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Mobile Computing 8

The document discusses mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and different routing protocols used in MANETs including reactive, proactive, and hybrid protocols. It describes characteristics of MANETs and requirements for routing protocols in MANETs. It also provides details on example protocols for each category - Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) for reactive, Global State Routing (GSR) for proactive, and Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) for hybrid routing.

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30 views16 pages

Mobile Computing 8

The document discusses mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and different routing protocols used in MANETs including reactive, proactive, and hybrid protocols. It describes characteristics of MANETs and requirements for routing protocols in MANETs. It also provides details on example protocols for each category - Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) for reactive, Global State Routing (GSR) for proactive, and Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) for hybrid routing.

Uploaded by

Mai gamal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mobile Computing

Dr. Ayman Alhelbawy , 9th May 2023

1
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
(MANETs) 2
MANET Characteristics
• Each node serves as a router and forwards packets for
other nodes in the network.

• Rapidly deployable, self con iguring.


• Independent of any ixed infrastructure or centralized
administration (no “access point” or backbone).

• Topology can be very dynamic.


• Bandwidth-constrained variable-capacity links
• Limited physical security
• Nodes with limited battery life and storage capabilities
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MANETs Routing Protocol Requirements

• Self starting and self organizing


• Multi-hop operation with a routing
mechanism designed for mobile nodes

• Dynamic topology maintenance


• Rapid convergence
• Minimal network traf ic overhead
• Scalable to large networks
f
Characteristics of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs)

• Lack of ixed infrastructure


• Dynamic topologies
• Bandwidth constrained, variable capacity links
• Energy constrained operation
• Increased vulnerability
• Distributed peer-to-peer mode of operation
• Multi-hop routing
f
MANET Routing Protocols
• Reactive
• On-demand routing protocol
• Route is discovered only when it is required/needed
• Pro-Active
• It is a table-driven routing protocols
• Each mobile node maintains a separate routing table which is updated
periodically when topology changes.
• What about Large Networks????
• Hybrid
• Network is divided into different zones and then the position of source
and destination mobile node is observed
• If source and destination are in the same zone, a proactive approach is
used else, a reactive approach is used.
MANET Routing Protocols
Reactive

• Does not take initiative for inding routes


• Establishes routes “on demand” by looding a query
• It have tow major phases, route discovery and route maintenance
• Less routing overhead in average because, does not use
bandwidth except when needed (when inding a route)

• Much network overhead in the looding process when querying


for routes

• Higher latency in establishing the path


• Example: Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)
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MANET Routing Protocols
Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)

• Suppose node A wishes to send a packet to node B, but does not


currently have a valid route to the destination

• Need for route discovery


• Node A broadcasts a ROUTE_REQUEST packet
• Each node forwards the packet to its neighbors unless they are the
destination or have a valid route to the destination

• As the packet traverses the network, each intermediate node adds its
address to the header, establishing the reverse route

• The destination, node B, sends a ROUTE_REPLY packet to node A


• If the links are not bi-directional, node B must perform its own route
discovery to respond to node A
MANET Routing Protocols
Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)

Building the route updates while route discovery.

Transmission of the route reply packets with the route information


MANET Routing Protocols
Pro-Active

• Establish routes in advance


• Routes are set up based on continuous control
traf ic. All routes are maintained all the time

• Constant overhead created by control traf ic


• Routes are always available
• Example: Global State Routing (GSR)
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MANET Routing Protocols
Global State Routing Protocol (GSR)

• Global State Routing is based upon the fundamental concepts of link


state routing.

• In Link State Routing(LSR), one node loods out a single routing table
information to its neighbours then those neighbours loods out that
table to further nodes. This process continue to take place until the
routing table is received by all the nodes throughout the network.

• But in case of Global State Routing, the routing table of a particular


node is broadcast-ed to its immediate neighbours only. Then initial
tables of those neighbouring nodes are updated. These updated tables
are further broadcast one by one and this process continue to take place
until all the nodes broadcasts their tables to each node in the network.
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MANET Routing Protocols
Global State Routing Protocol (GSR)

• GSR protocol uses and maintains three tables for every node
individually. These tables are:

• Distance Table : This table contains the distance of a node


from all the nodes in network. (Node, Distance)

• Topology Table : This table contains the information of Link


state data along with the sequence number which can be used
to determine when the information is updated last. (Node,
LinkState, SEQ number)

• Next Hop Table : Next hop table will contain the information
about the immediate neighbour of a particular node. (Node,
Next)
MANET Routing Protocols
Hybrid

• This type of protocols combines the advantages of


proactive and reactive routing.

• The routing is initially established with some


proactively prospected routes and then serves the
demand from additionally activated nodes through
reactive looding.

• Advantage depends on number of nodes activated.


• Example: Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP)
f
MANET Routing Protocols
Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP)
• Proactive within the node’s local neighbourhood, reactive for inter-zone routing
• Intra-zone routing: Proactively maintain routes to all nodes within the
source node’s own zone.
• Inter-zone routing: Use an on-demand protocol (similar to DSR or AODV)
to determine routes to outside zone.
• Proposed to reduce the control overhead of proactive routing protocols and
decrease the latency caused by route discovery in reactive routing protocols
• The size of a zone is not determined by geographical measurement. It is given
by a radius of length, where the number of hops is the perimeter of the zone.
• Each node has its own zone.
• Neighbour Discovery/Maintenance (NMD) and Border Resolution Protocol
(BRP) used for query control, route accumulation etc.
MANET Routing Protocols
Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP)
Thank You
Questions?????

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