An Overview of Power System Stability
An Overview of Power System Stability
An Overview of Power System Stability
An Overview
of
Power System Stability
Compiled By:
Shahzad Azam Hashmi
Assistant Manager Electrical (O&M)
Central Power House,
Bahria Town Karachi, Pakistan
Contact: +92-311-7418463 1
Email: engineer.hashmi99@gmail.com
Shahzad Azam Hashmi Power System Stability Central Power House
Table of Contents
1. Definition .................................................................................................................................... 3
2. Types of Physical Disturbance .................................................................................................... 3
3. Factors Affecting Classification of Power System ..................................................................... 3
4. Synchronism ............................................................................................................................... 3
4.1. Condition of Synchronism ................................................................................................... 3
5. Classification of Power System Stability .................................................................................... 4
6. Rotor Angle Stability .................................................................................................................. 4
6.1. Rotor Angle .......................................................................................................................... 4
6.2. Small Disturbances ............................................................................................................... 6
6.3. Large Disturbance Rotor Angle Stability ............................................................................. 6
6.4. Rotor Angle Instability Causes ............................................................................................. 7
7. Frequency Stability ..................................................................................................................... 7
7.1. Classification of Frequency Stability ................................................................................... 7
7.2. Grid Frequency ..................................................................................................................... 8
7.3. Frequency Instability Causes ............................................................................................... 8
8. Voltage Stability .......................................................................................................................... 8
8.1. Classification of Voltage Stability ........................................................................................ 8
8.2. Grid Voltage ......................................................................................................................... 9
8.3 Voltage Instability Causes ..................................................................................................... 9
Table of Figures
Figure 1: Classification of Power System Stability ........................................................................ 4
Figure 2: Rotor or Load Angle ........................................................................................................ 5
Figure 3: Graphical representation of synchronous machine stability............................................ 5
Figure 4: Representation of stability and instability ....................................................................... 6
Figure 5: Representation of instability and transient stability ........................................................ 7
Table of Tables
Table 1: Classification of voltage disturbances .............................................................................. 8
Table 2: Grid nominal voltage and operation range........................................................................ 9
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Shahzad Azam Hashmi Power System Stability Central Power House
1. Definition
It is an ability of the power system to regain its normal operating condition in any given state after
being disturbed by physical disturbance. So, the entire system remains in equilibrium.
It is to be remember that it is not feasible to design the power system considering each disturbance
but the system must cover the maximum disturbances for operating satisfactorily.
4. Synchronism
Synchronism means that our generators are in parallel to each other and connected to the grid
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Shahzad Azam Hashmi Power System Stability Central Power House
𝑑2𝛿
𝑀 = 𝑃𝑚 − 𝑃𝑒 𝑀𝑊
𝑑𝑡 2
M = Intertia of synchronous machine
Pm = Mechanical Power
Pe = Electrical Power
Hence, from the equation it is clear that an equilibrium between electrical and mechanical power
is required for stable rotor/load angle.
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Shahzad Azam Hashmi Power System Stability Central Power House
Here in the diagram 𝐸𝑓 is the generated or sending end voltage and 𝑉𝑡 is the terminal or receiving
end voltage. Angle δ is the rotor or load angle.
𝑃𝑜 is the mechanical power that is constant. From the graph it is clear that load the machine from
0 to 90°, the power increases. At 90° the power is maximum and beyond that angle the machine
enters the instability area. Hence to keep the safe limit the rotor or load angle use to keep 20° to
30°. The reason to keep such a low rotor angle is to avoid the generator jump into the instability
area in case of any abnormality.
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Shahzad Azam Hashmi Power System Stability Central Power House
In the figure – 4, The red increasing oscillation approaching towards the instability of system. Blue
oscillations are damping and system approahes towards the stability.
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Shahzad Azam Hashmi Power System Stability Central Power House
It is clear from the figure – 5, that in case of large disturbance the load angle goes to infinity
which makes the system unstable and the blue dotted line reflects the transient stability. So, the
blue curve is stable value and red is unstable value.
7. Frequency Stability
• Frequency stability referes to the ability of the system to maintain the steady frequency
after sever system upset resulting in a significent imbalane between generation and load.
• It depends on the ability to maintin/restore equilibrium between system generation and load,
with minumum loss of load
• Instability that may result occurs in the form of sustained frequency swings leading to
tripping of generating units and/or loads
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Shahzad Azam Hashmi Power System Stability Central Power House
• Long term which occurs in tens of seconds to several minutes which caused by the steam
turbine over speed controls or bolier/reactor protection
8. Voltage Stability
• It is the ability of the power system to maintain steady voltages at all buses in the system
after being subjected to a disturbance from a given initial operating condition
• It depends upon the ability to maintain/restore equilibrium between load reactive power
and supply reactive power
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Shahzad Azam Hashmi Power System Stability Central Power House