ADVANCED LEVEL PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY PROBLEMS

CHAPTER 8: CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA

1. (a). During the manufacture of sulphuric acid by contact process, sulphur dioxide is
oxidised to sulphur(VI) oxide according to the following equation.

2𝑆𝑂2(𝑔) + 𝑂2(𝑔) ⇋ 2𝑆𝑂3(𝑔) ; ∆𝐻 = −188𝑘𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙−1

State the effect on the yield of sulphur(VI) oxide if

(i). Temperature was increased
(ii). Pressure was decreased
(iii). Concentration of sulphur dioxide was increased
(b). Write equation to show how sulphuric acid can be obtained from sulphur(VI) oxide

2. Nitrogen monoxide combines with oxygen according to the following equation

2𝑁𝑂(𝑔) + 𝑂2(𝑔) ⇋ 2𝑁𝑂2(𝑔)

(a). Write an expression for the equilibrium constant 𝐾𝑐

(b). 3.0 moles of nitrogen monoxide and 1.5 moles of oxygen were put in a 1 litre vessel.
When equilibrium was attained, the vessel was found to contain 0.5 mole of oxygen.
Calculate the equilibrium constant Kc at this temperature.
(c). When temperature was raised to 500 ºC, the mixture in (b) was found to contain 25%
of the initial nitrogen monoxide. Calculate the equilibrium constant Kc at this
temperature.
(d). From your answers in (b) and (c), deduce whether the process is endothermic or
exothermic.

3. Consider the reaction between sulphur dioxide and oxygen to produce sulphur trioxide at
700ºC.

2𝑆𝑂2(𝑔) + 𝑂2(𝑔) ⇋ 2𝑆𝑂3(𝑔) ∆𝐻 = −𝑣𝑒

(a). Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc, an state its units
(b). What happens to the sulphur trioxide in the equilibrium mixture if,
(i). Temperature was raised from 700 to 800ºC.
(ii). More oxygen is added
(iii). More nitrogen is added
(iv). Volume of the reaction vessel is increased.
(c). The equilibrium mixture above at 700ºC contains 0.4 mol of sulphur dioxide and 0.03
mol of oxygen and 1.00 mol of sulphur trioxide in 20 dm3 container. Calculate the
value of equilibrium constant Kc.
Ecolebooks.com

4. The reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen takes place as follows.

𝑁2(𝑔) + 3𝐻2(𝑔) ⇋ 2𝑁𝐻3(𝑔) ∆𝐻 = −𝑣𝑒

@[email protected]
(a). Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, 𝐾𝑐, for the forward reaction
(b). At 500ºc, the equilibrium concentration of hydrogen is 0.25 moldm-3 and that of
nitrogen is 0.27 moldm-3. Calculate the equilibrium concentration of ammonia at the
same temperature given that the equilibrium constant, Kc is 6.0 × 10−2 mol-2dm6 (c).
What would happen to the ammonia at equilibrium if
(i). Helium was added
(ii). Temperature was increased

5. (a). The degree of dissociation of 3.4 mole of hydrogen iodide at 460ºC was found to be
20%. Calculate the
(i). Number of moles of hydrogen iodide, hydrogen and iodine formed at equilibrium
(ii). Equilibrium constant, Kc, for the dissociation reaction.
(b). A mixture containing 28 moles of hydrogen and 22 moles of iodine was heated in a
sealed tube at 460 ºC until equilibrium was attained when 36 moles of hydrogen
iodide was obtained. Calculate the degree of dissociation of hydrogen iodide at 460ºC.

6. (a). In the Haber process, ammonia is synthesised from nitrogen and hydrogen. (i).
Write the equation for the reaction leading to the formation of ammonia (ii). Write
an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc.
(b). When nitrogen was reacted with hydrogen at 690K, the total pressure of the system at
equilibrium was 32 atmospheres and the partial pressure of hydrogen and nitrogen
were 8 and 3 atmospheres respectively. Calculate the
(i). Partial pressure of ammonia in equilibrium mixture (ii).
Equilibrium constant for the reaction

7. Phosphorus(V) chloride decomposes at high temperature according to the following

equation

𝑃𝐶𝑙5(𝑔) ⇋ 𝑃𝐶𝑙3(𝑔) + 𝐶𝑙2(𝑔)

When 40.2 g of phosphorus(V) chloride was placed in 4.5 litre vessel and heated at a
certain pressure, 4.2g of chlorine was formed at equilibrium. (a). Calculate the
(i). Amount of phosphorus(V) chloride and phosphorus(III) chloride at equilibrium
in moles per litre.
(ii). Equilibrium constant, 𝐾𝑐, for the reaction and state its units
(b). State how the value of equilibrium constant would be affected and in each case, give
a reason for your answer if
(i). The pressure was increased. (ii).
Some chlorine was removed.

DOWNLOAD MORE RESOURCES LIKE THIS ON ECOLEBOOKS.COM

Ecolebooks.com

8. Hydrogen and iodine react to form hydrogen iodide according to the equation

𝐻2(𝑔) + 𝐼2(𝑔) ⇋ 2𝐻𝐼(𝑔)

(a). (i). Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, 𝐾𝑐, for the reaction

(ii). 1 mole of hydrogen and 1 mole of iodine were heated together at 450ºC until
3

equilibrium was attained. Calculate the number of moles of hydrogen iodide

present in the equilibrium mixture at 450ºC. (𝐾𝑐 for the reaction between hydrogen
and iodine is 50)
(b). Briefly describe how the concentration of iodine in the equilibrium mixture can be
determined.
(c). Describe an experiment to determine the equilibrium constant, 𝐾𝑐, for the
decomposition of phosphorus(V) chloride.

9. (a). Ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid to form ethylethanoate according to the equation

𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻(𝑙) + 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝐻2𝑂𝐻(𝑙) ⇋ 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐶𝐻2𝐶𝐻3(𝑙) + 𝐻2𝑂(𝑙) ; ∆𝐻 = −𝑣𝑒

(i). State the conditions for the reaction

(ii). Describe how the equilibrium constant, 𝐾𝑐, for the reaction can be determined by
a titrimetric method.
(b). Explain what would happen to the equilibrium constant if
(i). A catalyst was added
(ii). Temperature was increased
(c). A mixture of 0.69g of ethanol and 0.9g of ethanoic acid were allowed to react at 90ºC
until equilibrium was reached. Calculate the mass of ethylethanoate formed.
(equilibrium constant, 𝐾𝑐, for the reaction is 3.6)

10. (a). At a certain temperature, the equilibrium constant for the reaction between nitrogen
and hydrogen, 𝐾𝑝, is 4.82 × 10−2 𝑎𝑡𝑚−2 and the partial pressures of nitrogen and hydrogen
are 30 and 120 atm respectively
(i). Write the expression for the equilibrium constant. 𝐾𝑝, for the reaction
(ii). Calculate the partial pressure of ammonia at equilibrium
(b). 1 mole of sulphur trioxide was introduced into a 1dm3 vessel. The vessel was heated
to 1000K until equilibrium was attained. At equilibrium, 0.35 mol of sulphur trioxide
was present.
(i). Write equation for the decomposition of sulphur trioxide (ii).
Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc.
(iii). Calculate the value of 𝐾𝑐.

DOWNLOAD MORE RESOURCES LIKE THIS ON ECOLEBOOKS.COM

Ecolebooks.com

11. Nitrogen(II) oxide combines with oxygen at 80ºC and 200 atm to form nitrogen(IV) oxide
according to the equation.

2𝑁𝑂(𝑔) + 𝑂2(𝑔) ⇋ 2𝑁𝑂2(𝑔) ; ∆𝐻 = −𝑣𝑒

(a). (i). Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, 𝐾𝑝, for the reaction.
(ii). Calculate the value of 𝐾𝑝 if the mixture contained 67% nitrogen(IV) oxide at
equilibrium
(b). State how the value of 𝐾𝑝 will be affected if
(i). Temperature was increased (ii).
A catalyst was added

12. Ethanol decomposes according to the following equation

𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝐻2𝑂𝐻(𝑔) ⇋ 𝐶𝐻4(𝑔) + 𝐶𝑂(𝑔) ; ∆𝐻 = −𝑣𝑒

(a). Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, 𝐾𝑝, for the reaction
(b). Explain how the value of 𝐾𝑝 would be affected if
(i). Temperature was increased (ii).
Pressure is increased

13. (a). Write an

(i). Equation for the reaction between hydrogen and nitrogen
(ii). Expression for the equilibrium constant of the reaction in (i)
(b). When hydrogen was reacted with nitrogen at 895K, the total pressure of the system
was 30 atm at equilibrium and the total pressure of nitrogen and hydrogen were 2
and 6 respectively. Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction

14. (a). Manganese(IV) sulphide reacts with acids according to the equation

𝑀𝑛𝑆(𝑠) + 2𝐻3𝑂+(𝑎𝑞) ⇋ 𝑀𝑛2+(𝑎𝑞) + 2𝐻2𝑂(𝑙) + 𝐻2𝑆(𝑎𝑞)

State giving a reason in each case, what would happen to the equilibrium if
(i). Hydrogen chloride is bubbled in the equilibrium mixture
(ii). pH of the mixture is increased
(iii). The mixture was diluted with water.
(b). Hydrogen reacts with iodine according to the following equation

𝐻2(𝑔) + 𝐼2(𝑔) ⇋ 2𝐻𝐼(𝑔)

A mixture of 0.8 mole of hydrogen and 0.6 mole of iodine was allowed to react in
a sealed tube at 450ºC. at equilibrium, 0.2 mole of iodine had reacted. (i).

DOWNLOAD MORE RESOURCES LIKE THIS ON ECOLEBOOKS.COM

Ecolebooks.com

Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, 𝐾𝑐, for the reaction (ii).
Calculate the value of Kc at 450ºC.

15. (a). State three characteristics of a chemical equilibrium.

(b). Phosphorus pentachloride decomposes when heated at 190ºC according to the
following equation
𝑃𝐶𝑙5(𝑔) ⇋ 𝑃𝐶𝑙3(𝑔) + 𝐶𝑙2(𝑔)

Describe an experiment that can be carried out to determine the equilibrium

constant, 𝐾𝑐, for the reaction
(c). Sulphur dioxide dichloride (sulphoryl dichloride) decomposes when heated according
to the following equation.
𝑆𝑂2𝐶𝑙2(𝑔) ⇋ 𝑆𝑂2(𝑔) + 𝐶𝑙2(𝑔)

When 67.5g of sulphur dioxide dichloride was heated in a 1 dm3 vessel at 120ºC and
3.6 atmospheres, it was found that at equilibrium, 45% of it had decomposed. (i).
Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, 𝐾𝑝.
(ii). Calculate the number of moles of each substance present at equilibrium.
(iii). Determine the value of the equilibrium constant, 𝐾𝑐.

16. Nitrogen reacts with hydrogen according to the equation

𝑁2(𝑔) + 3𝐻2(𝑔) ⇋ 2𝑁𝐻3(𝑔)

(a). Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, 𝐾𝑝, for the reaction and state its
units
(b). Stoichiometric amounts of nitrogen and hydrogen were reacted at 40 atm and at
equilibrium, 0.8 mole of ammonia was formed. Calculate the
(i). Amount of hydrogen at equilibrium
(ii). Value of the equilibrium constant, 𝐾𝑝

17. (a). In the industrial production of sulphuric acid by contact process, sulphur dioxide is
oxidised to sulphur trioxide in the presence of a catalyst according to the equation.

(i). Name the catalyst used in the process

(ii). Explain why the reaction is carried out at 500ºC
(iii). Sulphuric acid is used in the manufacture of superphosphate fertiliser. Write
the equation for the reaction
(iv). Give one other large scale of sulphuric acid.
(b). Concentrated sulphuric acid contains 98% of the acid. Calculate the mass of
concentrated sulphuric acid required to make 2.0M solution of sulphuric acid.
(c). Name one reagent that can be used to identify the anion in sulphuric acid. State what
would be observed and write the equation for the reaction that takes place when the
reagent you have named is used

DOWNLOAD MORE RESOURCES LIKE THIS ON ECOLEBOOKS.COM

Ecolebooks.com

18. Hydrogen reacts with nitrogen to produce ammonia according to the following equation

𝑁2(𝑔) + 3𝐻2(𝑔) ⇋ 2𝑁𝐻3(𝑔)

(a). Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, 𝐾𝑐.

(b). State giving reasons, what would happen to the value of equilibrium constant when
(i). Pressure is added to the equilibrium mixture
(ii). Argon is added to the reaction mixture at constant pressure
(iii). Argon is added to the reaction mixture at constant volume

19. Hydrogen iodide decomposes when heated according to the equation

2𝐻𝐼(𝑔) ⇋ 𝐻2(𝑔) + 𝐼2(𝑔)

(a). Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the reaction
(b). 1.54g of hydrogen iodide was heated in a 600cm3 bulb at 530ºC. When equilibrium
was established, the bulb was broken under potassium iodide solution. The iodine
formed from the decomposition required 67.0cm3 of 0.1M sodium thiosulphate
solution for complete reaction. Calculate the
(i). Number of moles of hydrogen iodide in 1.54g
(ii). Number of moles of iodine formed
(iii). Value of equilibrium constant 𝐾𝑐.
(c). State what would be the effect on the value of Kc if
(i). Temperature was increased from 530 to 800ºC.
(ii). The volume of the bulb was decreased to 120cm3

20. (a). Discuss the effect of the following on the position of equilibrium of a reversible
reaction, the rate of attainment of equilibrium and the value of equilibrium constant.
(i). Temperature
(ii). Pressure
(iii). Catalyst
(b). Write an expression for the equilibrium constant 𝐾𝑐 or 𝐾𝑝 as appropriate for the
following reactions at equilibrium and indicate the units in each case.

2𝐴 + 𝐵 ⇋ 𝐶 + 3𝐷

(i). A, B, C and D are all gases

(ii). A, B, C, and D are all liquids
(iii). A, B, C are solids and D is a gas

21. Phosphorus(V) chloride when heated decomposes according to the equation

𝑃𝐶𝑙5(𝑔) ⇋ 𝑃𝐶𝑙3(𝑔) + 𝐶𝑙2(𝑔)

DOWNLOAD MORE RESOURCES LIKE THIS ON ECOLEBOOKS.COM

Ecolebooks.com

(a). A sample of pure phosphorus(V) chloride was heated in a 1 litre vessel to 250ºC.
When equilibrium was attained, the vessel was found to contain 40.7% chlorine.
Calculate the
(i). Molar concentration of phosphorus(V) chloride at equilibrium
(ii). Equilibrium constant, 𝐾𝑐, for the reaction at 250ºC.
(b). Explain what would happen to the concentration of chlorine if the pressure in the
vessel was decreased at constant temperature.

22. Dinitrogen tetraoxide dissociates according to the equation

𝑁2𝑂4(𝑔) ⇋ 2𝑁𝑂2(𝑔) ; ∆𝐻 = +54𝑘𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙−1

(a). State and explain the effect of each of the following on the position and rate of
attainment of equilibrium for the above reaction
(i). Increase in pressure
(ii). Increase in temperature
(iii). Increase in the volume of the vessel
(b). One litre of a gases mixture above at equilibrium was found to contain 57% of the
original 2.8g of dinitrogen tetraoxide. Calculate the equilibrium constant 𝐾𝑐 for the
reaction.

23. (a). Distinguish between position of equilibrium and rate of attainment of equilibrium
(b). Sulphur dioxide dichloride, 𝑆𝑂2𝐶𝑙2, decomposes according to the equation

𝑆𝑂2𝐶𝑙2(𝑔) ⇋ 𝑆𝑂2(𝑔) + 𝐶𝑙2(𝑔)

(i). Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, 𝐾𝑝.

(ii). Explain the effect on the equilibrium above when a catalyst is added.
(iii). At pressure of 1 atm and temperature of 100ºC, a sample of sulphur dioxide
dichloride was found to contain 34% of chlorine. Calculate the value of 𝐾𝑝.
(c). Phosphorus(V) chloride decomposes according to the equation.

𝑃𝐶𝑙5(𝑔) ⇋ 𝑃𝐶𝑙3(𝑔) + 𝐶𝑙2(𝑔)

Deduce that the total pressure, PT = 3𝐾𝑝 when 50% of phosphorus(V) chloride has
dissociated.

24. (a). Explain what is meant by the term equilibrium constant

(b). Discuss the effect of each of the following on the position of equilibrium, the rate of
attainment and value of equilibrium constant
(i). Concentration
(ii). Temperature

DOWNLOAD MORE RESOURCES LIKE THIS ON ECOLEBOOKS.COM

Ecolebooks.com

(c). Carbon monoxide and steam react according to the equation,

𝐶𝑂(𝑔) + 𝐻2𝑂(𝑔) ⇋ 𝐶𝑂2(𝑔) + 𝐻2(𝑔); ∆𝐻 = −40𝑘𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙−1

Equal moles of carbon monoxide and steam were made to react in a 1 litre vessel.
When equilibrium was attained, the vessel was found to contain 16.7% carbon
dioxide. Calculate the
(i). Molar concentration of carbon monoxide at equilibrium
(ii). Equilibrium constant, 𝐾𝑐, for the reaction
(d). If the percentage yield of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen at 700K and 200
atm is 15%. Calculate the equilibrium constant, 𝐾𝑝.

25. (a). Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, 𝐾𝑝 or 𝐾𝑐 as appropriate for the
following at equilibrium and indicate units in each case.
𝑃 + 𝑄 ⇋ 2𝑅 + 𝑆

(i). P, Q, R and S are all gases

(ii). P, Q, R and S are all liquids
(b). Ammonium hydrogen sulphide dissociates according to the equation

𝑁𝐻4𝐻𝑆(𝑠) ⇋ 𝑁𝐻3(𝑔) + 𝐻2𝑆(𝑔)

At 298K, in a closed vessel, equilibrium was established when the partial pressure of
the system is 0.88 atm.
(i). Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, 𝐾𝑝.
(ii). Calculate the value of 𝐾𝑝 and give its units
(iii). Calculate the partial pressure of ammonia in the mixture if 0.1 atm of
ammonia gas was added to the system.

26. (a). When 60g of ethanoic acid and 46g of ethanol were made to react to equilibrium at
100ºC, the percentage of esterification was 54%
(i). Write equation for the esterification reaction
(ii). Calculate the value of 𝐾𝑐
(iii). Write the mechanism for the reaction between ethanoic acid and ethanol
(b). The degree of dissociation of 2.0 moles of phosphorus(V) chloride in a 1dm3 vessel
was founds to be 22%. Calculate the equilibrium constant, 𝐾𝑐, for the reaction.
(c). The degree of dissociation of 0.5 moles of hydrogen iodide was found to be 25% at a
certain temperature in a 1.5dm3 vessel. Calculate the equilibrium constant, 𝐾𝑝.

27. (a). Carbon monoxide reacts with steam according to the following equation

𝐶𝑂(𝑔) + 𝐻2𝑂(𝑔) ⇋ 𝐶𝑂2(𝑔) + 𝐻2(𝑔); ∆𝐻 = −40𝑘𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙−1

(i). Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, 𝐾𝑐.

DOWNLOAD MORE RESOURCES LIKE THIS ON ECOLEBOOKS.COM

Ecolebooks.com

(ii). Equal moles of carbon monoxide and steam were made to react in a 1 litre
vessel. When equilibrium was established at 750ºC, the vessel was found to
contain 26.7% carbon dioxide. Calculate the equilibrium constant, 𝐾𝑐, for the
reaction.
(b). State, giving reasons, how the concentration of carbon dioxide would be affected if at
equilibrium
(i). Temperature was increased
(ii). Pressure was increased
(iii). Helium was added at constant volume.

28. Find the equilibrium constant, 𝐾𝑐, for the following

(a). 2.0 moles of phosphorus(V) chloride that is 22% dissociated in a 1 litre vessel
(b). 3.6 moles of phosphorus(V) chloride that is 38% dissociated in a 2 litre vessel
(c). 1.8 moles of phosphorus(V) chloride whose degree of dissociation is 15% in a 1 litre
vessel
(d). 2.4 moles of phosphorus(V) chloride whose degree of dissociation is 35%,

29. (a). At a given temperature, 3.2 moles of phosphorus pentachloride dissociated so that at
equilibrium, it was found to contain 20% chlorine. Calculate the value of 𝐾𝑐.
(b). When 2.4 moles of phosphorus pentachloride were heated in a 1.5 dm3 vessel and at
equilibrium, it was found to contain 23.53% phosphorus trichloride
(i). Write equation for the decomposition of phosphorus pentachloride (ii).
Write the expression for the equilibrium constant 𝐾𝑝 and 𝐾𝑐 for the reaction
(iii). Determine the value of equilibrium constant, 𝐾𝑐.

30. Find the equilibrium constant, 𝐾𝑐, for the following

(a). 3.2 moles of phosphorus pentachloride were heated in a 2 litre vessel and at
equilibrium, it was found to contain 53.85% phosphorus pentachloride

(b). 2.0 mole of phosphorus pentachloride were heated in a 1 litre vessel and at
equilibrium, it was found to contain 1.48 mole of phosphorus pentachloride.

31. (a). When 2.6 mole of phosphorus(V) chloride was heated in a 1.5dm3 vessel, equilibrium
was established when 1.04 mole of phosphorus(III) chloride was formed. Calculate the
value of equilibrium constant, 𝐾𝑐.
(b). 3.0 mole of phosphorus pentachloride was heated in a 1 litre vessel and when
equilibrium was attained, it was found to contain 1.14 mole of chlorine gas.
Determine the value of equilibrium constant 𝐾𝑐.

32. (a). 2.6 mole of phosphorus pentachloride was heated in a 500cm3 closed vessel. At
equilibrium, it was found to contain 1.04 mole of phosphorus trichloride. Determine the
value of equilibrium constant, 𝐾𝑐.

DOWNLOAD MORE RESOURCES LIKE THIS ON ECOLEBOOKS.COM

Ecolebooks.com

(b). 2.0 mole of phosphorus(V) chloride was heated in a 800cm3 closed vessel and at
equilibrium, it was found to contain 1.48 moles of phosphorus trichloride. Calculate
the value of equilibrium constant, 𝐾𝑐.
(c). 3.0 mole of phosphorus pentachloride was heated in a 750cm3 vessel until
equilibrium was established. The vessel contained 1.14 moles of chlorine. Determine
the value of equilibrium constant, 𝐾𝑐.

33. (a). 2.085g of phosphorus pentachloride was heated in a 1 dm3 vessel until equilibrium
was attained. The vessel was then broken under excess potassium iodide solution.
The iodine liberated required 40cm3 of 0.1M sodium thiosulphate solution. Determine
the equilibrium constant, 𝐾𝑐, for the reaction.
(b). 2.085g of phosphorus pentachloride was heated in a 400cm3 vessel until was
attained. The chlorine liberated was bubbled through a solution of potassium iodide.
The iodine liberated required 20cm3 of 0.2M sodium thiosulphate for complete
reaction. Calculate the value of equilibrium constant, 𝐾𝑐 for the reaction

𝑃𝐶𝑙5(𝑔) ⇋ 𝑃𝐶𝑙3(𝑔) + 𝐶𝑙2(𝑔)

34. (a). Determine the composition of the equilibrium mixture if 83.4g of phosphorus
pentachloride is heated in a 5 dm3 vessel whose degree of dissociation is 20%, hence find
the equilibrium constant 𝐾𝑐.
(b). Ammonia decomposes according to the following equation

2𝑁𝐻3(𝑔) ⇋ 𝑁2(𝑔) + 3𝐻2(𝑔)

Determine the equilibrium constant 𝐾𝑐 for the reaction given 3.0 moles of ammonia
were found to be 15% dissociated.

35. Find the equilibrium constant 𝐾𝑐 for the following

(a). 2.4 mole of ammonia heated in a 1 litre vessel and at equilibrium, it is found to
contain 19.41% nitrogen.
(b). 1.8 mole of ammonia was heated in a 1 litre vessel and at equilibrium it was found to
contain 42.86% hydrogen.
(c). 2.5 mole of sulphur trioxide heated in a 2 litre vessel, and found to be 20%
dissociated at equilibrium.
(d). 1.5 moles of sulphur trioxide heated in a 1 litre vessel whose degree of dissociation is
15% at a given temperature.

36. Nitrogen combines with hydrogen according to the equation

𝑁2(𝑔) + 3𝐻2(𝑔) ⇋ 2𝑁𝐻3(𝑔)

(a). Find the equilibrium constant, 𝐾𝑝, for the reaction given that the equilibrium mixture
contains
(i). 20% ammonia at 110 atm of pressure

DOWNLOAD MORE RESOURCES LIKE THIS ON ECOLEBOOKS.COM

Ecolebooks.com

(ii). 50% ammonia at 700 atm of pressure

(iii). 45% ammonia at 600 atm of pressure
(b). Find the equilibrium constant, 𝐾𝑐, for the above reaction when
(i). 0.007 moles of nitrogen and 0.073 moles of hydrogen are heated and at
equilibrium 0.01 moles of ammonia were formed
(ii). 0.2 moles and 0.47 moles of nitrogen and hydrogen respectively when heated to
equilibrium in a 1 litre vessel and 0.18 moles of ammonia were formed
(iii). 0.03 moles of nitrogen and 0.05 moles of hydrogen are heated at equilibrium to
from 0.015 moles of ammonia

37. (a). Find the equilibrium composition when 0.2 mole of phosphorus(V) chloride is heated
in a 1 litre vessel until equilibrium is established (𝐾𝑐 = 5.294 × 10−3𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑚−3).
(b). Calculate the percentage of chlorine is the equilibrium mixture if 0.4 moles of
phosphorus(V) chloride were heated in a 1 dm3 vessel and the equilibrium constant is
0.02𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑚−3.
(c). Determine the mass of each of the substance at equilibrium when 0.52 moles of
phosphorus(V) chloride is heated at equilibrium. (𝐾𝑐 = 0.043𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑚−3)

38. (a). Hydrogen chloride decomposes according to the equation

2𝐻𝐼(𝑔) ⇋ 𝐻2(𝑔) + 𝐼2(𝑔)

Given that the equilibrium constant for the reaction is 0.02. Calculate the equilibrium
composition of the following if they are heated.
(i). 0.2 mole of hydrogen iodide.
(ii). 0.15 mole of hydrogen iodide.
(iii). 0.05 mole of hydrogen iodide.
(b). When 0.4 mole of hydrogen iodide was heated to equilibrium, it dissociated.
(i). Write equation for the dissociation of hydrogen iodide (ii).
Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, 𝐾𝑐.
(iii). Determine the degree of dissociation of hydrogen iodide, given that the
equilibrium constant is 0.025

39. Hydrogen reacts with iodine according to the equation

𝐻2(𝑔) + 𝐼2(𝑔) ⇋ 2𝐻𝐼(𝑔)

(a). Find the equilibrium concentration of each of the following

(i). 0.2 mole of iodine and 0.3 moles of hydrogen are reacted in a 1dm3 vessel
(ii). 0.25 mole of iodine and 0.4 mole of hydrogen are reacted in a 2 litre vessel

DOWNLOAD MORE RESOURCES LIKE THIS ON ECOLEBOOKS.COM

Ecolebooks.com

(iii). 0.42 moles of iodine and 0.26 moles of hydrogen are reacted in a 1.5 dm3
vessel. Give that the equilibrium constant, 𝐾𝑐, for the reaction is 50
(b). Equimolar quantities of iodine and hydrogen were heated in a 1 litre vessel until
equilibrium was attained and it was found to contain
(i). 25.2% hydrogen iodide
(ii). 13.5% hydrogen iodide
(iii). 20.5% hydrogen iodide
Determine the equilibrium constant, 𝐾𝑐, in each case.

40. (a). 0.03 moles of nitrogen and 0.09 moles of hydrogen were heated in a 1 dm3 vessel
until equilibrium was attained at 299K. If at equilibrium, the vessel contained 0.056 moles
of ammonia
(i). Write the equation for the reaction
(ii). Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, 𝐾𝑝.
(iii). Determine the equilibrium constant, Kp.
(b). Nitrogen dioxide decomposes when heated according to the equation.

2𝑁𝑂2(𝑔) ⇋ 2𝑁𝑂(𝑔) + 𝑂2(𝑔)

(i). Write the equilibrium expression, Kc for the reaction

(ii). Determine the value of Kc.

41. (a). Sulphur dioxide decomposes according to the equation when heated

2𝑆𝑂3(𝑔) ⇋ 2𝑆𝑂2(𝑔) + 𝑂2(𝑔) ; ∆𝐻 = +𝑣𝑒

(i). State the conditions for the reaction

(ii). Write an expression for the equilibrium constant for the reaction, 𝐾𝑝
(b). When sulphur trioxide was heated in a closed vessel, at 270ºC and 0.25
atmospheres, 46% of sulphur trioxide was decomposed at equilibrium. Calculate the
value of 𝐾𝑝
(c). Calculate the heat of decomposition of sulphur trioxide (the heat of formation of
sulphur dioxide and trioxide are −279 and −392 𝑘𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙−1)
(d). Explain how the position of the equilibrium, value of equilibrium constant and the
rate of attainment of equilibrium would be affected if
(i). The temperature of the reaction was increased
(ii). The pressure of the reaction was decreased
(iii). A catalyst was added to the reaction mixture

DOWNLOAD MORE RESOURCES LIKE THIS ON ECOLEBOOKS.COM

42. (a). Hydrogen reacts with iodine according to the equation

𝐻2(𝑔) + 𝐼2(𝑔) ⇋ 2𝐻𝐼(𝑔)

0.2 moles of iodine and 0.3 moles of hydrogen were enclosed in a 1liter vessel and
heated. When equilibrium was attained, 0.36 moles of hydrogen iodide had formed.
Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction 𝐾𝑐.

(b). Hydrogen reacts with nitrogen according to the equation.

3𝐻2(𝑔) + 𝑁2(𝑔) ⇋ 2𝑁𝐻3(𝑔)

When 1.65 moles of hydrogen and 0.6 moles of nitrogen were heated to 150ºC in a
1.5dm3 closed vessel, equilibrium was attained when 0.9 moles of ammonia were
formed. Calculate the value of equilibrium constant, 𝐾𝑐 for the reaction.

(c). Ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid at 50ºC according to the following equation

𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻(𝑙) + 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝐻2𝑂𝐻(𝑙) ⇋ 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐶𝐻2𝐶𝐻3(𝑙) + 𝐻2𝑂(𝑙)

3.12g of ethanoic acid and 2.07g of ethanol were reacted in a 1 liter closed vessel at 50ºC.
at equilibrium, 0.36g of water were formed. Calculate the value of equilibrium
constant for the reaction, 𝐾𝑐.

(d). Methane reacts with steam according to the equation

𝐶𝐻4(𝑔) + 2𝐻2𝑂(𝑔) ⇋ 𝐶𝑂2(𝑔) + 4𝐻2(𝑔)

When 0.18 moles of methane and 0.22 moles of steam were heated in a 5 dm3 vessel,
0.1 mole of carbon dioxide was found to be present at equilibrium. Calculate the value
of Kc.

(e). Phosphorus(V) chloride decomposes when heated according to the equation

𝑃𝐶𝑙5 (𝑔) ⇋ 𝑃𝐶𝑙3 (𝑔) + 𝐶𝑙2 (𝑔)

When 33.36g of phosphorus(V) chloride was heated in a 2.5litre vessel, 8.34g of

phosphorus(V) chloride remained at equilibrium. Find then value of Kc.
Ecolebooks.com

(f). Nitrogen monoxide combines with oxygen according to the equation

2𝑁𝑂(𝑔) + 𝑂2(𝑔) ⇋ 𝑁𝑂2(𝑔)

A closed vessel of 500cm3 containing 0.33 moles of nitrogen monoxide and 0.355 moles
of oxygen was heated. Equilibrium was established when 0.105 moles of oxygen had
reacted. Calculate the value of Kc.

(g). Hydrogen reacts with nitrogen according to the equation.

@[email protected] Page 12

3𝐻2(𝑔) + 𝑁2(𝑔) ⇋ 2𝑁𝐻3(𝑔)

When 0.58 moles of nitrogen and 1.03 moles of hydrogen were reacted in a 1liter vessel,
equilibrium was established when 21.36% of hydrogen had remained. Calculate the
value of Kc.

(h). Sulphur dioxide reacts with oxygen according to the equation

𝑆𝑂2(𝑔) + 𝑂2(𝑔) ⇋ 2𝑆𝑂3(𝑔)

0.425 moles and 0.294 moles of oxygen were heated in a 1.6liter vessel and at
equilibrium, it was found that 52.02% of oxygen had reacted. Calculate the value of
equilibrium constant Kc.

(i). Sulphur dioxide reacts with oxygen according to the following equation

2𝑆𝑂2(𝑔) + 𝑂2(𝑔) ⇋ 𝑆𝑂3(𝑔)

When 0.6 and 0.425 moles of sulphur dioxide and oxygen respectively were reacted in
a 1liter vessel to equilibrium, the equilibrium mixture contained 18.75% sulphur
dioxide. Calculate the equilibrium constant value; 𝐾𝑐

(j). Nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to form ammonia according to the equation

3𝐻2(𝑔) + 𝑁2(𝑔) ⇋ 2𝑁𝐻3(𝑔)

0.8 moles of nitrogen and 0.9 moles of hydrogen were heated in a 1500cm3 closed
vessel. At equilibrium, the mixture contained 20% hydrogen. Find the value of
equilibrium constant Kc

DOWNLOAD MORE RESOURCES LIKE THIS ON ECOLEBOOKS.COM

Ecolebooks.com

(k). Sulphur dioxide dichloride decomposes when heated decomposes according to the
equation

𝑆𝑂2𝐶𝑙2(𝑔) ⇋ 𝑆𝑂3(𝑔) + 𝐶𝑙2(𝑔)

When 1.325 moles of sulphur dioxide dichloride were heated in a 2.0l vessel,
equilibrium mixture contained 6% sulphur dioxide dichloride. Calculate the value of
equilibrium constant, 𝐾𝑐.

(l). Phosphorus(V) chloride decomposes when heated according to the equation

𝑃𝐶𝑙5 (𝑔) ⇋ 𝑃𝐶𝑙3 (𝑔) + 𝐶𝑙2 (𝑔)

When 266.88g of phosphorus(V) chloride was heated strongly in a 2.5 dm3 vessel, the
equilibrium mixture contained 50% chlorine. Calculate the value of equilibrium
constant, 𝐾𝑐.

43. (a). At 1 atmosphere and 48ºC, dinitrogen tetraoxide is 30% dissociated.

(i). Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction, 𝐾𝑝
(ii). Determine the degree of dissociation of dinitrogen tetraoxide at 48ºC and 6
atmospheres
(b). 75.06g of phosphorus(V) chloride were heated to 200ºC in 1 dm3 vessel at a pressure
of 170kPa. Calculate the
(i). Degree of dissociation of phosphorus(V) chloride (ii).
Value of equilibrium constant, 𝐾𝑝, at 200ºC

44. (a). At 26.7ºC, and 25 atmospheres, 20% of phosphorus(V) chloride is dissociated.

Calculate
(i). The partial pressure of each component in the equilibrium mixture
(ii). The equilibrium constant, 𝐾𝑝, for the reaction
(iii). The pressure that would be required to increase the dissociation to 30% at
the same temperature.
(b). When 0.2 mole of nitrogen and 0.4 mole of hydrogen were introduced in a 1 litre vessel
at 300ºC and 500 atm equilibrium was attained when 0.18 mole of ammonia was
formed. Calculate the equilibrium constant, 𝐾𝑝, for the reaction at this temperature.
(c). When stoichiometric amounts of nitrogen and hydrogen were introduced into a vessel
and heated to 250ºC and 210 atm, the equilibrium mixture contained 7.5% nitrogen.
Calculate the equilibrium constant 𝐾𝑝 for the reaction.
(d). When 0.58 moles of nitrogen and 1.03 moles of hydrogen were reacted in a 1liter vessel
at 200ºC and 350 atm, equilibrium was established when 21.36% of hydrogen had
remained. Calculate the value of Kc.

DOWNLOAD MORE RESOURCES LIKE THIS ON ECOLEBOOKS.COM

Ecolebooks.com

45. (a). Describe an experiment that can be carried out to determine the equilibrium constant
values for the reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen. Nitrogen reacts with hydrogen
according to the equation

3𝐻2(𝑔) + 𝑁2(𝑔) ⇋ 2𝑁𝐻3(𝑔)

(b). 0.2 mole of phosphorus(V) chloride was heated in 1 dm3 vessel at 160ºC and a
pressure of 8.0 × 105𝑁𝑚−2. Calculate the
(i). Degree of dissociation of phosphorus(V) chloride
(ii). Value of equilibrium constant; 𝐾𝑝, for the reaction at 160ºC.

46. In the manufacture of ammonia, nitrogen is catalytically hydrogenated to give ammonia

according to the following equation.

3𝐻2(𝑔) + 𝑁2(𝑔) ⇋ 2𝑁𝐻3(𝑔) ∆𝐻 = -92.5𝑘𝐽

(a). (i). Name the catalyst used in the reaction

(ii). Write down the expression for the equilibrium constant. 𝐾𝑝, for the reaction
(b). State what would happen to the position of the equilibrium if; (i).
Pressure was increased.
(ii). Temperature was increased.
(c). When 3 moles of hydrogen and 1 mole of nitrogen were mixed and allowed to attain
equilibrium at 100 atm and 400ºC, the equilibrium mixture contained 25% of
ammonia by volume. Calculate the;
(i). Number of moles of nitrogen and hydrogen at equilibrium
(ii). Value of the equilibrium constant, , at 400ºC

47. In the industrial preparation of sulphuric acid by contant process, sulphur dioxide reacts
with oxygen according to the following equation.

(a). Explain what would happen to the concentration of sulphur trioxide if;
(i). More sulphur dioxide was added
(ii). The volume of the reaction vessel was increased
(iii). The reaction vessel was cooled
(b). At 700ºC, and total pressure of 1.0 atm, the partial pressure at equilibrium for
sulphur dioxide and oxygen are 0.27 and 0.41 atm respectively. Calculate the
equilibrium constant, for the reaction

DOWNLOAD MORE RESOURCES LIKE THIS ON ECOLEBOOKS.COM

Ecolebooks.com

DOWNLOAD MORE RESOURCES LIKE THIS ON ECOLEBOOKS.COM