table: A1 = 0.
A = A2 + A1
= 0.5 + 04772
= 0.9772

Hence, 97.72% of the scores is less than 60.

 𝑿−𝑿ഥ
𝒁=
𝑺
c. Between 40 and 55
50 − 40
= =𝟐
5
𝟓𝟓−𝟓𝟎
= 𝟓
=𝟏

Let A = area to the right of z = 1

A1 = Area between z = 0 and z = 2
A2 = Area between z = 0 and z = 1
From the table: A1 = 0.4772, A2= 0.3413
A = A2 - A1
= (0.3413+0.5) – (0.4772-0.5)
= 0.8185
Hence, 81.85% of the scores is between 40 and 55.

Reflection:

What have you learned from this topic?

For converting a normal random variable to a standard normal variable we have to apply
standardization to each point x i.e. belong to our random variable values. By doing this we get our
standardized points and the distribution that they create is standard normal distribution having mean=0
and std(z)=1.
 Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region 02 (Cagayan Valley)
Schools Division Office of Isabela Tumauini North District
300610-REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL for REGION 02
Camp Samal, Arcon, Tumauini, Isabela 3325

Excelsior RSHS

Name: Roilan Francis B. Salvador Date: April 17, 2021

Grade & Section: 11-Executive Teacher: Ma’am Jaybel Calumpit

STATISTICS & PROBABILITY 11

COMPUTES PROBABILITIES AND PERCENTILES USING THE
STANDARD NORMAL CURVE

ACTIVITY 3

Directions: Solve the following problems:

1. The mean height of female Grade 11 students in a certain Senior High School is 160
cm. and the standard deviation is 4. Assuming the heights are normally distributed, what
percent of the heights is less than 164 cm?(3 points)

𝑋−𝜇 164−160
𝑍= = = 𝟏 = 0.3413 = 34.13%
𝑆 4

The percent of the heights less than 164 cm is 34.13%

2. The mean weight of 700 students in a certain High School is 132 pounds and the standard
deviation is 8 pounds. Assuming that the weights are normally distributed, find the
probability that the weight of a certain student is less than 126 pounds.(3 points)

𝑋−𝜇 126 − 132

𝑍= = = 0.75
𝑆 8
𝐴1 = 0.2734
𝐴2 = 0.5
0.2734 − 0.5 = 0.2266

The percent of the weight of the students less than 126 cm is 22.66%
 3. Three hundred students participated in a field demonstration. Their heights averaged 156
cm. with a standard deviation of 6 cm.
a. What is the probability that a student, picked at random has a height greater
than 160 cm.?(3 points)
𝑋−𝜇 160−156
𝑍= = = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕 = 0.2486 = 1 - 0.2486 =0.7514
𝑆 6

The percent of the heights greater than 160 cm is 75.14%

b. What is the probability that the height of the student picked at random, is less
than 150 cm.?(3 points)

𝑋−𝜇 150 − 156

𝑍= = = −1
𝑆 6
𝐴1 = 0.3413
𝐴2 = 0.5
0.3413 − 0.5 = 0.1587

The percent of the height of the students less than 126 cm is 15.87%

c. What is the minimum height of the students who belong to the upper
30% of the group?(3points)

30% is the same as 0.3000

Split 0.3000 into 0.2000 and 0.1000.
0.3000 = 0.2000 +0.1000
The area is not found in the table. It is between 0.987 and 0.2019.
Z= 0.25
Hence the 30th Percentile is z = 0.25
161 cm is the minimum height of students who belong to the upper 30% of the
group.

Reflection:

What have you learned from this topic?

Standard normal distribution is important because all statistical tables provide normal probability values
with respect to standard normal curve only. So if we have to find out what is the probability that variable x
lies between x1 and x2, we will have to transform the actual normal distribution to standard normal
distribution and then take the probabilities between transformed variables z1 and z2 by referring to statistical
tables.
 Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region 02 (Cagayan Valley)
Schools Division Office of Isabela Tumauini North District
300610-REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL for REGION 02
Camp Samal, Arcon, Tumauini, Isabela 3325

Excelsior RSHS

Name: Roilan Francis B. Salvador Date: April 19, 2021

Grade & Section: 11-Executive Teacher: Ma’am Jaybel Calumpit

STATISTICS & PROBABILITY 11

Illustrates Random Sampling
Exercise 3
Direction: Read and analyze the given situation below. Determine the most appropriate
sampling method to use in each item.
A survey is conducted to determine the readiness of students for distance learning. The
class adviser would like to utilize 20 of her students to participate in the survey.
Simple Random Sampling Technique1. What sampling technique is best to use if she will
not consider the gender of her students?
Stratified Random Sampling Technique2. What if she will consider the gender of the
students in choosing the participants, what sampling technique will she use?
Systematic Random Sampling Technique3. What sampling technique will be used if she
wants to have a systematic way of choosing the respondents regardless the gender?

REFLECTION:

1. I learned that
Random sampling can be considered as a case of probability sampling where each and every unit from
the population into the sample is selected randomly according to some probability associated with it.
2. I want to learn more on
Difference of Parameter and Statistic.
 Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region 02 (Cagayan Valley)
Schools Division Office of Isabela Tumauini North District
300610-REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL for REGION 02
Camp Samal, Arcon, Tumauini, Isabela 3325

Excelsior RSHS

Name: Roilan Francis B. Salvador Date: April 19, 2021

Grade & Section: 11-Executive Teacher: Ma’am Jaybel Calumpit

STATISTICS & PROBABILITY 11

Distinguishes Between Parameter and Statistic

C. Determine whether the numerical value is a parameter or a statistic. Explain your answer.

1. A recent survey of 100 students showed that the average number of hours they stay
online is 4 hours a day.
It is Statistic because the measurement was obtained from the 100 people.
2. All students in a certain school spend an average of 80 minutes in watching YouTube
videos.
It is Parameter because the measurement is obtained from a population.
3. A sample of 50 patients obtained a mean of 5 days to recover from cough.
It is Statistic because the measurement was obtained from the 50 samples.

REFLECTION:

1. I learned that
A statistic is any function (attribute) of a sample. Given any sample, say a list of numbers, a
statistic is any function of that. Common ones are the mean, the maximum, the standard deviation,
etc. It is independent of the distribution of the data. A parameter indexes a probability distribution.
For example the normal distribution is pinned down by two parameters: mu and sigma^2. It just
happens that the mu corresponds to the mean and sigma^2 is the variance of the distribution. In
this case, both the parameters are also statistics.
2. I want to learn more on
Identifies Sampling Distribution of Sample Means
 Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region 02 (Cagayan Valley)
Schools Division Office of Isabela Tumauini North District
300610-REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL for REGION 02
Camp Samal, Arcon, Tumauini, Isabela 3325

Excelsior RSHS

Name: Roilan Francis B. Salvador Date: April 19, 2021

Grade & Section: 11-Executive Teacher: Ma’am Jaybel Calumpit

STATISTICS & PROBABILITY 11

Identifies Sampling Distribution of Sample Means

C.
a. A population consists of five numbers 4, 5, 7, 8 and 10. Consider samples of size 3
that can be drawn from the population.
A. Determine the number of possible samples that can be drawn from the population
𝑵𝑪𝒏 = 5C3
𝟓!
= 10
𝟑!(𝟓−𝟑)!

B. List all the possible samples and their corresponding mean

Sample Mean

4,5,7 5.33

4,5,8 5.67
4,5,10 6.33
4,7,8 6.33
4,7,10 7.00

4,8,10 7.33
5,7,8 6.67
5,7,10 7.33
5,8,10 7.67
7,8,10 8.33
 C. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means
Mean Frequency (f) Probability (P)

5.33 1 0.10
5.67 1 0.10
6.33 2 0.20
6.67 1 0.20
7.00 1 0.10
7.33 2 0.20
7.67 1 0.10
8.33 1 0.10
Total 10 1.00

b. A population consists of six numbers 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12. Consider samples of size 2

that can be drawn from the population
11. Determine the number of possible samples that can be drawn from the population
𝑵𝑪𝒏 = 6C2
𝟔!
= 15
𝟐!(𝟔−𝟐)!

12. List all the possible samples and their corresponding mean
Sample Mean
2,4 3
2,6 4
2,8 5
2,10 6
2,12 7
4,6 5
4,6 6
4,6 7
4,6 8
6,8 7
6,10 8
6,12 9
8,10 9
8,12 10
10,12 11
 13. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means
Mean Frequency (f) Probability
3 1 0.07
4 1 0.07
5 2 0.13
6 2 0.13
7 3 0.20
8 2 0.13
9 2 0.13
10 1 0.07
11 1 0.07
Total 15 1.00
REFLECTION:

1. I learned that the sampling distribution of the mean is the distribution of possible sample
means when you take a sample from the population.

2. I want to learn more on the Mean and Variance of the Sampling Distribution of the Sample
Means.
 Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region 02 (Cagayan Valley)
Schools Division Office of Isabela Tumauini North District
300610-REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL for REGION 02
Camp Samal, Arcon, Tumauini, Isabela 3325

Excelsior RSHS

Name: Roilan Francis B. Salvador Date: April 21, 2021

Grade & Section: 11-Executive Teacher: Ma’am Jaybel Calumpit

STATISTICS & PROBABILITY 11

The Mean and Variance of the Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means
Exercise 3: “Solve Me”
Direction: Solve the following problem. Assume that the population is infinite in each item. Show
your solution.

1. Given: 𝜎 = 3, 𝜇 = 30, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 = 5

Solution (Sampling Distribution):
𝜎2
𝜎 2𝑋ത =
𝑛
32
=
5
= 1.8
So, the variance of the sample is 4.02
Solution (Standard Deviation of Sampling Distribution):
𝜎2
𝜎𝑋ത =
𝑛
3
=
√5
= 1.34
So, the standard deviation of the sample means is 1.34
 2. Given: 𝜎 = 2, 𝜇 = 65, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 = 20
Solution (Sampling Distribution):
Solution (Standard Deviation of Sampling Distribution):
𝜎2
𝜎𝑋ത =
𝑛
2
=
√20
= 0.45
So, the standard deviation of the sample means is 0.45

3. Given: 𝜎 = 3, 𝜇 = 160, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 = 50

Solution (Sampling Distribution):
Solution (Standard Deviation of Sampling Distribution):
𝜎2
𝜎𝑋ത =
𝑛
3
=
√50
= 0.42
So, the standard deviation of the sample means is 0.42

Reflection

What have you learned from this topic?

The variance of the sampling distribution of the mean is computed as follows: That is, the variance
of the sampling distribution of the mean is the population variance divided by N, the sample size
(the number of scores used to compute a mean).
 Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region 02 (Cagayan Valley)
Schools Division Office of Isabela Tumauini North District
300610-REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL for REGION 02
Camp Samal, Arcon, Tumauini, Isabela 3325

Excelsior RSHS

Name: Roilan Francis B. Salvador Date: April 23, 2021

Grade & Section: 11-Executive Teacher: Ma’am Jaybel Calumpit

STATISTICS & PROBABILITY 11

Central Limit Theorem Definition and Illustration
3. The average number of milligrams (mg) of sugar of a certain brand of milk tea is 600 mg with a
standard deviation of 28 mg. Assume that the variable is normally distributed.
a. If a sample of 30 servings of milk tea is selected, what is the probability that the mean sugar
content of the samples will be greater than 590 mg?

Steps Solution
Identify the given information ̅ 𝑋ത = 590

𝜇 = 600
𝜎 = 28
𝑛 = 30

Solve the problem 590 − 600

𝑍= = −1.96
28
√30

0.5000 + 0.4750 = 0.9750

State the answer So, the probability that the mean sugar
content of the 30 sample servings of milk
tea will be greater than 590 mg is 97.50%.
 b. If a of sample 30 servings of milk tea is selected, what is the probability that the mean sugar
content of the samples will be between 590 mg and 605 mg?
Steps Solution
Identify the given information ̅ 𝑋ത = 590,605
𝜇 = 600
𝜎 = 28
𝑛 = 30

Solve the problem 590 − 600

𝑍= = −1.96
28
√30
605 − 600
𝑍= = 0.98
28
√30
0.4750 + 0.3365 = 0.8115

State the answer So, the probability that the mean sugar
content of the 30 sample servings of milk
tea will be between 590 mg and 605 mg is
81.15%.

c. If a sample of 50 servings of milk tea is selected, what is the probability that the mean sugar
content of the samples will be less than 605?
Steps Solution
Identify the given information ̅ 𝑋ത = 605

𝜇 = 600
𝜎 = 28
𝑛 = 30

Solve the problem 605 − 600

𝑍= = 1.26
28
√50
0.5000 + 0.3962 = 0.8962
State the answer So, the probability that the mean sugar
content of the 30 sample servings of milk
tea will be less than 605 mg is 89.62%.

Reflection:
Central limit theorem is a concept of probability. It states that when we take the distribution of the
average of the sum of a big number of identically distributed and independent variables, the distribution
will be normal approximately, invariant of the distribution underlying. Central limit theorem is mainly
the reason of working of many statistical procedures.
 Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region 02 (Cagayan Valley)
Schools Division Office of Isabela Tumauini North District
300610-REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL for REGION 02
Camp Samal, Arcon, Tumauini, Isabela 3325

Excelsior RSHS

Name: Roilan Francis B. Salvador Date: April 23, 2021

Grade & Section: 11-Executive Teacher: Ma’am Jaybel Calumpit

STATISTICS & PROBABILITY 11

SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF
THE SAMPLE MEAN
EXERCISE 2

1. According to research, Filipinos spend an average of 9.5 hours per day in the internet
and the standard deviation is 2.4 hours. Assume that the variable is normally distributed.
If 50 Filipinos were randomly selected,

a. What is the probability that the average hours spend in the internet is 8.5 hours
and above?

𝑋ത − 𝜇 8.5 − 9.5
𝑍= 𝜎 = = −𝟐. 𝟗𝟓
2.4
√𝑛 √50
= 0.4984
𝑃 (𝑋 ≥ 8.5) = 𝑃 (𝑧 ≥ 0.4984)
= 𝑃 (𝑧 ≥ 0) − 𝑃 (0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 1.54)
= 0.5000 − (−0.4984)
= 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟖𝟒
Thus, the probability is 0.9984 or 99.84%.
 b. What is the probability that the average hours spend in the internet is less than 10
hours?
𝑋ത − 𝜇 9.5 − 10
𝑍= 𝜎 = = −𝟏. 𝟒𝟕
2.4
√𝑛 √50
= -0.4292
𝑃 (𝑋 ≤ 10) = 𝑃(𝑧 ≤ 0.4292)

= 𝑃 (𝑧 ≤ 0) − 𝑃 (0.4292 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 0)
= 0.5000 − (−0.4292)

= 𝟎. 𝟗𝟐𝟗𝟐
Thus, the probability is 0.9292 or 92.92%.

c. What is the probability that the average hours spend in the internet is between 9
hours and 10 hours?
𝑋ത = 9
𝑋ത − 𝜇 9 − 9.5
𝑍= 𝜎 = 2.4 = −𝟏. 𝟒𝟕
√𝑛 √50
= -0.4292
𝑋ത = 10
𝑋ത − 𝜇 10 − 9.5
𝑍= 𝜎 = = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟕
2.4
√𝑛 √50
= 0.4292

𝑃 (9 ≤ 𝑋ത ≤ 10) = 𝑃(−1.47 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 1.47)

= 𝑃 (𝑧 ≤ 0) − 𝑃 (0.4292 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 0)

= 0.4292 + 0.4292
= 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟖𝟒
Thus, the probability is 0.8584 or 85.84%.
 2. Suppose that the annual employment rate of private companies in a certain country is
to have a normal distribution with a mean of 4% and a standard deviation of 1.6%. A
random sample of 25 private companies is selected from the population and the sample
mean is calculated.

a. What is the probability that the sample mean will be less than 5%?
𝑋ത − 𝜇 0.05 − 0.04
𝑍= 𝜎 = = 3.12
0.016
√𝑛 √25
= 0.4991
𝑃 (𝑋 ≤ 0.5) = 𝑃 (𝑧 ≤ 0.4991)
= 𝑃 (𝑧 ≤ 0) − 𝑃 (0.4991 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 0)
= 0.5000 + 0.4991
= 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟏
Thus, the probability is 0.9991 or 99.91%.

b. What is the probability that the sample mean will be more than 3.5%?
𝑋ത − 𝜇 0.035 − 0.04
𝑍= 𝜎 = = −𝟏. 𝟓𝟔
0.016
√𝑛 √25
= -1.56
𝑃 (𝑋 ≥ 0.035) = 𝑃(𝑧 ≥ −1.56)
= 𝑃 (𝑧 ≥ 0) − 𝑃 (0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ −1.56)
= 0.5000 − (−0.4406)

= 𝟎. 𝟗𝟒𝟎𝟔
Thus, the probability is 0.9406 or 94.06%.
 c. What is the probability that the sample mean will be between 3% and 5%?

𝑋ത = 0.03
𝑋ത − 𝜇 0.03 − 0.04
𝑍= 𝜎 = = −𝟑. 𝟏𝟐
0.016
√𝑛 √25
= -0.4991
𝑋ത = 0.05
𝑋ത − 𝜇 0.05 − 0.04
𝑍= 𝜎 = = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟐
0.016
√𝑛 √25
= 0.4991

𝑃 (0.03 ≤ 𝑋ത ≤ 0.04) = 𝑃(−3.12 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 3.12)

= 𝑃 (𝑧 ≤ 0) − 𝑃 (0.4991 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 0)

= 0.4991 + 0.4991
= 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟖𝟐
Thus, the probability is 0.9982 or 99.82%.

3. According to SHS research teachers, the average time of senior high school research
proposal defense is 28.5 minutes and the standard deviation is 4.3 minutes. Assume that
the variable is normally distributed.

a. What is the probability that a randomly selected senior high school students will
defend their research proposals in less than 28 minutes?
𝑋ത − 𝜇 28 − 28.5
𝑍= = = −0.12
𝜎 4.3
= -0.0478
𝑃 (𝑋 ≤ 28) = 𝑃(𝑧 ≤ −0.0478)
= 𝑃 (𝑧 ≤ 0) − 𝑃 (−0.0478 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 0)
= 0.5000 − 0.0478
= 𝟎.4522
Thus, the probability is 0.4522 or 45.22%.
 b. What is the probability that a randomly selected senior high school students will
defend their research proposals in more than 28 minutes?
𝑋ത − 𝜇 28 − 28.5
𝑍= = = −0.12
𝜎 4.3
= -0.0478
𝑃 (𝑋 ≤ 28) = 𝑃(𝑧 ≤ −0.0478)

= 𝑃 (𝑧 ≤ 0) − 𝑃 (−0.0478 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 0)
= 0.5000 + 0.0478
= 𝟎.5478
Thus, the probability is 0.5478 or 54.78%.

c. What is the probability that 45 senior high school students who are randomly
selected will defend their research proposals with an average time of less than 28
minutes?
𝑋ത − 𝜇 28 − 28.5
𝑍= 𝜎 = = −0.78
4.3
√𝑛 √45
= -0.2823
𝑃 (𝑋 ≤ 0.5) = 𝑃 (𝑧 ≤ 0.4991)
= 𝑃 (𝑧 ≤ 0) − 𝑃 (0.4991 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 0)
= 0.5000 − ( −0.2823)

= 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟐𝟑
Thus, the probability is 0.7823 or 78.23%.
 d. What is the probability that 50 senior high school students who are randomly
selected will defend their research proposals with an average time of between 27.5
minutes and 29.5 minutes?
𝑋ത = 27.5

𝑋ത − 𝜇 27.5 − 28.5
𝑍= 𝜎 = = −𝟏. 𝟔𝟒
4.3
√𝑛 √50
= -0.4495
𝑋ത = 29.5

𝑋ത − 𝜇 29.5 − 28.5
𝑍= 𝜎 = = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟒
4.3
√𝑛 √50
= 0.4495
𝑃 (27.5 ≤ 𝑋ത ≤ 29.5) = 𝑃(−1.64 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 1.64)
= 𝑃 (𝑧 ≤ 0) − 𝑃 (0.4495 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 0)
= 0.4495 + 0.4495
= 𝟎. 𝟖𝟗𝟗
Thus, the probability is 0.899 or 89.90%.

Reflection:
Sampling distribution is an act of taking samples of the given random variable. Samples or more
precisely some parameter of the samples such as sample means will be itself a random value. Its
distribution is a sample distribution.
 Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region 02 (Cagayan Valley)
Schools Division Office of Isabela Tumauini North District
300610-REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL for REGION 02
Camp Samal, Arcon, Tumauini, Isabela 3325

Excelsior RSHS

Name: Roilan Francis B. Salvador Date: April 23, 2021

Grade & Section: 11-Executive Teacher: Ma’am Jaybel Calumpit

STATISTICS & PROBABILITY 11

The t-DISTRIBUTION

PRACTICE EXERCISE 3
Directions: Solve the following problems. [ 5 points each]
1. A researcher gathers a plasma samples from 20 patients who recovered from COVID-19.
He conducts one-tailed t-test for a mean using an alpha level of 0.05. Once he conducts his
one-tailed t-test and obtains a test statistics t, what critical value should he compare t to?
Given:
n =20
a =0.05
Solve for df:
df = n-1
df = 19

The intersection between df=19 and α = 0.05 is 1.72911, the critical value of t.
t= 1.72
2. The average number of milligrams (mg) of cholesterol in a serving of a certain brand of
milk tea is 660 mg, and the standard deviation is 35 mg. Assume the variable is normally
distributed. What is the t-value if a sample of 10 servings of milk tea selected has a sample
mean of 670 mg of cholesterol?
𝑋ത−𝜇 670−660
𝑍= 𝜎 = 35 = 0.90
√𝑛 √10

t = 0.90
3. An electronic company claims that the average life of the smartphone battery it
manufactures is 14 hours with a standard deviation of 3 hours. What is the t-value if a
random sample of 25 smartphones chosen has a sample mean of 15 hours?
𝑋ത−𝜇 15−14
𝑍= 𝜎 = 3 = 1.667
√𝑛 √25

t = 1.677
Reflection
After the lesson, I have learned that
The dispersion of t distribution is much more than the normal distribution. As the size of the sample
‘n’ increases, it is considered as a normal distribution. Here, the given sample size is taken larger
than n>=30.
 Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region 02 (Cagayan Valley)
Schools Division Office of Isabela Tumauini North District
300610-REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL for REGION 02
Camp Samal, Arcon, Tumauini, Isabela 3325

Excelsior RSHS

Name: Roilan Francis B. Salvador Date: April 25, 2021

Grade & Section: 11-Executive Teacher: Ma’am Jaybel Calumpit

STATISTICS & PROBABILITY 11

PERCENTILES USING T- DISTRIBUTION TABLES
PRACTICE EXERCISE 3
A. Directions: For each situation, specify the corresponding t-value. Be
mindful of the sign and feel free to use the t-table. [ 3 points
each]
1. 90th percentile, df =28
Given:
90th Percentile
df = 28
[SOL]
1-0.90 = 0.10
t = 1.31257/1.31
2. df = 13, α = 0.10
Given:
a = 0.10
df = 13
[SOL]
1-0.90 = 0.10
t = 1.350171/1.350
3. 2.5th percentile for n = 20
t = =2.08596/-2.086
4. 75th percentile, n = 12
t = 0.69774/0.687
5. t-values that bound the middle 60% with df=12
t = 0.259033 /0.259
B. Directions: Find the percentile given the following data. [ 3 points each]
1. df = 19, t-value = -2.093
2.5th percentile
2. n = 13, t-value = -0.259
40th percentile
3. df = 20, t-value = -2.845
0.5th percentile
4. n= 21, t-value = -1.725
5th percentile
5. n= 27, t-value = 0.684
75th percentile
Reflection
After the lesson, I have learned that
The t-distribution is symmetric and bell-shaped like normal distribution but its values fall more
often away from the mean value. The t-distribution approaches normal distribution with an
increase in the number of degrees of freedom.
 Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region 02 (Cagayan
Valley) Schools Division Office of Isabela Tumauini North District
300610-REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL for REGION 02
Camp Samal, Arcon, Tumauini, Isabela 3325

Excelsior RSHS

Name: Roilan Francis B. Salvador Date: April 25, 2021

Grade & Section: 11-Executive Teacher: Ma’am Jaybel Calumpit

STATISTICS & PROBABILITY 11

IDENTIFYING THE LENGTH OF CONFIDENCE INTERVAL
EXERCISE 3

Directions: Solve the problem. Follow the given steps in finding the length of the confidence
interval. Show complete solution in a separate sheet of paper.

1. A company that manufactures electronic calculators uses a certain type of plastic.

An alternative plastic material is introduced in the market and the manager of the
company is thinking of shifting to this material. He will decide to shift if the mean
breaking strength of the new material is greater than 155. It is known that the
breaking strengths of the new plastic material follow the normal distribution and
have a standard deviation of 10 psi (pounds per square inch). Six samples of the
new plastic materials were randomly selected, and their breaking strengths were
determined. The data obtained were 156, 154, 168, 157, 160 and 158.
a. Identify and interpret a 98% confidence interval for the true mean breaking
strength of the new plastic material.

Given:
Population standard deviation, 𝜎 = 10 𝑝𝑠𝑖
Sample Size, n = 6

Sample Mean, 𝑋ത =?
Solve for Sample Mean, 𝑋ത

156 + 154 + 168 + 157 + 160 + 158

𝑋ത =
6

𝑋ത = 158.8

Solve for Margin of Error:

98% - 0.01 on each tail
0.01 corresponds to 2.33 on the Normal Table
𝜎
E = 𝑍𝑎
2 √𝑛
10
E = 2.33
√6

E = 9.51 or 10

Solve for Lower Limit and Upper Limit

Lower Limit: 𝑿ഥ − 𝑬 = 𝟏𝟓𝟖. 𝟖 − 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟏𝟒𝟖. 𝟖
ഥ
Upper Limit: 𝑿 + 𝑬 = 𝟏𝟓𝟖. 𝟖 + 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟏𝟔𝟖. 𝟖

We therefore say that we are 98% confident that the true mean breaking strength of
the new plastic material is between 148.8 and 168.8 psi.

b. Identify and interpret a 95% confidence interval for the true mean breaking
strength of the new plastic material.
Solve for Margin of Error:
95% - 0.025 on each tail
0.025 correspond to 1.96 on the Normal Table
𝜎
E = 𝑍𝑎
2 √𝑛
10
E = 1.96
√6

E=8

Solve for Lower Limit and Upper Limit

Lower Limit: 𝑿ഥ − 𝑬 = 𝟏𝟓𝟖. 𝟖 − 𝟖 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎. 𝟖
ഥ + 𝑬 = 𝟏𝟓𝟖. 𝟖 + 𝟖 = 𝟏𝟔𝟔. 𝟖
Upper Limit: 𝑿

We say that we are 95% confident that the true mean breaking strength of the new
plastic material is between 150.8 and 166.8 psi.
 2. The nickel metal Hydride (Nimh) battery is one of the highly advertised rechargeable
batteries today. It is lighter and can last up to 2 to 4 times longer than alkaline or standard
Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) batteries. To evaluate its performance, a random sample of 10
Nimh batteries was taken. The number of photos taken using each battery in a digital
camera is given as follows: 405, 564, 342, 456, 435, 543, 473, 452, 462, and 475.

Identify the length of a 95% confidence interval for the true mean number of photos taken
using the Nimh battery and interpret.

Solve for Sample Mean, 𝑋ത

405 + 564 + 342 + 456 + 435 + 543 + 473 + 452 + 462 + 475
𝑋ത =
10

𝑋ത = 460.7

Solve for Standard Deviation:

∑(𝑥 − 𝑋)2
𝑆=√
𝑛−1
∑(𝟒𝟎𝟓 − 𝟒𝟔𝟎. 𝟕)𝟐 (𝟓𝟔𝟒 − 𝟒𝟔𝟎. 𝟕)𝟐 (𝟑𝟒𝟐 − 𝟒𝟔𝟎. 𝟕)𝟐 (𝟒𝟓𝟔 − 𝟒𝟔𝟎. 𝟕) 𝟐 (𝟒𝟑𝟓 − 𝟒𝟔𝟎. 𝟕)𝟐 (𝟓𝟒𝟑 − 𝟒𝟔𝟎. 𝟕)𝟐 (𝟒𝟕𝟑 − 𝟒𝟔𝟎. 𝟕)𝟐 (𝟒𝟓𝟐 − 𝟒𝟔𝟎. 𝟕)𝟐 (𝟒𝟔𝟐 − 𝟒𝟔𝟎. 𝟕) 𝟐 (𝟒𝟕𝟓 − 𝟒𝟔𝟎. 𝟕)𝟐
=√
𝟏𝟎 − 𝟏

S = 63.03

Solve for Margin of Error:

95% - 0.025 on each tail
0.025 corresponds to 1.96 on the Normal Table
𝜎
E = 𝑍𝑎
2 √𝑛
63.03
E = 1.96
√10

E = 39.07

Solve for Lower Limit and Upper Limit

Lower Limit: 𝑿ഥ − 𝑬 = 𝟒𝟔𝟎. 𝟕 − 𝟑𝟗. 𝟎𝟕 = 𝟒𝟐𝟏
ഥ + 𝑬 = 𝟒𝟔𝟎. 𝟕 + 𝟑𝟗. 𝟎𝟕 = 𝟒𝟗𝟗
Upper Limit: 𝑿

We say that we are 95% confident that the true mean number of photos taken using the
Nimh battery is between 421 and 499 photos.

Reflection:

What have you learned from this topic?

The expected length of a confidence interval is shown to equal the integral over false values of the
probability each false value is included. Thus two desiderata for choosing among confidence
procedures lead to the same measure of desirability.
 Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region 02 (Cagayan
Valley) Schools Division Office of Isabela Tumauini North District
300610-REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL for REGION 02
Camp Samal, Arcon, Tumauini, Isabela 3325

Excelsior RSHS

Name: Roilan Francis B. Salvador Date: April 27, 2021

Grade & Section: 11-Executive Teacher: Ma’am Jaybel Calumpit

STATISTICS & PROBABILITY 11

COMPUTE FOR THE LENGTH OF THE CONFIDENCE
INTERVAL
EXERCISE 3
1. The head of a certain university observes a decline on the alcoholic expenditures
of learners from a monthly expenditure of Php 350 pesos in the previous year. To
check on this, he randomly selected 10 learners who drink alcoholic beverages
and asked the amount, in pesos, that they usually spend on alcoholic beverages in a
month. It is known that the usual amount spent on alcoholic beverages by learners
who drink alcoholic beverages follows the normal distribution with standard
deviation of Php 10. The data collected are: 400, 235, 200, 250, 200, 300, 500,
430, 420, and 220.
a. How long are the length of a 95% and 90% confidence interval for the true
mean amount spent by the learners on alcoholic beverages?
Given:
Population standard deviation, 𝜎 = 10
Sample Size, n = 10

Sample Mean, 𝑋ത =?

Solve for Sample Mean, 𝑋ത

400 + 235 + 200 + 250 + 200 + 300 + 500 + 430 + 420 + 220
𝑋ത =
10

𝑋ത = 315.5
Solve for Margin of Error:
95% - 0.025 on each tail
0.025 corresponds to 1.96 on the Normal Table
𝜎
E = 𝑍𝑎
2 √𝑛
10
E = 1.96
√10

E = 6.2

Solve for Length of Confidence Interval:

𝜎
L = 2(𝑍𝑎 )
2 √𝑛
L = 12.4

Solve for Margin of Error:

90% - 0.05 on each tail
0.025 corresponds to 1.96 on the Normal Table
𝜎
E = 𝑍𝑎
2 √𝑛
10
E = 1.645
√10

E = 5.2

Solve for Length of Confidence Interval:

𝜎
L = 2(𝑍𝑎 )
2 √𝑛
L = 10.4
The length of a 95% and 90% confidence interval for the true mean amount spent by the
learners on alcoholic beverages is 12.4 and 10.4, respectively.
 b. How was the length of the confidence interval affected by the decrease in the
confidence coefficient holding the other factors constant?
Holding other factors constant, as the confidence coefficient decreases,
the length of the interval becomes narrower and vice versa.

2. The following data represent the age in weeks at which babies’ first crawl based
on a survey of 12 mothers. How long is the length of a 95% confidence interval of
the mean age at which a baby first crawls?
52 30 44 35 47 37
56 26 39 26 39 28
Given:
Population standard deviation, 𝜎 = 10
Sample Size, n = 12

Sample Mean, 𝑋ത =?

Solve for Standard Deviation:

S = 10
Solve for Margin of Error:
95% - 0.025 on each tail
0.025 corresponds to 1.96 on the Normal Table
𝜎
E = 𝑍𝑎
2 √𝑛
10
E = 1.96
√12

E = 6.35

Solve for Length of Confidence Interval:

𝜎
L = 2(𝑍𝑎 )
2 √𝑛
L = 12.7

The length of 95% confidence interval of the mean age at which a baby first crawl is 12.7

Reflection:

What have you learned from this topic?

The purpose of confidence intervals is to give us a range of values for our estimated population
parameter rather than a single value or a point estimate. The estimated confidence interval gives us a
range of values within which we believe with certain probability (confidence level), that the true
population value falls.
 Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region 02 (Cagayan
Valley) Schools Division Office of Isabela Tumauini North District
300610-REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL for REGION 02
Camp Samal, Arcon, Tumauini, Isabela 3325

Excelsior RSHS

Name: Roilan Francis B. Salvador Date: April 29, 2021

Grade & Section: 11-Executive Teacher: Ma’am Jaybel Calumpit

STATISTICS & PROBABILITY 11

COMPUTE FOR AN APPROPRIATE SAMPLE SIZE USING THE
LENGTH OF THE CONFIDENCE INTERVAL
EXERCISE 3
Directions: Analyze and solve the given problem below. Justify your answer.
1. A random sample of 81 workers at a company showed that they work an average of 100 hours
per month with a standard deviation of 27 hours. At 95% confidence, how many more workers
need to be included in the sample to provide a confidence interval with length 4?
Given:
Population standard deviation, 𝜎 = 27
Length, L=4
Sample, n=81

Solve for Appropriate Sample Size

𝜎
𝑛 = (2𝑍𝑎 )2
2𝐿
27
𝑛 = (2 × 1.96 )2
4
𝑛 = 701
𝑛 = 701 − 81
𝒏 = 𝟔𝟐𝟎
620 more workers are needed to be included in the sample.

Reflection:
What have you learned from this topic?
Confidence interval is used to address our uncertainty in the average income we estimated, the 95%
confidence interval in layman terms means if I were to repeat my survey a 100 times the answer I will be
getting in 95 times is bounded by my confidence interval. This is useful in Statistics when we would like
to know how confident we are in answers we get from the data.

Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region 02 (Cagayan

Valley) Schools Division Office of Isabela Tumauini North District
300610-REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL for REGION 02
Camp Samal, Arcon, Tumauini, Isabela 3325

Excelsior RSHS

Name: Roilan Francis B. Salvador Date: April 29, 2021

Grade & Section: 11-Executive Teacher: Ma’am Jaybel Calumpit

STATISTICS & PROBABILITY 11

SOLVE PROBLEMS INVOLVING SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION
EXERCISE 3

Directions: Analyze and solve the given problem below. Show your complete solution
in a separate sheet of paper.
1. Find the sample size needed to estimate the population mean to be within 1⁄5 of the
standard deviation with 99% confidence.
~166 samples

Reflection:

What have you learned from this topic?

As sample size selection is the most important and first step in carrying out sample survey and when
it goes into operation. Most important thing is that, as sample size increases, variance of estimator
decreases, but at the same time more cost is involved in selecting large sample. So, we have to maintain
a balance between these two aspects.