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Mobile Computing 5

This document discusses mobile sensing and the various sensors that are commonly found in smartphones. It describes different types of sensors like accelerometers, gyroscopes, and defines basic sensor terminology. It also provides details on the specific sensors available in smartphones and examples of how sensor data can be used.

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Mai gamal
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
10 views

Mobile Computing 5

This document discusses mobile sensing and the various sensors that are commonly found in smartphones. It describes different types of sensors like accelerometers, gyroscopes, and defines basic sensor terminology. It also provides details on the specific sensors available in smartphones and examples of how sensor data can be used.

Uploaded by

Mai gamal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mobile Computing

Dr. Ayman Alhelbawy , 11th April 2023

1
Mobile Sensing
Mobile Sensing
Smartphones (and tablets, etc.) not only serve as
a key computing and communication device, but
also come with a rich set of embedded sensors
Which enables new applications across a wide
variety of domains, such as transportation, social
networks, environmental monitoring, healthcare,
etc Giving rise to new research areas such as
mobile sensing, crowdsensing, mobile data
mining, etc
Sensors & Sensing
●
A sensor is a
converter that
measures a physical
quantity and converts
it into a signal which
can be read by an
instrument
Basic Terms
●
Transducer: a device which converts one form of
energy to another
●
Sensor: a transducer that converts a physical
phenomenon into an electric signal an interface
between the physical world and the computing
world.
●
Actuator: a transducer that converts an electric
signal to a physical phenomenon
Sensor Types: Power Supply
●
Modulating
●
Also known as Active Sensors
●
They need auxiliary power to perform
functionality
●
Self-Generating
●
Also known as Passive Sensors
●
They derive the power from the input
Sensor Types: Physical Property
●
Temperature
●
Pressure
●
Humidity
●
Light
●
Microphone (sound)
●
Motion detector
●
Chemical detector
●
Image Sensor
Sensor Types: HW & SW
●
Hardware-based sensors
●
Physical components built into a device
●
They derive their data by directly measuring
speci ic environmental properties
●
Software-based sensors
●
Not physical devices, although they mimic
hardware-based sensors
●
They derive their data from one or more
hardware-based sensors
f
Sensor Types: Function Type
●
Motion sensors
●
Measure acceleration forces and rotational forces along
three axes, e.g., accelerometer, gyroscope, etc.
●
Position sensors
●
Measure the physical position of a device, e.g., GPS,
proximity sensor, etc.
●
Environmental sensors
●
Measure various environmental parameters, e.g., light
sensor, thermometer, etc.
Sensor Types: Function Type
●
Motion sensors
●
Measure acceleration forces and rotational forces along
three axes, e.g., accelerometer, gyroscope, etc.
●
Position sensors
●
Measure the physical position of a device, e.g., GPS,
proximity sensor, etc.
●
Environmental sensors
●
Measure various environmental parameters, e.g., light
sensor, thermometer, etc.
Sensor List
Smartphone Sensing
●
Light

●
Proximity

●
Cameras (multiple)

●
Microphones (multiple)

●
Touch

●
Position

●
GPS, Wi-Fi, cell, NFC, Bluetooth

●
Accelerometer

●
Gyroscope

●
Magnetometer

●
Pressure

●
Temperature

●
Humidity

●
Fingerprint sensor
Sensor: Motion and Orientation
• Most of the sensors use the same
coordinate system

• When a device’s screen is facing the


user

• The X axis is horizontal and


points to the right

• The Y axis is vertical and points up


• The Z axis pints toward outside of
the screen face
Sensor: Accelerometer/ G-sensor
•
Measure proper acceleration (acceleration it
•

experiences relative to freefall)

• Proper acceleration is the acceleration of a


body in its own instantaneous rest frame

• Coordinate acceleration is the acceleration


in a ixed coordinate system
f
Sensor: Accelerometer/ G-sensor
• Acceleration is measured on 3 axes
• Note that the force of gravity is always included in the measured
acceleration

• When the device is sitting on the table stationary, the


accelerometer reads a magnitude of 1g

• When the device is in free fall, the accelerometer reads a


magnitude of 0g

• To measure the real acceleration of the device, the contribution


of the force of gravity must be removed from the reading

• When the device is lying lat gives +1g (gravitational force)


reading on Z axis
f
Sensor: Types of Accelerometer

• MEMS Accelerometer; (Micro-Electro-


Mechanical Systems) capacitive

• Piezoresistive Accelerometer
• Piezoelectric Accelerometer.
MEMS Accelerometer
• Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems
• Cheap and small
• Made of components from 1 to 100 micrometers
• Low accuracy specially with high amplitude signals and
frequency

• 1-D only
Piezoresistive Accelerometer
• It works by measuring the electrical resistance of a
piezoelectric material (crystal or ceramic) when mechanical
stress is applied

• It is based on piezoresistive effect (change of electrical


resistivity of a semiconductor when mechanical street is
applied)

• It provides a wider measuring range


• Good for slow changing signals
• Not good to measure weak signals
• It requires a temperature compensation.
Piezoelectric Accelerometer
• piezoelectric accelerometer also based on piezoelectric effect. When
an accelerative force is applied upon it, the crystal will produce a
voltage that is proportional to the accelerative force. Then force
will then be measured

• Good with high frequency signals


• Good for low amplitude signals
Sensors: Accelerometer
• What is the best type of accelerometer to use for
each of the following applications on your mobile
App?

• Accident detection
• Walking activity
• stepping over stairs
• dropping the phone
• What type of accelerometer in your mobile phone?
Sensor: Gyroscope
• Gyro sensors are devices that sense angular
velocity

• Angular velocity is the change in rotational


angle per unit of time. Angular velocity is
generally expressed in deg/s (degrees per
second)

• Could you give some applications that needs


Gyroscope sensor?
Sensor: Gyroscope
• Measures the rate of rotation (angular speed) around an axis
• Speed is expressed in rad/s on 3 axis
• When the device is not rotating, the sensor values will be zeros
• It gives us 3 values
• Pitch value (rotation around X axis)
• Roll value (rotation around Y axis)
• Yaw value (rotation around Z axis)
• Unfortunately, gyroscope is error prone over time.
• As time goes, gyroscope introduces drift in result
• By sensor fusion (combining accelerometer and gyroscope), results can
be corrected and path of movement of device can be obtained correctly
Thank You
Questions?????

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