Lecture 2

Electromagnetic Waves 1
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Dr. rer. nat. Mohamed Mokhtar Faculty of Engineering and Technology
1
Coulomb’s Law and Electric Field Intensity
The magnitude of the force between two point Opposite charges attract each other
charges is:
F21 F12
q1 q2
k Q1 Q2 + -
F=
R2 r
Similar charges repel each other

where q1 and q2 are the charges, r is the separation
between the two charges and k = 8.99109 Nm2/C2.
q1 q2
1 F21 F12
where k = and  0 = 8.85 10 −12 2
C /Nm 2
4 0 + +
r
and 0 is called the permittivity of free space.
2
Coulomb Force with Charges
Off-Origin
Repulsive force
3
Example 2.1 We illustrate the use of the vector form of Coulomb’s law by locating a charge of
Q1 = 3 × 10−4 C at M(1, 2, 3) and a charge of Q2 = −10−4 C at N(2, 0, 5) in a
vacuum. We desire the force exerted on Q2 by Q1.
Answer:
R12 = r2 − r1 = (2 − 1)ax + (0 − 2)ay + (5 − 3)az = ax − 2ay + 2az
|R12| = 3
1
a12 = (ax − 2ay + 2az )
3
3 × 10−4× (−10−4) ax − 2ay + 2az ax − 2ay + 2az

F2 = ( ) = -30 ( )
4π(1/36π)10−9 × 32 3 3
F2 = −10ax + 20ay − 20az

4
Electric Field Intensity
Consider the force acting on a test charge, Qt , arising from charge Q1:
where a1t is the unit vector directed from Q1 to Qt
The electric field intensity is defined as the force per unit test charge, or
N/C
E is the electric field intensity evaluated at the test charge location that arises from all other charges.
A more convenient unit for electric field is V/m, as will be shown.

5
Electric Field of a Charge Off-Origin
6
Superposition of Fields From Two Point Charges
For n charges:
7
Example 2.2
Find E at P(1, 1, 1) caused by four identical 3-nC charges located at P1(1, 1, 0), P2(−1, 1, 0),
P3(−1,−1, 0), and P4(1,−1, 0), as shown in Figure 2.4.
Answer:
Find E at P, using
First, find the vectors:
𝑟 − 𝑟1 = 𝑎𝑧
𝑟 − 𝑟2 = 2𝑎𝑥 +𝑎𝑧
𝑟 − 𝑟3 = 2𝑎𝑥 +2𝑎𝑦 +𝑎𝑧
𝑟 − 𝑟4 = 2𝑎𝑦 +𝑎𝑧 8
9
Volume Charge Density
The small amount of charge Q in a small volume ν is
∆𝑄 = 𝜌∆𝑉
we may define ρν mathematically by using a limiting process on the above equation
….so that the charge contained within a volume is
10
Example 2.3
Find the charge contained within a 2-cm length of the electron beam shown below,
in which the charge density is 𝜌𝑣 = -5 × 10−6 𝑒 −𝜌𝑧 C/𝑚3
Answer:
We integrate first with respect to φ
then with respect to z
11
Q
And finally with respect to 𝜌
12
Various charge distributions and charge elements
Elements of Electromagnetics, Matthew Sadiku
13
Field of a line charge
Line charge of constant density L Coul/m lies along the entire z
axis.
At point P, the electric field arising from charge dQ on the z
axis is:
where
and
so that
Therefore
14
By symmetry, only a radial
component is present:
Moving ten times as far from a point charge leads to a

field only 1 percent the previous strength, but moving
More details about this integration can be found in Elements of ten times as far from a line charge only reduces the field
Electromagnetics, Matthew Sadiku, P 113 to 10 percent of its former value.
15
Example: let us consider an infinite line charge parallel to the z axis at x = 6, y = 8,
shown in Figure 2.7. We wish to find E at the general field point P(x, y, z).
Answer:
We replace ρ by the radial distance between the line charge
and point P,
R = (x − 6)2 + (y − 8)2, and let aρ be aR. Thus,
16
where
Finally:
NB: We again note that the field is not a function of z.
17
Field of a sheet of charge
∵ρL =ρS dy,
∵𝜌= 𝑥2+𝑦´2
The contribution to Ex at P from this differential-width strip is

then
𝑥=𝑅 cos𝜃
The total field on the x axis is:
18
Types of Streamline Sketches of Fields:
Figure 2.9 (a) One very poor sketch, (b) and (c) two fair sketches, and
(d ) the usual form of a streamline sketch. In the last form, the arrows
show the direction of the field at every point along the line, and the
spacing of the lines is inversely proportional to the strength of the field.
19
• In the case of the two-dimensional field, let us arbitrarily set
Ez = 0
The ratio of the y and x field components gives

the slope of the field plot in the x-y plane
• A knowledge of the functional form of Ex and Ey (and the

ability to solve the resultant differential equation) will enable
us to obtain the equations of the streamlines. Figure 2.10 The equation of a streamline is obtained
by solving the differential equation Ey/Ex = dy/dx.
❖ The closer the streamlines are together, the stronger is the

field.
20
Example: find the equation of streamlines for the field of the uniform
line charge with ρL = 2πɛ0
Answer: Begin with the normalized line charge field in cylindrical coordinates:
Convert to rectangular components:
Then
whose solution is
Finally
21
Thank you
22

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Electromagnetic Waves 1

Dr. rer. nat. Mohamed Mokhtar Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Similar charges repel each other

3 × 10−4× (−10−4) ax − 2ay + 2az ax − 2ay + 2az

F2 = −10ax + 20ay − 20az

where a1t is the unit vector directed from Q1 to Qt

A more convenient unit for electric field is V/m, as will be shown.

First, find the vectors:

we may define ρν mathematically by using a limiting process on the above equation

….so that the charge contained within a volume is

We integrate first with respect to φ

then with respect to z

And finally with respect to 𝜌

Elements of Electromagnetics, Matthew Sadiku

Moving ten times as far from a point charge leads to a

R = (x − 6)2 + (y − 8)2, and let aρ be aR. Thus,

NB: We again note that the field is not a function of z.

The contribution to Ex at P from this differential-width strip is

The total field on the x axis is:

The ratio of the y and x field components gives

• A knowledge of the functional form of Ex and Ey (and the

❖ The closer the streamlines are together, the stronger is the

Convert to rectangular components:

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